In 2023, more than 17.3 million hectares of land had burned in Canada because of forest fires. This was the largest annual land loss due to wildfires since records started. The number of forest fires in Canada stood at around 5,475 in 2023. The cost of Canadian wildfires In Canada, estimated property losses due to forest fires from 1970 to 2020 amounted to almost 250 million Canadian dollars. The province of British Columbia was by far the most affected, with losses of 115.4 million Canadian dollars, followed by Ontario with 57.9 million Canadian dollars.On the human side, the largest evacuation caused by wildfires in the North American country from 1980 to 2019 occurred in 2016, when more than 92,000 people were displaced. The Fort McMurray wildfire – the costliest natural catastrophe in Canadian history – took place that year. A worldwide picture Wildfires have been wreaking havoc around the world in recent years. In 2022 alone, around 5.2 million hectares of tree cover were lost due to wildfires. A year earlier, wildfire tree cover loss reached the peak of the century so far, with more than seven million hectares. In the past century, Russia has seen the largest annual tree cover loss due to wildfires, with an average of 2.5 million hectares. Canada is the second most impacted country in the world, with an average annual loss of roughly 1.3 million hectares during the same period.

There were a total of 5,475 forest fires in Canada in 2023. As of November 2024, the total annual figure from the previous year almost gets surpassed at 5,374 fire stats in Canadian territory. Forest fires in Canada Forest fires in Canada have burned an average of 2.2 million hectares annually since 2000. Forest fires or wildfires are named so because they occur in areas such as woodlands, grasslands, and scrublands. They are not confined to remote forest areas and can cause extensive property damage and threaten the lives of people who live in transitional areas between regions of human habitation and wilderness. Since 2000, forest fires have caused an estimated 3.76 million Canadian dollars annually. A recent major forest fire which began in Fort McMurray, Alberta is likely to be the most economically damaging disaster in Canada’s history, according to insurers. The fires have also affected Alberta’s oil sands operations which have a significant impact on Canada’s GDP. What are the causes of forest fires? The Fort McMurray fire of 2016, like many forest fires, is suspected to have been caused by human activities. Fires started by humans can be intentional, as in the case of arson, or accidental, such as failing to fully extinguish a camp fire or cigarette. The most common natural cause of forest fires is human activity, which accounted for 2,719 fires in 2020.

Get data on forest fires, compiled annually for the National Forestry Database

The National Forestry Database includes national forest data and forest management statistics to seve as a credible, accurate and reliable source of information on forest management and its impact on the forest resource.

Forest fire data is grouped into eight categories, which are further broken down by geographic location. These include:

• number of fires by cause class and response category
• area burned by cause class and response category
• number of fires by month and response category
• area burned by month and response category
• number of fires by fire size class and response category
• area burned by fire size class and response category
• area burned by productivity class, stocking class, maturity class and response category
• other fire statistics, such as property losses

Wildfire perimeters for all fire seasons before the current year. Supplied through various sources. Not to be used for legal purposes. These perimeters may be updated periodically during the year. On April 1 of each year the previous year's fire perimeters are merged into this dataset

There were 2,719 forest fires caused by human activity in Canada in 2020, making it the main cause for wildfires in the country. This was an increase compared to the previous year, when there were 2,400 human activity-caused forest fire.

Incident-based fire statistics, by type of casualty, age group of casualty, status of casualty and type of structure, Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, Canadian Armed Forces, 2005 to 2021.

The LANDFIRE (LF) Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS) product depicts fuel types as an identifiable association of fuel elements of distinctive species, form, size, arrangement, and continuity. CFFDRS exhibits characteristic fire behavior under the specified burn conditions. In LF 2022 Canadian fuel models are derived from the Fuel Model Guide to Alaska Vegetation (Alaska Fuel Model Guide Task Group, 2018) and subsequent updates. The LF CFFDRS product contains the fuel models used for the Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) system fuel type inputs. Default values assigned to the Canadian Fuel Models required to run the Prometheus fire behavior software (Prometheus, 2021) are added as attributes to the LF CFFDRS product. To designate disturbed areas where CFFDRS is modified, the aggregated Annual Disturbance products from 2013 to 2022 in the Fuel Disturbance layer are used. All existing disturbances between 2013-2022 are represented in LF 2022 and the products are intended to be used in 2023, the year of release. The "capable" year terminology used in LF 2020 and LF 2016 Remap is no longer specified given the reduction in latency from when a disturbance occurs to the release date of fuel layers accounting for that disturbance. However, users should still consider adjusting fuel layers for disturbances that occurred after the end of the 2022 fiscal year (after October 1st, 2022) when using the LF 2022 fuel layers, as those changes would not be accounted for. Learn more about LF 2022 at https://landfire.gov/lf_230.php

