The purpose of Bird Conservation Regions strategies is to summarize the important issues and to recommend the actions required to conserve populations of birds in Canada. The Bird Conservation Regions (BCR) used as the basis for our planning units are based on the Commission for Environmental Cooperation’s internationally-accepted Level III ecoregions. We have adopted Marine Biogeographic Units as the planning units for marine birds. The data presented here have three main functions: to provide a consistent national approach to planning for bird conservation in Canada; to streamline the planning process; and to provide sufficient guidance to allow the development of detailed implementation plans and to support on-the-ground conservation efforts. The purpose of this data is to provide a basis for public synthesis documents that focus on issues and actions. Please note that the data contained herein have been gathered on a period ranging from 2008 to 2014 and should be considered in the context of recent information. The three datasets cover: priority bird species assessment; priority bird species population objectives; and priority bird species threats, conservation objectives and conservation actions. The data included here informed the 25 BCR strategies published by the Canadian Wildlife Service of Environment and Climate Change Canada. They are available at www.ec.gc.ca/mbc-com/default.asp?lang=En&n=1D15657A-1.

The Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI) program provides data and information to track Canada's performance on key environmental sustainability issues. The Trends in Canada's bird populations indicator reports population trends of Canada's native bird species from 1970 to 2022. Bird species are categorized into species groups based on their feeding or habitat requirements. Because birds are sensitive to environmental changes, they can be used as an indicator of ecosystem health and the state of biodiversity. Tracking the status of Canada's birds can help to identify the impacts of these changes, and can also help to set priorities, evaluate management actions and track the recovery of species at risk. Information is provided to Canadians in a number of formats including charts and graphs, HTML and CSV data tables and downloadable reports. See the supplementary documentation for data sources and details on how those data were collected and how the indicator was calculated. Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: https://www.canada.ca/environmental-indicators Supplemental Information Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators - Home page: https://www.canada.ca/environmental-indicators Supporting Projects: Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI)

The Canadian Breeding Bird Census (BBC) Database contains data for 928 breeding bird plot censuses representing all known censuses of breeding birds carried out in Canada during the period 1929–1993. The 928 records in the database represent 640 unique census plots located in all provinces and territories, except Prince Edward Island. The BBC, which was replaced by the current Breeding Bird Survey, is one of the longest-running surveys of bird populations in North America, and was designed to help determine abundance and distribution patterns of bird species. An important feature of the BBC Database is the habitat data associated with each census plot. The most prevalent vegetation species in different layers (canopy, shrub and ground cover) were recorded to reflect the assumption that birds respond principally to vegetative structure.

The Canadian Wildlife Service maintains a waterbird colony database which holds colony census information such as counts of birds, nests, burrows, and holes observed at individual seabird colonies located in the Atlantic region of Canada. The methods used to conduct censuses are varied as it is not possible to regularly visit every colony. Each record in the colonies database census table references the census method.

Version 1 of this resource contains presence information of adult birds only. Future versions may contain more information. In the meantime please contact CWS directly should you require more information.

The near and offshore waters of Atlantic Canada support millions of marine birds, including coastal and island breeders, as well as migrants from the southern hemisphere and northeastern Atlantic. Although tied to land during the breeding season when they raise their young, seabirds exist mostly in the marine environment. Since many spend much of their lives out of sight of land, knowledge of their pelagic distribution and ecology can be difficult to obtain. In 2005 the Canadian Wildlife Service of Environment Canada (EC-CWS) set up a monitoring program for seabirds at sea. This program is ongoing and provides data on current seabird abundance and distribution in order to address conservation and management objectives related to the offshore. The sampling strategy relies on ships-of-opportunity that travel throughout the region at all times of the year. The data provide critical information for environmental assessments of offshore developments, identify areas where birds are at high risk for oil pollution and other human activities, and enable us to monitor trends in the marine environment. In addition, the biological, chemical, and physical data collected concurrently by oceanographers with the Department of Fisheries and Oceans provide the means to examine the linkages between seabirds and their marine habitats.

