Explore the World Competitiveness Ranking dataset for 2016, including key indicators such as GDP per capita, fixed telephone tariffs, and pension funding. Discover insights on social cohesion, scientific research, and digital transformation in various countries.

Social cohesion, The image abroad of your country encourages business development, Scientific articles published by origin of author, International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database, Data reproduced with the kind permission of ITU, National sources, Fixed telephone tariffs, GDP (PPP) per capita, Overall, Exports of goods - growth, Pension funding is adequately addressed for the future, Companies are very good at using big data and analytics to support decision-making, Gross fixed capital formation - real growth, Economic Performance, Scientific research legislation, Percentage of GDP, Health infrastructure meets the needs of society, Estimates based on preliminary data for the most recent year., Singapore: including re-exports., Value, Laws relating to scientific research do encourage innovation, % of GDP, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Health Infrastructure, Digital transformation in companies is generally well understood, Industrial disputes, EE, Female / male ratio, State ownership of enterprises, Total expenditure on R&D (%), Score, Colombia, Estimates for the most recent year., Percentage change, based on US$ values, Number of listed domestic companies, Tax evasion is not a threat to your economy, Scientific articles, Tax evasion, % change, Use of big data and analytics, National sources, Disposable Income, Equal opportunity, Listed domestic companies, Government budget surplus/deficit (%), Pension funding, US$ per capita at purchasing power parity, Estimates; US$ per capita at purchasing power parity, Image abroad or branding, Equal opportunity legislation in your economy encourages economic development, Number, Article counts are from a selection of journals, books, and conference proceedings in S&E from Scopus. Articles are classified by their year of publication and are assigned to a region/country/economy on the basis of the institutional address(es) listed in the article. Articles are credited on a fractional-count basis. The sum of the countries/economies may not add to the world total because of rounding. Some publications have incomplete address information for coauthored publications in the Scopus database. The unassigned category count is the sum of fractional counts for publications that cannot be assigned to a country or economy. Hong Kong: research output items by the higher education institutions funded by the University Grants Committee only., State ownership of enterprises is not a threat to business activities, Protectionism does not impair the conduct of your business, Digital transformation in companies, Total final energy consumption per capita, Social cohesion is high, Rank, MTOE per capita, Percentage change, based on constant prices, US$ billions, National sources, World Trade Organization Statistics database, Rank, Score, Value, World Rankings

Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Venezuela

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This dataset presents information on historical central government revenues for 31 countries in Europe and the Americas for the period from 1800 (or independence) to 2012. The countries included are: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany (West Germany between 1949 and 1990), Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In other words, the dataset includes all South American, North American, and Western European countries with a population of more than one million, plus Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico. The dataset contains information on the public finances of central governments. To make such information comparable cross-nationally we have chosen to normalize nominal revenue figures in two ways: (i) as a share of the total budget, and (ii) as a share of total gross domestic product. The total tax revenue of the central state is disaggregated guided by the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which provides a classification of types of revenue, and describes in detail the contents of each classification category. Given the paucity of detailed historical data and the needs of our project, we combined some subcategories. First, we are interested in total tax revenue (centaxtot), as well as the shares of total revenue coming from direct (centaxdirectsh) and indirect (centaxindirectsh) taxes. Further, we measure two sub-categories of direct taxation, namely taxes on property (centaxpropertysh) and income (centaxincomesh). For indirect taxes, we separate excises (centaxexcisesh), consumption (centaxconssh), and customs(centaxcustomssh).

For a more detailed description of the dataset and the coding process, see the codebook available in the .zip-file.

Purpose:

This dataset presents information on historical central government revenues for 31 countries in Europe and the Americas for the period from 1800 (or independence) to 2012. The countries included are: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany (West Germany between 1949 and 1990), Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In other words, the dataset includes all South American, North American, and Western European countries with a population of more than one million, plus Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico. The dataset contains information on the public finances of central governments. To make such information comparable cross-nationally we have chosen to normalize nominal revenue figures in two ways: (i) as a share of the total budget, and (ii) as a share of total gross domestic product. The total tax revenue of the central state is disaggregated guided by the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which provides a classification of types of revenue, and describes in detail the contents of each classification category. Given the paucity of detailed historical data and the needs of our project, we combined some subcategories. First, we are interested in total tax revenue (centaxtot), as well as the shares of total revenue coming from direct (centaxdirectsh) and indirect (centaxindirectsh) taxes. Further, we measure two sub-categories of direct taxation, namely taxes on property (centaxpropertysh) and income (centaxincomesh). For indirect taxes, we separate excises (centaxexcisesh), consumption (centaxconssh), and customs(centaxcustomssh).