Forest fires are an important part of the Canadian landscape. The number of fires and area burned can vary dramatically from year to year, but there are more than 8000 reported wildfires in Canada during a typical year, burning an average of 2.5 million hectares or 25 000 square kilometres. Only 3 percent of fires in Canada reach a final size greater than 200 hectares, but these fires are responsible for 97 percent of the total area burned. This map shows fires greater than 1000 hectares. The data represent a compilation of all fire point location and areas for fires greater than 1000 hectares, as provided by fire management agencies of provinces, territories and Parks Canada.

This web map shows the current wildfires and fire danger zones within Canada. The layers used within this web map are Esri Canada's wildfire live feature services that are updated daily along with NRCan's current fire danger WMS. A description of each layer can be found below along with the link to their respective items on ArcGIS Online.***The live feature services within this webmap are now paused and will not receive data updates until next fire season. April 1st, 2025 is the predicated date for this service to resume***Active Wildfires in CanadaReported active fire locations are updated daily as provided by fire management agencies (provinces, territories and Parks Canada). The fires data is managed through a national Data Integration Project (DIP) coordinated by the Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC) and Natural Resources Canada with participation from all partner agencies. The active fires data includes attributes for agency, fire name, latitude, longitude, start date, fire size (ha) and stage of control (fire status). Possible values for stage of control include: OC (Out of Control), BH (Being Held), UC (Under Control), EX (Out).Supplemental InformationThe national Data Integration Project (DIP) is coordinated by the Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC) and Natural Resources Canada with participation from all partner agencies. This initiative focuses on development and implementation of data standards and enabling the exchange and access of national fire data. More details are available in the CIFFC IM/IT Strategy, available at: https://ciffc.ca/publications/general-publications.Feux de végétation actifs au CanadaLes positions rapportées des feux de végétation actifs sont mises à jour quotidiennement d'après les données fournies par les agences de gestion des feux (provinces, territoires et Parcs Canada). Les données sur les feux sont gérées dans le cadre d'un Projet d'intégration de données national coordonné par le Centre interservices des feux de forêt du Canada (CIFFC) et par Ressources naturelles Canada, avec la participation de tous les organismes partenaires. Les données sur les feux actifs comprennent les champs d'attributs des agences, le nom du feu, la latitude, la longitude, le début du feu, la taille du feu (ha) et le stade de contrôle (état du feu). Les valeurs possibles pour le stade de contrôle sont les suivantes : OC (out of control/hors de contrôle), BH (being held/contenu), UC (under control/maîtrisé) et EX (out/éteint).Renseignements complémentairesLe Projet d'intégration de données national est coordonné par le CIFFC et par Ressources naturelles Canada, avec la participation de tous les organismes partenaires. Cette initiative a pour but d'élaborer et de mettre en œuvre des normes de données, ainsi que de rendre possible l'accès aux données nationales sur les feux et l'échange de ces données. On trouvera plus de détails à ce sujet dans la Stratégie de GI/TI du CIFFC, à l'adresse suivante : https://ciffc.ca/publications/general-publicationsActive Wildfire Perimeters in CanadaThis dataset displays active wildfire perimeters derived from hotspots identified in satellite imagery provided by the Canadian Wildland Fire Information System (CWFIS) and Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) updated every 3 hours. || Ce jeu de données, mis à jour toutes les trois heures, affiche les périmètres de feux de forêt actifs dérivés des points chauds relevés dans l’imagerie satellite fournie par le Système canadien d’information sur les feux de végétation (SCIFV) et Ressources naturelles Canada (RNCan).Wildfire Smoke Forecast in CanadaThis layer displays forecasted wildfire smoke across Canada sourced from BlueSky Canada's FireSmoke Canada app, updated every 6 hours. The wildfire smoke layer consists of hourly concentrations of particulate matter 2.5 microns and smaller (PM2.5) in units of micrograms per meter cubed (µg/m3) observed at ground level from wildfires. It is an approximation of when and where wildfire smoke events may occur over the next two days. This layer is sourced from BlueSky Canada's FireSmoke Canada app.Current Fire DangerFire Danger is a relative index of how easy it is to ignite vegetation, how difficult a fire may be to control, and how much damage a fire may do. Fire Danger is a reclassification of the CFFDRS fire weather index (FWI) which is a numeric rating of fire intensity.These general fire descriptions apply to most coniferous forests. The national fire danger maps show conditions as classified by the provincial and territorial fire management agencies. Choice and interpretation of classes may vary between provinces. For fuel-specific fire behavior, consult the Fire Behavior Prediction maps.