Glacier National Park provides important habitat for a wide range of bird species. As the most diverse land vertebrates, birds are an important indicator of ecosystem health. Yearly data are collected at these sites using audio recorders to determine trends in diurnal avian species abundance by species. Data can provide a number of ecological indices such as the effects of land use and climate change.

Birds adapted to alpine ecosystems are often sensitive to habitat and climate changes because of their niche specialization. For example, birds that are specialized to breeding in colder alpine conditions may be outcompeted by more generalist species if warmer conditions arise. Yearly data are collected at these sites using audio recorders to determine indices of bird diversity and occupancy trends to inform management.

Estimation of functional diversity in biological communities requires extensive and complete data on numerous functional traits of species or even individuals. When estimating functional diversity at large scales, this fact possesses an issue that may be hard to overcome: for many species, there might not be sufficient data on their functional traits. In such cases, even if there is missing information on functional trait value for one species in a community, this makes the trait impossible to use for the estimation of the functional diversity of a community. On the other hand, there are available datasets on the functional traits of all extant species within certain lineages across the world, but such datasets are often limited to very few functional traits, missing some dimensions of species' ecological niches. In this dataset, I compiled the available data from various sources that describe 23 functional traits of 703 bird species that occur in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. These functional traits include the following: diet type, diurnal and nocturnal feeding, diet items, feeding methods, feeding substrate, nest type, nest substrates, breeding system, chick development at hatching, nest aggregation, clutch size, first breeding age, number of clutches a year, breeding success, adult annual survival, mean biomass, maximum lifespan, hand-wing index, kleptoparasitism, nest parasitism, and the extent of dependency on other species for building a nest.

Canada Forest Birds Index data was reported at 97.630 2000=100 in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 97.450 2000=100 for 2015. Canada Forest Birds Index data is updated yearly, averaging 99.820 2000=100 from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 104.470 2000=100 in 1994 and a record low of 97.170 2000=100 in 2014. Canada Forest Birds Index data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.OECD.GGI: Environmental: Wildlife Resources: OECD Member: Annual.

Percentage of households that made purchases to feed, shelter or watch birds, by household income. The data is from the Households and the environment survey.

The Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI) program provides data and information to track Canada's performance on key environmental sustainability issues. The Population status of Canada's migratory birds indicator reports the proportion of bird species listed in the Migratory Birds Convention Act whose populations fall within, or are above or below national population goals. It provides a snapshot assessment of the state of bird populations in Canada. Some bird species are managed towards specific population levels (for example, some hunted species or species of conservation concern). While the indicator reports whether species' populations are within acceptable bounds, it does not indicate if management goals are being met. This information is provided to Canadians in a number of formats including: static and interactive maps, charts and graphs, HTML and CSV data tables and downloadable reports. See the supplementary documentation for data sources and details on how those data were collected and how the indicator was calculated. Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: https://www.canada.ca/environmental-indicators Supplemental Information Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators - Home page: https://www.canada.ca/environmental-indicators Supporting Projects: Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI)

The presence and abundance of 11 marsh birds are assessed through visual and audio surveys twice every year (8 plots/year) throughout the park between May and July. Bird species richness and abundance of indicator species can be compared with hundreds of other Marsh Monitoring Program sites across the Great Lakes region.

Canada Exports of birds' eggs, not in shell and yolks, fresh, dry to United States was US$8.31 Million during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Canada Exports of birds' eggs, not in shell and yolks, fresh, dry to United States - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on June of 2025.

Birds are the most diverse of land vertebrates and are an important indicator of ecosystem health. Large protected areas, such as Jasper National Park, provide important habitat for a wide range of bird species. Data collected can provide a number of ecological indices; for example, used to assess the effects of land use and climate change. Yearly data are collected at these sites using audio recorders to determine indices of bird diversity and occupancy trends to inform management.

