Temperature in Canada increased to -2.89 celsius in 2023 from -4.18 celsius in 2022. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Canada Average Temperature.

In 2023, the average temperature in Canada was 2.8 degrees Celsius above the 1961 to 1990 reference value. The warmest year so far in Canadian history was 2010, when the average temperature reached three degrees Celsius above the reference value.

Mean Temperature Difference From Normal values are computed by subtracting the normal monthly average temperature from the average monthly temperature of the month. The average monthly temperature is computed by obtaining the mean value of average daily temperatures for a month. If the month was colder than normal the value computed will be negative and if it was warmer the value will be positive.

According to high emissions forecast scenario, Canada's mean temperature is estimated to change by 2.3 degrees Celsius between 2031 and 2050. Northern Canada is estimated to see the biggest temperature changes, with figures above the national average, at 1.8 degrees Celsius or 2.7 degrees Celsius, depending on a low or high emission scenario.

Average annual temperatures in Canada are projected to rise under the different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP), based on the historic baseline of 2.7 degrees Celsius (°C). Under the RCP 4.5 intermediate emission scenario, it is expected that temperatures will rise to 4.2 °C in the next decades and to 4.9 °C by mid-century. Temperatures will continue to rise to reach 5.5 °C by 2099, following the same scenario.

Departures of temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 1990 normal, by Canada and climatic regions.

The Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI) program provides data and information to track Canada's performance on key environmental sustainability issues. Indicators of Temperature change in Canada show the yearly and seasonal surface air temperature departures for the years 1948 to 2018. As well, they present a spatial distribution of surface air temperature departures for the year 2018. An annual departure (or anomaly) is the difference between the value for a given year and a baseline value. The baseline values used in these indicators are the annual and seasonal temperature averages for the reference period of 1961 to 1990 (often referred to as the 1961–1990 normal). The Temperature change in Canada indicators help show how Canada's surface air temperature has changed since nationwide recording of consistent and comparable climate observations began in 1948. Information is provided to Canadians in a number of formats including: static and interactive maps, charts and graphs, HTML and CSV data tables and downloadable reports. See supplementary documentation for data sources and details on how those data were collected and how the indicators were calculated. Supplemental Information Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators - Home page: https://www.canada.ca/environmental-indicators

The data consist of homogenized daily maximum, minimum and mean surface air temperatures for more than 330 locations in Canada; adjusted daily rainfall, snowfall and total precipitation for more than 460 locations. The data are given for the entire period of observation. Please refer to the papers below for detailed information regarding the procedures for homogenization and adjustment. References: Mekis, É. and L.A. Vincent, 2011: An overview of the second generation adjusted daily precipitation dataset for trend analysis in Canada. Atmosphere-Ocean, 49(2), 163-177. Vincent, L. A., X. L. Wang, E. J. Milewska, H. Wan, F. Yang, and V. Swail, 2012. A second generation of homogenized Canadian monthly surface air temperature for climate trend analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D18110, doi:10.1029/2012JD017859. Wang, X.L, Y. Feng, L. A. Vincent, 2013. Observed changes in one-in-20 year extremes of Canadian surface air temperatures. Atmosphere-Ocean. Doi:10.1080/07055900.2013.818526.

This feature service includes data on common variables of climate for Canada. Layers in this map service include daylight hours in December and June (solstice months), annual min, max, and mean temperatures, total rainfall and total snowfall. Data for all layers represent mean values from 1951 to 1980.Map Service published and hosted by Esri Canada, © 2020.Content Source(s):'Land Potential DataBase', Version 1.0, National Soil DataBase, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 1997.'Climate5180', Version 1.0, National Soil DataBase, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 1997.Coordinate System: Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere (WKID 102100)

30-year Average Number of Days with Minimum Daily Temperature above 20 °C is defined as the count of climate days during the year where the minimum daily temperature was above 20 °C. These values are calculated across Canada in 10x10 km cells

CANGRD is a set of Canadian gridded annual, seasonal, and monthly temperature and precipitation anomalies, which were interpolated from stations in the Adjusted and Homogenized Canadian Climate Data (AHCCD); it is used to produce the Climate Trends and Variations Bulletin (CTVB).