• Low: Fires likely to be self-extinguishing and new ignitions unlikely. Any existing fires limited to smoldering in deep, drier layers.• Moderate: Creeping or gentle surface fires. Fires easily contained by ground crews with pumps and hand tools.• High: Moderate to vigorous surface fire with intermittent crown involvement. Challenging for ground crews to handle; heavy equipment (bulldozers, tanker trucks, aircraft) often required to contain fire.• Very High: High-intensity fire with partial to full crown involvement. Head fire conditions beyond the ability of ground crews; air attack with retardant required to effectively attack fire's head.• Extreme: Fast-spreading, high-intensity crown fire. Very difficult to control. Suppression actions limited to flanks, with only indirect actions possible against the fire's head.Forecasted weather data provided by Environment Canada. More information about forecasted weather is available at https://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/background/dsm/fwiMore information about the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System is available at https://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/background/summary/fwiMaps are produced using Spatial Fire Management System and are updated multiple times per day.Maps updated daily, year-round.Supplemental InformationThe Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS). is a national system for rating the risk of forest fires in Canada.Forest fire danger is a general term used to express a variety of factors in the fire environment, such as ease of ignition and difficulty of control. Fire danger rating systems produce qualitative and/or numeric indices of fire potential, which are used as guides in a wide variety of fire management activities.The CFFDRS has been under development since 1968. Currently, two subsystems–the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System and the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System–are being used extensively in Canada and internationally.Risque d'incendie actuelLe risque d'incendie est un indice relatif indiquant le niveau de facilité pour allumer un incendie de végétation, le niveau de difficulté qu'un incendie peut demander pour être contrôlé ainsi que la quantité de dommages qu'un incendie peut causer.Ces descriptions générales des incendies s'appliquent à la plupart des forêts de conifères. Les cartes nationales sur le danger d'incendie illustrent les conditions telles qu'elles sont classées par les agences provinciales et territoriales de gestion des feux. Le choix et l'interprétation des classes peuvent varier entre les provinces. En ce qui a trait au comportement des incendies en regard du combustible spécifique, veuillez consulter les cartes de prédiction du comportement des incendies.• Faible: Incendie possiblement auto-extincteur; de nouveaux allumages sont invraisemblables. Tout incendie existant est limité à couver dans des couches profondes plus sèches.• Modéré: Incendie de surface rampant modéré. Il est facilement circonscrit par les équipes au sol munies de pompes et d'outils manuels.• Élevé: Incendie de surface modéré à vigoureux avec implication intermittente des cimes. Pose des défis aux équipes chargées de le combattre sur le terrain; les équipements lourds (bouteurs, camions-citernes à eau et avions) sont souvent requis pour contenir l'incendie.• Très élevé: Incendie de forte intensité avec implication partielle ou complète des cimes. Les conditions au front de l'incendie sont au-delà de la capacité des équipes sur le terrain à y faire face; les attaques aériennes avec largage de produits ignifugeants sont requises pour combattre effectivement le front de l'incendie.• Extrême: Feu de cimes à forte intensité et à propagation rapide. Très difficile à contrôler. Les actions de suppression sont limitées aux flancs alors que seules des actions indirectes sont possibles au front de l'incendie.Prévisions météorologiques fournies par Environnement Canada. Pour de plus amples renseignements sur les prévisions, consultez la section Renseignements généraux.De plus amples informations sur la Méthode canadienne de l'indice Forêt-Météo (IFM) sont disponibles à la rubrique Renseignements généraux.Les cartes sont produites à l'aide du Système de gestion spatiale des feux de forêt et sont mises à jour plusieurs fois par jour.Les cartes sont mises à jour quotidiennement, tout au long de l'année l'année.Renseignements complémentairesLa Méthode canadienne d'évaluation des dangers d'incendie de forêt (MCEDIF) est une méthode nationale pour classer le risque d'incendie de forêt au Canada.Le danger d'incendie de forêt est un terme général employé pour exprimer une diversité de facteurs dans les conditions de brûlage tels que la facilité d'allumage et la difficulté de contrôle. Les méthodes d'évaluation du danger d'incendie génèrent des indices qualitatifs ou numériques du potentiel d'incendie qui sont utilisés comme guides dans une grande variété d'activités de gestion des incendies de forêt.La MCEDIF est en cours d'élaboration depuis 1968. En ce moment, deux sous-systèmes – la Méthode