Monitor variations in seabird numbers and colony size in the St. Lawrence system. Survey of over 20 species of seabirds and herons during the breeding season, in order to monitor population dynamics through time and space. Seabird populations are influenced by food abundance and quality. There is actually more than 1,000,000 birds from more than 20 different species that breed in nearly 1,000 active colonies. Plongeon du Pacifique/Pacific Loon/Gavia Pacifica, Plongeon catmarin/Red-throated Loon/Gavia stellata, Macareux moine/Atlantic Puffin/Fratercula arctica, Guillemot à miroir/Black Guillemot/Cepphus grylle, Guillemot marmette/Common Murre/Uria aalge, Guillemot de Brünnich/Thick-billed Murre/Uria lomvia, Petit Pingouin/Razorbill/Alca torda, Mouette tridactyle/Black-legged Kittiwake/Rissa tridactyla, Goéland marin/Great Black-backed Gull/Larus marinus, Goéland argenté/Herring Gull/Larus argentatus, Goéland à bec cerclé/Ring-billed Gull/Larus delawarensis, Mouette rieuse/Common Black-headed Gull/Larus ridibundus, Sterne caspienne/Caspian Tern/Sterna caspia, Sterne pierregarin/Common Tern/Sterna hirundo, Sterne arctique/ArcticTern/Sterna paradisaea, Sterne de Dougall/Roseate Tern/Sterna dougallii, Océanite cul-blanc/Leach's Storm-Petrel/Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Fou de Bassan/Northern Gannet/Morus bassanus, Grand Cormoran/Great Cormorant/Phalacrocorax carbo, Cormoran à aigrettes/Double-crested Cormorant/Phalacrocorax auritus, Eider à duvet/Common Eider/Somateria mollissima, Grand Héron/Great Blue Heron/Ardea herodias, Bihoreau gris/Black-crowned Night-Heron/Nycticorax nycticorax. Allen, R.P. et J.J. Hickey 1940 Progress Report on the Cooperative Gull Survey. Bird-Banding 11-117 Bailey, A.M. 1933 Along Audubon's Labrador Trail. Natural History 33: 638-646 Bédard, J. 1963 Rapport préliminaire sur l'avifaune des Îles Sainte-Marie 91 pp Université Laval Bédard, J. 1969 Histoire naturelle du gode Alca torda, L., dans le golfe Saint-Laurent, province de Québec, Canada, 79 pp. Etude du Service canadien de la faune No 7 Brousseau, P. et G. Chapdelaine 1983 Techniques d'inventaire détaillées utilisées dans le cadre du 12e inventaire des oiseaux marins des refuges de la Côte Nord du golfe du Saint-Laurent, 152 pp Service canadien de la faune.Région du Québec.Rapport inédit Cairns, D.K. 1978 Some aspects of the biology of the Black Guillemot (Cepphus grylle) in the estuary and the Gulf of St.Lawrence, 89 pp Université Laval.Thèse de Maîtrise Canadian National Parks Branch 1925 Official Canadian Record of Birds - Banding Returns. Canadian Field-Naturalist 39: 39-40;119-122;191-193 Canadian National Parks Branch 1926 Official Canadian Record of Birds - Banding Returns. Canadian Field-Naturalist 40: 62-64;106-110;158-164 Canadian National Parks Branch 1927 Official Canadian Record of Birds - Banding Returns. Canadian Field-Naturalist 41: 157-171;191-195 Canadian National Parks Branch 1928 Official Canadian Record of Birds - Banding Returns. Canadian Field-Naturalist 42: 18-24;107-110;151-161 Canadian National Parks Branch 1929 Official Canadian Record of Birds - Banding Returns. Canadian Field-Naturalist 43: 42-46;86-91;138-143 Canadian National Parks Branch 1930 Official Canadian Record of Birds - Banding Returns. Canadian Field-Naturalist 44: 72-76;171-175 Chapdelaine, G. 1977 Inventaire sommaire des archipels des Îles Sainte-Marie,des Îles aux Perroquets, des Îles Mariannes, des Îles Galibois de la Côte - Nord 13 pp Service canadien de la faune.Région du Québec. Manuscrit inédit Chapdelaine, G. 1980 Onzième inventaire et analyse des fluctuations des populations d'oiseaux marins dans les refuges de la Côte-Nord du golfe du Saint-Laurent. Canadian Field-Naturalist 94: 34 -42 Chapdelaine, G. 1995 Fourteenth Census of Seabird Populations in the Sanctuaries of the North Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1993 Canadian Field - Naturalist 109(2): 220-226 Chapdelaine, G. et P. Brousseau 