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. The aim of the originating project was to increase understanding of the past and possible future impact of increased international trade, mobility and investment on: i) Differences in income levels between countries (divergence or convergence, and - if convergence - levelling up or levelling down) ii) The relative and real wages of different sorts of 'skilled' workers This aim was addressed in four main ways. The first was to formalise ideas about the disaggregation of skilled workers, and the overlap between the concepts of skill and technology, by theoretical modelling. The second was to test hypotheses suggested by theory on evidence for all countries over the past 30 years. The third was to test hypotheses suggested by theory on evidence for skilled wages in developed countries over the past 30 years. The final way the objective was addressed was by testing the hypotheses suggested by theory against evidence from developed countries over the past two centuries. The data collection is the result of the data gathering exercise undertaken for this fourth approach. Main Topics: The dataset brings together a wide range of statistical information relating to patterns of globalisation, technology and wage inequality in a selection of now-developed countries between 1870 and 1970. The countries included are: United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Sweden and Denmark. The information is classified into six broad sections: wages, migration, employment, trade, production and technology. Wages: Wages of skilled relative to unskilled manual workers, United States, 1870-1970 Wages of non-manual relative to manual workers, United States, 1890-1939 Wages of broad occupational categories, United States, 1939-1960 Summary of relative wages, United States, 1870-1970 Wages of non-manual and manual workers, Canada, 1905-1959 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, Canada, 1900-1960 Summary of relative wages, Canada, 1901-1960 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, Australia, 1870-1960 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, United Kingdom, 1870-1968 Wages of broad occupational categories, United Kingdom, 1871-1970 Summary of relative wages, United Kingdom, 1870-1968 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, Germany, 1871-1962 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, France, 1873-1959 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, Sweden, 1870-1962 Summary of relative wages, Sweden, 1873-1959 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, Denmark, 1870-1965 Wages of clerical relative to manual workers, United States, Canada and United Kingdom, 1870-1965 Migration: Immigration by occupation, United States, 1870-1965 Immigration by occupation, Canada, 1904-1951 Summary of immigration by skill group, Canada, 1881-1951 Total immigration, Canada, 1870-1960 Emigration by occupation, United Kingdom, 1877-1913 Emigration from Ireland by occupation, 1875-1913 Summary of emigration by skill group, United Kingdom, 1877-1913 Total migration, United Kingdom, 1870-1922 Emigration by occupation, Germany, 1871-1924 Summary of emigration by skill group, Germany, 1871-1924 Migration by occupation, Sweden, 1870-1924 Summary of migration by skill group, Sweden, 1871-1924 Emigration by occupation, Denmark, 1872-1924 Summary of emigration by skill group, Denmark, 1872-1924 Employment: Labour force by occupation, United States, 1900-1970 Employment by broad sector, United States, 1870-1960 Gainful workers in manufacturing by industry, United States, 1870-1930 Employment in manufacturing by industry, United States, 1899-1960 Labour force by occupation, Canada, 1891-1961 Employment by broad sector, Canada, 1891-1971 Employment by manufacturing industry, Canada, 1911-1971 Employment by occupation, Australia, 1911-1971 Employment by broad sector, Australia, 1891-1969 Employment in manufacturing by industry, Australia, 1891-1969 Employment by occupation, United Kingdom, 1911-1971 Labour force by broad sector, United Kingdom, 1871-1971 Employment by manufacturing industry, United Kingdom, 1871-1961 Labour force by occupation, Germany, 1882-1961 Employment by broad sector and by manufacturing industry, Germany, 1870-1960 Employment by broad sector and by manufacturing industry, France, 1906-1954 Labour force by broad sector, Sweden, 1870-1960 Employment in manufacturing by industry, Sweden, 1870-1930 Labour force by broad sector, Denmark, 1870-1960 Trade: Exports by commodity, United States, 1870-1965 Imports by commodity, United States, 1870-1965 Trade statistics, United States, 1870-1965 Exports by commodity, Canada, 1870-1965 Imports by commodity, Canada, 1870-1960 Trade statistics, Canada, 1870-1965 Total exports, Australia, 1870-1965 Total imports, Australia, 1870-1965 Trade statistics, Australia, 1870-1965 Exports by commodity, United Kingdom, 1870-1965 Imports by commodity, United Kingdom, 1870-1965 Trade statistics, United Kingdom, 1870-1965 Exports by commodity, Germany, 1880-1960 Imports by commodity, Germany, 1880-1960 Trade statistics, Germany, 1880-1960 Exports by commodity, France, 1870-1959 Imports by commodity, France, 1870-1959 Trade statistics, France, 1870-1959 Exports by commodity, Sweden, 1870-1965 Imports by commodity, Sweden, 1870-1965 Trade statistics, Sweden, 1870-1965 Exports by commodity, Denmark, 1870-1965 Imports by commodity, Denmark, 1870-1965 Trade statistics, Denmark, 1870-1965 Production: Production by industry group, United States, 1869-1919 Production by commodity group, United States, 1869-1913 Production indices by manufacturing sector, United Kingdom, 1860-1914 Production indices by manufacturing sector, Germany, 1860-1913 GDP per capita in United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Sweden, and Denmark, 1870-1965 Technology: Number of patents granted in 23 countries, 1870-1970 Please note: this study does not include information on named individuals and would therefore not be useful for personal family history research.