The zip file contains high-resolution projections of the annual averaged temperature and precipitation over 50 regions and 150 municipalities in the Province of Ontario from year 1981 to 2099, under the representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5 (emission scenarios defined by the Inter-governmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)’s 5th assessment report (AR5). This data is provided in partnership with York University. More data and visualizations are available at the user-friendly "https://yorku.ca/ocdp">Ontario Climate Data Portal (OCDP) developed and maintained by York University.

Gridded monthly mean temperature anomalies derived from daily minimum, maximum and mean surface air temperatures (degrees Celsius) and anomalies derived from daily total precipitation is available at a 50km resolution across Canada. The Canadian gridded data (CANGRD) are interpolated from homogenized temperature (i.e., AHCCD datasets). Homogenized temperatures incorporate adjustments to the original station data to account for discontinuities from non-climatic factors, such as instrument changes or station relocation. The anomalies are the difference between the temperature for a given year or season and a baseline value (defined as the average over 1961-1990 as the reference period). The yearly and seasonal temperature anomalies were computed for the years 1948 to 2017. The data will continue to be updated every year. For precipitation, the Canadian gridded data (CANGRD) are interpolated from adjusted precipitation (i.e., AHCCD datasets). Adjusted precipitation data incorporate adjustments to the original station data to account for discontinuities from non-climatic factors, such as instrument changes or station relocation. The anomalies are the percentage difference between the value for a given year or season and a baseline value (defined as the average over 1961-1990 as the reference period). The yearly and seasonal relative precipitation anomalies were computed for the years 1948 to 2014. The data will be updated as time permits.

Mean Temperature Difference From Normal values are computed by subtracting the normal monthly average temperature from the average monthly temperature of the month. The average monthly temperature is computed by obtaining the mean value of average daily temperatures for a month. If the month was colder than normal the value computed will be negative and if it was warmer the value will be positive.

Contained within the 2nd Edition (1915) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows 9 maps. Four maps show the average possible hours of sunshine for Canada in the summer months. There is a map for the entire summer and individual maps for each of the summer months (June, July, and August. The other five maps show the number of days during the year with temperatures above 32 degrees F (0 degrees C), 40 degrees F (4.4 degrees C), 50 degrees F (10 degrees C), 60 degrees F (15.6 degrees C) and 70 degrees F (21.1 degrees C). The temperature differences are indicated with solid or dashed red lines indicating the number of days each portion of Canada will experience above temperatures indicated. In some of the maps, major railway systems are shown.

Gridded monthly, seasonal and annual mean temperature anomalies derived from daily minimum, maximum and mean surface air temperatures (degrees Celsius) is available at a 50km resolution across Canada. The Canadian gridded data (CANGRD) are interpolated from homogenized temperature (i.e., AHCCD datasets). Homogenized temperatures incorporate adjustments to the original station data to account for discontinuities from non-climatic factors, such as instrument changes or station relocation. The anomalies are the difference between the temperature for a given year or season and a baseline value (defined as the average over 1961-1990 as the reference period). The yearly and seasonal temperature anomalies were computed for the years 1948 to 2017. The data will continue to be updated every year.

Climate Data Products at Environment Canada comprise of four different datasets: Almanac Averages and Extremes, Monthly Climate Summaries, Canadian Climate Normals, and Canadian Historical Weather Radar. Almanac Averages and Extremes provides average and extreme temperature and precipitation values for a particular station over its entire period of record. Monthly Climate Summaries contains values of various climatic parameters, including monthly averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation amounts, degree days, sunshine hours, days without precipitation, etc. Canadian Climate Normals are used to summarize or describe the average climatic conditions of a particular location. Data is available for stations with at least 15 years of data between the periods of 1961-1990, 1971-2000 and 1981-2010. Canadian Historical Weather Radar compirses of historical images from the radar network providing a national overview of where percipitation is occuring.