1991 Thirteenth Census of Seabird Populations in the Sanctuaries of the North Shore of the Gulf of St.Lawrence,1982-1988 Canadian Field-Naturalist 105(1): 60-66 Cleaves, H.H. 1929 In the land of the Eider Nature Magazine 13: 77-83 Erskine, A.J. 1972 The Great Cormorant of eastern Canada, 23 pp Canadian Wildlife Service, Occasional Paper No 14 Gabrielson, I.N. 1952 Notes on the Birds of the North Shore of the Gulf of St.Lawrence. Canadian Field-Naturalist 66: 44-59 Hewitt, O.H. 1950 Fifth census of the non-passerine in the birds sanctuaries of the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Canadian. Field-Naturalist 64: 73-76 Johnson, R.A. 1935 A New Method of Banding Sea Ducks. Bird-Banding 6: 32 Johnson, R.A. 1938 Predation of Gulls in Murre colonies. Wilson Bulletin 50 3 161-170 Johnson, R.A. 1940 Present range,Migration and Abundance of the Atlantic Murre in North America. Bird-Banding 11: 1-17 Johnson, R.A. 1941 Nesting behavior of the Atlantic Murre Auk 58 2 153-163 Johnson, R.A. et H.S. Johnson 1935 A Study of the Nesting and Family Life of the Red-throated Loon. Wilson Bulletin 47(2): 97-103 Karwowski, K. 1981 Inventaire de la sternière de l'île de l'Ouest, refuge des îles Sainte-Marie, 1 pp Manuscrit inédit Lemieux, L. 1956 Seventh census of non-passerine birds in the birds sanctuaries of the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Canadian Field-Naturalist 70: 183-185 Lewis, H.F. 1922 Notes on some Labrador Birds Auk 39: 507-516 Lewis, H.F. 1925 Notes on birds of the Labrador peninsula in 1923 Auk 42: 74-86 Lewis, H.F. 1928 Notes on birds of the Labrador peninsula in 1927 Auk 45: 227-229 Lewis, H.F. 1931 Notes on birds of the Labrador peninsula in 1930 Canadian Field-Naturalist 45: 113-114 Lewis, H.F. 1931 Five year's progress in the bird sanctuaries of the North Shore of the gulf of St.Lawrence Canadian. Field-Naturalist 45: 73-78 Lewis, H.F. 1934 Notes on Birds of the Labrador Peninsula in 1931, 1932 and 1933 Canadian Field-Naturalist 48: 98-102;115-119 Lewis, H.F. 1934 Returns of Banded Adult European Cormorant to its native colony Bird-Banding 5: 132-133 Lewis, H.F. 1937 A decade of progress in the bird sanctuaries of the North Shore of the Gulf of St.Lawrence. Canadian Field-Naturalist 51: 51-55 Lewis, H.F. 1937 Notes on birds of the Labrador peninsula in 1934 and 1935. Canadian Field-Naturalist 51: 99-105;119-123 Lewis, H.F. 1938 Notes on the birds of the Labrador peninsula in 1936 and 1937. Canadian Field-Naturalist 52: 47-51 Lewis, H.F. 1941 European Cormorants of the North America Auk 58: 360-363 Lewis, H.F. 1942 Fourth census of the non-passerine birds in the bird sanctuaries of the North Shore of the Gulf of St.Lawrence. Canadian Field-Naturalist 56: 5-8 Lincoln, F.C. 1927 Returns from Banded Birds, 1923 to 1926. 95 Technical Bulletin No 32, United States Department of Agriculture, December, 1927 Moisan, G. 1962 Eighth census of non-passerine birds in the bird sanctuaries of the North Shore of the Gulf of St.Lawrence. Canadian Field-Naturalist 76: 78-82 Moisan, G. et R.W. Fyfe 1967 Ninth census of non-passerine birds in the sanctuaries of the North Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Canadian Field-Naturalist 81: 67-70 Nettleship, D.N. et A.R. Lock 1973 Tenth census of seabirds in the sanctuaries of the North shore of the Gulf of St.Lawrence. Canadian Field-Naturalist 89: 39-42 Scf 1979 Dossier Service canadien de la faune. Région du Québec Scf 1994 Dossier;notes dans le calepin de notes. Service canadien de la faune. Région du Québec Service canadien de la faune 1999 Dossier Service canadien de la faune. Région du Québec Stearns, W.A. 1890 Bird Life in Labrador, 100 pp Tener, J.S. 1951 Sixth census of the non-passerine birds in the bird sanctuaries of the North Shore of the Gulf of St.Lawrence. Canadian Field-Naturalist 65: 65-68 Todd, W.E.C. 1963 Birds of the Labrador Peninsula and Adjacent Areas 819 pp University of Toronto Press.Toronto.