These annual fire history grids (0=no fire, 1=fire) were produced directly from the BLM Alaska Fire Service database and the Canadian National Fire Database. They are simply a 1x1km raster representation of their fire history polygon database that can be obtained from:

http://fire.ak.blm.gov/predsvcs/maps.php
http://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/datamart

Note, fire history data is very unreliable before ~1950 in Alaska. Fires may have been recorded in a given year, but that does not mean all fires that occurred were successfully recorded. This data was assembled from every recorded fire that has been entered into Alaska and Canadian databases. This results in several years containing no fires at all.

Forest fires are an important part of the Canadian landscape. The number of fires and area burned can vary dramatically from year to year, but there are more than 8000 reported wildfires in Canada during a typical year, burning an average of 2.5 million hectares or 25 000 square kilometres. Only 3 percent of fires in Canada reach a final size greater than 200 hectares, but these fires are responsible for 97 percent of the total area burned. This map shows fires greater than 1000 hectares. The data represent a compilation of all fire point location and areas for fires greater than 1000 hectares, as provided by fire management agencies of provinces, territories and Parks Canada.

Forest fires are an important part of the Canadian landscape. The number of fires and area burned can vary dramatically from year to year, but there are more than 8000 reported wildfires in Canada during a typical year, burning an average of 2.5 million hectares or 25 000 square kilometres. Only 3 percent of fires in Canada reach a final size greater than 200 hectares, but these fires are responsible for 97 percent of the total area burned. This map shows the forest fire ignition causes for fires greater than 200 hectares. The data represent a compilation of all fire point location and perimeters for fires greater than 200 hectares, as provided by fire management agencies of provinces, territories and Parks Canada.

British Columbia saw the largest number of forest fires in Canada in 2021. That year, there were more than 1,600 individual wildfires in the western province. Alberta followed as the province with the second most numerous wildfires.

In total, the number of forest fires in Canada was nearly 6,600 in 2021.

This dataset series refers to the fire danger information provided by the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) [1]. ▷_How to cite: see below_◁

Fire danger (Canadian Fire Weather Index system) information is computed in daily maps over Europe with a forecast from 1 to 10 days of forecasted fire danger level using numerical weather predictions. The module is active all year around, although the core of the wildfire season is, in most countries, from 1st of March to 31st of October. Available components for the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) system operated in EFFIS are: the aggregated FWI, the Initial Spread Index (ISI), the Build Up Index (BUI), the Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), the Duff Moisture Code (DMC), the Drought Code (DC), the Ranking, and the Anomaly.

[1] Van Wagner, C. E., Pickett, T. L., 1985. Equations and FORTRAN program for the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System. Vol. 33 of Forestry Technical Report. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, Canada. https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=19973

How to cite - When using these data, please cite the relevant data sources. A suggested citation is included in the following:

