Cancer was responsible for around *** deaths per 100,000 population in the United States in 2023. The death rate for cancer has steadily decreased since the 1990’s, but cancer still remains the second leading cause of death in the United States. The deadliest type of cancer for both men and women is cancer of the lung and bronchus which will account for an estimated ****** deaths among men alone in 2025. Probability of surviving Survival rates for cancer vary significantly depending on the type of cancer. The cancers with the highest rates of survival include cancers of the thyroid, prostate, and testis, with five-year survival rates as high as ** percent for thyroid cancer. The cancers with the lowest five-year survival rates include cancers of the pancreas, liver, and esophagus. Risk factors It is difficult to determine why one person develops cancer while another does not, but certain risk factors have been shown to increase a person’s chance of developing cancer. For example, cigarette smoking has been proven to increase the risk of developing various cancers. In fact, around ** percent of cancers of the lung, bronchus and trachea among adults aged 30 years and older can be attributed to cigarette smoking. Other modifiable risk factors for cancer include being obese, drinking alcohol, and sun exposure.

In 2023, there were approximately 750.5 deaths by all causes per 100,000 inhabitants in the United States. This statistic shows the death rate for all causes in the United States between 1950 and 2023. Causes of death in the U.S. Over the past decades, chronic conditions and non-communicable diseases have come to the forefront of health concerns and have contributed to major causes of death all over the globe. In 2022, the leading cause of death in the U.S. was heart disease, followed by cancer. However, the death rates for both heart disease and cancer have decreased in the U.S. over the past two decades. On the other hand, the number of deaths due to Alzheimer’s disease – which is strongly linked to cardiovascular disease- has increased by almost 141 percent between 2000 and 2021. Risk and lifestyle factors Lifestyle factors play a major role in cardiovascular health and the development of various diseases and conditions. Modifiable lifestyle factors that are known to reduce risk of both cancer and cardiovascular disease among people of all ages include smoking cessation, maintaining a healthy diet, and exercising regularly. An estimated two million new cases of cancer in the U.S. are expected in 2025.

The leading causes of death in the United States have changed significantly from the year 1900 to the present. Leading causes of death in 1900, such as tuberculosis, gastrointestinal infections, and diphtheria have seen huge decreases in death rates and are no longer among the leading causes of death in the United States. However, other diseases such as heart disease and cancer have seen increased death rates. Vaccinations One major factor contributing to the decrease in death rates for many diseases since the year 1900 is the introduction of vaccinations. The decrease seen in the rates of death due to pneumonia and influenza is a prime example of this. In 1900, pneumonia and influenza were the leading causes of death, with around *** deaths per 100,000 population. However, in 2023 pneumonia and influenza were not even among the ten leading causes of death. Cancer One disease that has seen a large increase in death rates since 1900 is cancer. Cancer currently accounts for almost ** percent of all deaths in the United States, with death rates among men higher than those for women. The deadliest form of cancer for both men and women is cancer of the lung and bronchus. Some of the most common avoidable risk factors for cancer include smoking, drinking alcohol, sun exposure, and obesity.

Additional file 1 Supplementary Figure 1: Distribution of each structural parameter in 1000 random GCNs conserving chromosomal connectivity of layer 0. The real values in layer 0 of healthy and Basal GCNs are added as vertical dotted lines. Supplementary Figure 2: Degree distribution of layers 95 to 100 of healthy and Basal GCNs. Supplementary Figure 3: Degree distribution of core nodes of layer 100 and a control group in layers 95 to 100 of healthy and Basal GCNs. Supplementary Figure 4: Cumulative conservation rates (ccr) in core nodes of Basal and healthy tissues considering layer 94 as the reference to compute ccr.