Nine acoustic bird song meters are deployed to monitor boreal bird species in mixed wood forests during the peak breeding season (24 May to 10 July). The song meters record morning (from 30 minutes before sunrise, for four hours) and evening (from 30 minutes before sunset, for one and a half hours). During each sample period (i.e. morning and evening) each song meter records every 30 minutes, for 10 minutes. Two recordings from each of the nine locations are selected randomly for interpretation and analysis, one from early (24 May to 17 June) and one from late (13 June to 10 July) in the breeding season. While selected randomly, the two recordings from each location must be a minimum of six days apart and the audio quality must be good (e.g. no wind and/or precipitation noise); otherwise, another recording is randomly selected. The data are analyzed to determine if the breeding bird communities of spruce-mixed wood forested ecosites and the functional richness and diversity of forest bird communities are being maintained over time. Species at Risk bird species are also monitored.

Canada Exports of birds' eggs, in the shell, fresh, preserved or cooked to New Zealand was US$599.51 Thousand during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Canada Exports of birds' eggs, in the shell, fresh, preserved or cooked to New Zealand - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on June of 2025.

The Point Lepreau Bird Observatory (PLBO), located in Point Lepreau, New Brunswick, was created as a project of the Saint John Naturalists’ Club (SJNC) in late 1995. The SJNC began accumulating data on bird migration through the Bay of Fundy in spring and fall in 1996. Migration data are collected daily using a sampling method with protocols adapted from Hussell and Ralph (1998). Migration counts using the Hussell and Ralph (1998) count protocol involve a four-hour Count Period consisting of a series of 15-minute counts, each followed by a rest period of equal length. Each Count Period consists of eight 15-minute counts, for a total of two hours, and eight 15-minute periods of rest. Observations are conducted from a permanent observatory building from mid-March to mid-May and from mid-September to mid-November. Observers count all birds seen and since Point Lepreau projects southward into the Bay, birds in spring migration are travelling east when passing it while birds in fall are travelling west. Since the year 2000, counts in spring have been under the supervision of a contracted Official Observer, normally assisted by up to three volunteers. The data are split in to a conditions file and an observations file. The conditions data includes information on weather conditions, sea states and times and durations of each count. The observations data includes observations of birds by species, including numbers of individuals observed and direction of flight. Birds travelling in different directions are recorded separately as are birds resting or feeding on the water.

Canada Imports from South Africa of Skins and Other Parts of Birds With Their Feather or Down, Feathers was US$83.71 Thousand during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade.

Birds adapted to alpine ecosystems are often sensitive to habitat and climate changes because of their niche specialization. For example, birds that are specialized to breeding in colder alpine conditions may be outcompeted by more generalist species if warmer conditions arise. Yearly data are collected at these sites using audio recorders to determine indices of bird diversity and occupancy trends to inform management.