The gridded dataset of homogenized monthly mean values of daily maximum, minimum and mean surface air temperatures, CanGridT, was produced using a kriging-based gridding scheme, i.e., the KGNGA scheme of Abbasnezhadi and Wang (2024), to grid an updated version of the Third Generation of Homogenized Temperature dataset (see details below). More specifically, ordinary kriging was used to grid the 1961-1990 climate normal values and the anomalies, separately; the resulting gridded datasets were used to produce the gridded dataset of monthly mean values of daily maximum, minimum and mean temperatures. Here, daily mean temperature is the average of daily maximum and minimum temperatures. As detailed in Vincent et al. (2020), the Third Generation of Homogenized Temperature dataset (available at Climate data: homogenized surface air temperature data - Canada.ca) was prepared for use in climate trend analysis in Canada. Daily observations from nearby sites were often joined to create a long data series. This includes the observations taken at Reference Climate Stations and from some of the NavCan sites which are used to extend past climate observations into recent times. This dataset contains long data series of daily maximum, minimum and mean temperatures for 780 locations across Canada. The data were quality controlled. The daily minimum temperatures from 1961 to recent years were adjusted to diminish the effects of the change in observing time (climatological day definition) in 1961 at principal stations (Vincent et al. 2009). In cases of station joining, parallel daily data, when available, were used to detect and diminish non-climatic shifts (Vincent et al. 2018), as using parallel observations is the most reliable way to do data homogenization. Series of annual and seasonal mean temperatures were tested for homogeneity and homogenized when necessary. Daily temperatures were adjusted using a Quantile-Matching procedure (Wang et al. 2010) to remove non-climatic shifts if needed. The Third Generation of Homogenized Temperature dataset has been updated to the end of 2023, in which around 500 out of the 780 stations are active (reporting some data). The gridded version of the updated dataset is this CanGridT mlyV3.1 dataset, which has been used to assess warming in Canada. This dataset differs from the CanGRD data in two aspects: CanGridT contains gridded temperatures on a 10-km EASE grid, while CanGRD contains gridded anomalies of temperatures on a 50-km EASE grid. References Abbasnezhadi, K. and X. L. Wang, 2024: Comparison of gridding methods for precipitation over Canada and assessment of station/data density effects on gridding results. Atmos.-Ocean, 62:4, 320-346, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2024.2394829. Vincent, L.A., M.M. Hartwell and X.L. Wang, 2020: A Third Generation of Homogenized Temperature for Trend Analysis and Monitoring Changes in Canada’s Climate. Atmosphere-Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2020.1765728. Vincent, L.A., E.J. Milewska, X. L. Wang, and M. M. Hartwell, 2018. Uncertainty in homogenized daily temperatures and derived indices of extremes illustrated using parallel observations in Canada, Intl. J. Climatol., 38:2, 692-707. DOI: 10.1002/JOC.5203. Vincent, L.A., E.J. Milewska, R. Hopkinson and L. Malone, 2009: Bias in minimum temperature introduced by a redefinition of the climatological day at the Canadian synoptic stations. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 48, 2160-2168. DOI: 10.1175/2009JAMC2191.1. Wang, X. L., H. Chen, Y. Wu, Y. Feng, and Q. Pu, 2010: New techniques for detection and adjustment of shifts in daily precipitation data series. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, 2416-2436. DOI: 10.1175/2010JAMC2376.1.

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows four maps of the mean daily temperatures for January, April, July and October averaged over the 30 year period, circa 1921-1950. The mean temperature for any day is the average of the maximum and minimum temperatures for that day. The mean daily temperature for any month is the average of the mean temperatures for each day of that month.

CANGRD data are interpolated from adjusted and homogenized climate station data (i.e., AHCCD datasets). Homogenized climate data incorporate adjustments to the original station data to account for discontinuities from non-climatic factors, such as instrument changes or station relocation. Annual trends of relative total precipitation change (%) for 1948-2012 based on Canadian gridded data (CANGRD) are available, at a 50km resolution across Canada. The relative trends reflect the percent change in total precipitation over a period from the baseline value (defined as the average over 1961-1990 as the reference period). Annual trends of mean surface air temperature change (degrees Celsius) for 1948-2016 based on Canadian gridded data (CANGRD) are available at a 50km resolution across Canada. Temperature trends represent the departure from a mean reference period (1961-1990).