This record provides details of the data supporting the claims of the related article: “How Can Artificial Intelligence Models Assist PD-L1 Expression Scoring in Breast Cancer: Results of Multi-institutional Ring Studies”.The related study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an artificial intelligence-assisted model in the histopathological analysis of Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression of tumor-infiltrating immune cells.Type of data: histology image files; spreadsheet data filesSubject of data: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor resection blocks from patients with invasive breast cancerSample size: 100 samplesPopulation characteristics: Among the 100 patients, 39 patients under 50 years old, 61 patients over 50 years old. 97 patients were diagnosed with Invasive carcinoma of no special type, 2 were diagnosed with invasive lobular carcinoma and 1 was diagnosed with meta-plastic. 3 cases were classified as grade 1, 37 cases as grade 2 and 60 cases as grade 3. carcinoma. 28 cases were clinical stage 1, 57 cases were stage 2 and 15 cases were stage 3.Recruitment: 100 patients were surgically diagnosed as invasive breast cancer in the fourth hospital of Hebei Medical University. All patients did not receive any treatment before operation. One hundred tumor resection samples (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks) were collected from the 100 patients.Date of data collection: January to June 2019Geographic location: HebeiData accessAll data files associated with this study are openly available as part of this figshare data record:manual immune cell scoring data_fig1.xlsx Excel spreadsheet containing full immune cell scoring data from 31 pathologists for 109 images in three ring studies.data_fig2.zipThis zip folder contains 3 subfolders, with .png files supporting article figure 2. This folder additionally contains raw images and epithelium mask images from the Roche SP142 assay.summary statistics of ring studies.xlsxExcel spreadsheet with a summary of the raw scoring data for ‘all’ and each of the three levels of pathologists. This data underpins the box plots presented in figure 3 of the article.scoring accuracy evalutions.zipThis zip folder contains 6 .xlsx files with the scoring accuracy data for 3 experiments in each test category; 2-class and 4-class. These data tables underpin the box plots presented in figure 4 of the article.data_fig5.zipThis zip folder contains .out, .json and .npy files supporting figure 5 of the article. These data files provide the continuous and categorical AI scores, which are the main results being presented in this article.Supplementary_Information.zipThis zip folder contains .png, .zip, .pptx and .xlsx files which make up the Supplementary Information PDF file available with the published article.Corresponding authors for this studyYueping Liu (annama@163.com)Jianhua Yao (jianhuayao@tencent.com)Study approval All tissues and data were retrieved under the permission of the institutional research ethics board of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University with the declaration number of 2020KY112.

In the United States in 2021, the death rate was highest among those aged 85 and over, with about 17,190.5 men and 14,914.5 women per 100,000 of the population passing away. For all ages, the death rate was at 1,118.2 per 100,000 of the population for males, and 970.8 per 100,000 of the population for women. The death rate Death rates generally are counted as the number of deaths per 1,000 or 100,000 of the population and include both deaths of natural and unnatural causes. The death rate in the United States had pretty much held steady since 1990 until it started to increase over the last decade, with the highest death rates recorded in recent years. While the birth rate in the United States has been decreasing, it is still currently higher than the death rate. Causes of death There are a myriad number of causes of death in the United States, but the most recent data shows the top three leading causes of death to be heart disease, cancers, and accidents. Heart disease was also the leading cause of death worldwide.

The number of deaths caused by heart disease has decreased in the United States from ***** per 100,000 population in 1990 to ***** deaths per 100,000 population in 2019. Nevertheless, heart disease is still the leading cause of death in the country, followed closely by cancer, which has a mortality rate of ***** per 100,000 people. Heart disease in the U.S.Diseases of the heart and blood vessels are often associated with atherosclerosis, which occurs when plaque builds up along arterial walls. This can limit the flow of blood and can lead to blood clots, a common cause of stroke or heart attacks. Other types of heart disease include arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythms) and heart valve problems. Many of these diseases can be treated with medication, although many complications will still remain. One of the leading cholesterol lowering drugs in the United States, Crestor, generated around **** billion U.S. dollars of revenue in 2024. Risk Factors for heart disease There are many risk factors associated with the development of heart disease, including family history, ethnicity, and age. However, there are other factors that can be modified through lifestyle changes such as physical inactivity, smoking, and unhealthy diets. Obesity has also been commonly associated with risk factors like hypertension and diabetes type II. In the United States, some ** percent of white adults are currently obese.

From 1965 to 2022, the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the U.S. has decreased from about ** percent to ** percent. Cigarette smoking is a known risk factor for many types of cancers, including lung cancer, bladder cancer and pancreatic cancer. Globally, tobacco use is one of the greatest risk factors for preventable diseases. There are several resources in the United States to help individuals quit smoking, including websites, hotlines, medications and text message programs. Smoking prevalence globally Globally, smoking prevalence has also decreased, and is projected to continue to decline through 2025. North America comprises a small percentage of the world’s cigarette smokers. The highest prevalence of tobacco smoking can be found in Europe, followed by the Western Pacific. In the past few decades, there have been stronger efforts made to reduce cigarette consumption in many parts of the world. Cigarettes are taxed separately in many countries and are often required to add health warnings to cigarette packaging for consumers. Smoking cessation measures Smoking prevention measures cover a broad range of targeted cigarette reduction. Common tobacco control policies include warning labels, advertising bans, and smoke-free environments. As of 2022, around ** percent of the world population lived in a place where there were warning labels on tobacco products.