• San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Houston Durrant, T., Boca, R., Libertà, G., Branco, A., de Rigo, D., Ferrari, D., Maianti, P., Artés Vivancos, T., Schulte, E., Loffler, P., Benchikha, A., Abbas, M., Humer, F., Konstantinov, V., Pešut, I., Petkoviček, S., Papageorgiou, K., Toumasis, I., Kütt, V., Kõiv, K., Ruuska, R., Anastasov, T., Timovska, M., Michaut, P., Joannelle, P., Lachmann, M., Pavlidou, K., Debreceni, P., Nagy, D., Nugent, C., Di Fonzo, M., Leisavnieks, E., Jaunķiķis, Z., Mitri, G., Repšienė, S., Assali, F., Mharzi Alaoui, H., Botnen, D., Piwnicki, J., Szczygieł, R., Janeira, M., Borges, A., Sbirnea, R., Mara, S., Eritsov, A., Longauerová, V., Jakša, J., Enriquez, E., Lopez, A., Sandahl, L., Reinhard, M., Conedera, M., Pezzatti, B., Dursun, K. T., Baltaci, U., Moffat, A., 2017. Forest fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2016. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. ISBN:978-92-79-71292-0, https://doi.org/10.2760/17690

• San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Schulte, E., Schmuck, G., Camia, A., 2013. The European Forest Fire Information System in the context of environmental policies of the European Union. Forest Policy and Economics 29, 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.08.012

• San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Schulte, E., Schmuck, G., Camia, A., Strobl, P., Libertà, G., Giovando, C., Boca, R., Sedano, F., Kempeneers, P., McInerney, D., Withmore, C., de Oliveira, S. S., Rodrigues, M., Houston Durrant, T., Corti, P., Oehler, F., Vilar, L., Amatulli, G., 2012. Comprehensive monitoring of wildfires in Europe: the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS). In: Tiefenbacher, J. (Ed.), Approaches to Managing Disaster - Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts. InTech, Ch. 5. http://doi.org/10.5772/28441

• Di Giuseppe, F., Pappenberger, F., Wetterhall, F., Krzeminski, B., Camia, A., Libertà, G., San Miguel, J., 2016. The potential predictability of fire danger provided by numerical weather prediction. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55 (11), 2469-2491. https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0297.1

The number of disastrous wildfires in Canada has increased each decade since the *****. The ***** recorded the largest number of major wildfires in Canada, at **. In comparison, only **** such disasters occurred in Canada in the ****.

In Canada, wildfire season occurs between April and October each year and can coincide with periods of extreme heat. It is important to know how to protect your health when experiencing wildfire smoke and extreme heat together.

This dataset is a synthesis of species-specific pre- and post-fire tree stem density estimates, field plot characterization data, and acquired climate moisture deficit data for sites from Alaska, USA eastward to Quebec, Canada in fires that burned between 1989 and 2014. Data are from 1,538 sites across 58 fire perimeters encompassing 4.52 Mha of forest and all major boreal ecozones in North America. To be included in this synthesis, a site had to contain information on species-specific post-fire seedling densities. This included sites where seedlings had been counted 2-13 years post-fire, a timeframe over which there was little change in relative dominance of species based on densities. Plot characterization data includes stand age, site drainage, disturbance history, crown combustion severity, seedbed conditions, and stand structural attributes. Gridded values of Hargreaves Climate Moisture Deficit (CMD) were obtained for each plot where plot coordinates were available. These values included 30-year normals (1981-2010) and CMD in the two years immediately following the fire year. CMD anomalies were calculated as the difference between the 30-year normal and the single year values for each of the first two years after a fire. These synthesis data are provided in comma-separated values (CSV) format.

This dataset series refers to the fire danger information provided by the Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS) [1]. ▷_How to cite: see below_◁

Fire danger (Canadian Fire Weather Index system) information is computed in daily maps over Europe with a forecast from 1 to 10 days of forecasted fire danger level using numerical weather predictions. The module is active all year around. Available components for the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) system operated in GWIS are: the aggregated FWI, the Initial Spread Index (ISI), the Build Up Index (BUI), the Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), the Duff Moisture Code (DMC), the Drought Code (DC), the Ranking, and the Anomaly.

[1] Van Wagner, C. E., Pickett, T. L., 1985. Equations and FORTRAN program for the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System. Vol. 33 of Forestry Technical Report. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, Canada. https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=19973

How to cite - When using these data, please cite the relevant data sources. A suggested citation is included in the following:

• San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Houston Durrant, T., Boca, R., Libertà, G., Branco, A., de Rigo, D., Ferrari, D., Maianti, P., Artés Vivancos, T., Schulte, E., Loffler, P., Benchikha, A., Abbas, M., Humer, F., Konstantinov, V., Pešut, I., Petkoviček, S., Papageorgiou, K., Toumasis, I., Kütt, V., Kõiv, K., Ruuska, R., Anastasov, T., Timovska, M., Michaut, P., Joannelle, P., Lachmann, M., Pavlidou, K., Debreceni, P., Nagy, D., Nugent, C., Di Fonzo, M., Leisavnieks, E., Jaunķiķis, Z., Mitri, G., Repšienė, S., Assali, F., Mharzi Alaoui, H., Botnen, D., Piwnicki, J., Szczygieł, R., Janeira, M., Borges, A., Sbirnea, R., Mara, S., Eritsov, A., Longauerová, V., Jakša, J., Enriquez, E., Lopez, A., Sandahl, L., Reinhard, M., Conedera, M., Pezzatti, B., Dursun, K. T., Baltaci, U., Moffat, A., 2017. Forest fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2016. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. ISBN:978-92-79-71292-0, https://doi.org/10.2760/17690

• Goldammer, J. G., Mangeon, S., Keywood, M., Kaiser, J. W., de Groot, W. J., Gunawan, D., Gan, C., Field, R., Sofiev, M., Baklanov, A., 2018. Vegetation Fire and Smoke Pollution Warning and Advisory System (VFSP-WAS): concept note and expert recommendations. Vol. 235 of GAW Report series. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4519

• Di Giuseppe, F., Pappenberger, F., Wetterhall, F., Krzeminski, B., Camia, A., Libertà, G., San Miguel, J., 2016. The potential predictability of fire danger provided by numerical weather prediction. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55 (11), 2469-2491. https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0297.1

Datasets, metadata and Rscript used to describe 1965-2019 wildfire regime and extreme wildfire years in central NWT.

The current repository contains inputs, products and codes associated with the study by Rosu et al., "Large-scale impacts of the 2023 Canadian wildfires on the Northern Hemisphere atmosphere". This study investigates the short-term large-scale weather impacts of the 2023 Canadian wildfire emissions through the use the Earth System Model (ESM) EC-Earth3 [1]. It is noted that for this work, the EC-Earth3-AerChem configuration 2 was used. For the needs of this work, two sets of simulations took place, one while considering the fire emissions (NX) and one without (NC). Regarding the emissions used, the GFAS wildfire emission dataset was applied (refer to Kaiser et al. [3] and to [4]), while for the rest of the emissions, i.e. natural and anthropogenic, refer to van Noije et al. [2] and to [5]. The current repository contains the output derived from the aforementioned simulations, specifically black carbon AOD, cloud cover, organic AOD, total AOD, net downward radiation flux, secondary organic AOD, surface atmospheric pressure, atmospheric temperature, zonal wind, and meridional wind. Moreover, this repository also contains the MODIS AOD data [6] used in the study and the Python code used for post-processing the EC-Earth3 output. Finally, the AERONET V3 [7] and the MERRA-2 dataset [8] were also used in this work.

References

[1] Döscher et al. (2022) The EC-Earth3 Earth system model for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6. Geosci Model Dev 15:2973–3020. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022

[2] van Noije et al. (2021) EC-Earth3-AerChem: a global climate model with interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry participating in CMIP6. Geosci Model Dev 14:5637–5668. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021

[3] Kaiser et al. (2012) Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power. Biogeosciences 9:527–554. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-527-2012

[4] Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service. CAMS Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) [Dataset]. ECMWF. https://ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/datasets/cams-global-fire-emissions-gfas

[5] EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) (2020). EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3-AerChem model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP ssp370. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.4885

[6] NASA Earth Observations, MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth (MODAL2_M_AER_OD) [Dataset]. NASA GSFC. https://neo.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MODAL2_M_AER_OD

[7] NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Version 3 [Dataset]. NASA. https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/new_web/draw_map_display_inv_v3.html

[8] Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) (2015), MERRA-2 tavg1_2d_slv_Nx: 2d,1-Hourly,Time-Averaged,Single-Level,Assimilation,Single-Level Diagnostics V5.12.4, Greenbelt, MD, USA, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). https://doi.org/10.5067/VJAFPLI1CSIV