As of April 2025, the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) carbon price was above ** U.S. dollars per metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (USD/tCO₂e). The EU ETS launched in 2005 as a cost-effective way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and was the world's first major international carbon market. The UK was formerly part of the EU ETS, but replaced this with its own system after withdrawing from the EU. As of April 2025, the price of carbon on the UK ETS was almost ** USD/tCO₂e.

EU Carbon Permits fell to 82.64 EUR on December 1, 2025, down 0.74% from the previous day. Over the past month, EU Carbon Permits's price has risen 1.77%, and is up 20.06% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for EU Carbon Permits.

Voluntary carbon offset prices could reach as high as *** U.S. dollars per ton of carbon dioxide (USD/tCO₂) by 2050 if integrity issues within the market are resolved. However, if the market continues to operate without rigorous standards, and integrity issues remain a concern for companies, then carbon offset credits would trade at just ** USD/tCO₂ in 2050. Meanwhile, prices would soar to *** USD/tCO₂ by 2030 if the market is restricted to only carbon removals.

The price of emissions allowances (EUA) traded on the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) exceed 100 euros per metric ton of CO₂ for the first time in February 2023. Although average annual EUA prices have increased significantly since the 2018 reform of the EU-ETS, they fell ** percent year-on-year in 2024 to ** euros. What is the EU-ETS? The EU-ETS became the world’s first carbon market in 2005. The scheme was introduced as a way of limiting GHG emissions from polluting installations by putting a price on carbon, thus incentivizing entities to reduce their emissions. A fixed number of emissions allowances are put on the market each year, which can be traded between companies. The number of available allowances is reduced each year. The EU-ETS is now in its fourth phase (2021 to 2030). Carbon price comparisons The EU ETS has one of the highest average annual carbon prices worldwide, averaging ** U.S. dollars as of April 2025. In comparison, prices for UK ETS carbon credits averaged 57 U.S. dollars during same period, while those under the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in the United States averaged just ** U.S. dollars.

Carbon prices across multiple emissions trading systems worldwide are expected to increase during the period of 2026 to 2030, compared to 2022 to 2026. The average EU ETS carbon price is expected to be **** euros per metric ton of CO₂ during the period 2022 to 2025, but is projected to rise to almost 100 euros per metric ton of CO₂ during the period of 2026 to 2030, according to a survey of International Emissions Trading Association members. EU ETS carbon pricing broke the ** euros per metric ton of CO₂ barrier in February 2022, and in February 2023 it surpassed 100 euros per metric ton of CO₂.

The cost of UK ETS carbon permits (UKAs) was around *** GBP in February 2023, but prices have fallen considerably since then. Prices on January 16, 2025 were just ***** GBP, down ** percent from the same date the previous year. Formerly part of the EU ETS, the UK launched its own cap-and-trade system in 2021 following Brexit. Why has the UK’s carbon price fallen? Several factors have contributed to falling UK carbon prices, including mild winter weather and reduced power demand, as well as a surplus of carbon allowances on the market. While prices have recovered marginally from the record lows, they remain markedly below carbon prices on the EU ETS. The low cost of UK carbon permits has raised concerns that it could deter investment in renewable energy. Future of UK ETS The UK ETS covers emissions from domestic aviation and the industry and power sectors, amounting to some ** percent of the country’s annual GHG emissions. There are plans to expand the system over the coming years to cover CO₂ venting by the upstream oil and gas sector, domestic maritime emissions, and energy from waste and waste incineration. The UK is also looking to introduce a carbon border adjustment mechanism, which would place a carbon price on certain emissions-intensive industrial goods imported to the UK.

Carbon Dioxide Removal Credit Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global carbon dioxide removal credit market size reached USD 2.8 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust expansion fueled by surging climate action initiatives and regulatory support worldwide. The market is experiencing a significant upward trajectory, with a calculated CAGR of 18.7% from 2025 to 2033, and is projected to attain a value of USD 14.7 billion by 2033. This remarkable growth is primarily driven by increasing commitments to net-zero targets, heightened corporate sustainability mandates, and the accelerated deployment of advanced carbon capture technologies across diverse sectors.

One of the primary growth factors propelling the carbon dioxide removal credit market is the intensifying global focus on climate mitigation and decarbonization. Governments and international bodies are implementing stricter carbon regulations and incentivizing carbon removal projects, which directly enhances the demand for high-quality removal credits. The growing adoption of science-based targets by corporations and the integration of carbon removal into long-term climate strategies further amplify market expansion. The proliferation of voluntary carbon markets and the evolution of compliance frameworks, such as the Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, are creating favorable conditions for the commercialization of carbon removal credits, thereby catalyzing investments in both nature-based and technology-driven solutions.

Another significant growth driver is the technological innovation landscape within the carbon dioxide removal credit market. Breakthrough advancements in direct air capture, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and ocean-based carbon sequestration are rapidly increasing the scalability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of carbon removal solutions. These technologies, alongside improved monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems, are enhancing the credibility and traceability of carbon credits, which is crucial for attracting investments from environmentally conscious corporations and institutional investors. As these technologies mature and achieve economies of scale, the cost per ton of carbon removed is expected to decrease, making carbon removal credits more accessible to a broader range of market participants.

In addition, the rising participation of the private sector is a pivotal growth factor. Multinational corporations across energy, manufacturing, agriculture, and transportation are committing to ambitious sustainability goals, often requiring the purchase of carbon removal credits to offset residual emissions. The emergence of innovative financing models, such as forward contracts and blended finance, is enabling the rapid deployment of large-scale carbon removal projects. Strategic partnerships between technology providers, project developers, and end-users are fostering ecosystem development and accelerating commercialization. The increasing transparency and standardization in credit issuance, driven by third-party verifiers and international standards, are also enhancing market confidence and facilitating cross-border transactions.

As the carbon dioxide removal credit market continues to evolve, homeowners are increasingly exploring ways to contribute to climate action through initiatives like the Carbon Credit Home Upgrade. This concept encourages individuals to make energy-efficient improvements to their homes, such as installing solar panels, enhancing insulation, or upgrading to energy-efficient appliances. By doing so, homeowners can reduce their carbon footprint and potentially earn carbon credits, which can be traded in voluntary carbon markets. The integration of home upgrades into the carbon credit ecosystem not only supports individual sustainability efforts but also amplifies the collective impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This approach aligns with broader climate strategies and offers a tangible way for individuals to participate in the global transition towards a low-carbon economy.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe are leading the global carbon dioxide removal credit market, owing to their early adoption of carbon pricing mechanisms, strong policy support, and robust corporate sustainability cultures. Asia Pacific is emerging as a high-growth r

CORSIA-eligible carbon (CEC) credits were assessed at ***** U.S. dollars per metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (USD/teCO₂e) in 2024, compared with **** USD/teCO₂e in 2023. CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) is a global market-based measure designed to offset international aviation CO₂ emissions in order to reduce emissions within the sector. Meanwhile, Platts CRC, which reflects removals-based carbon credit projects, was assessed at ***** USD/teCO₂e in 2024.

The average price of voluntary carbon market (VCM) credits decreased by *** percent in 2024 year-on-year, to **** U.S. dollars per metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent. The market value of the VCM totaled just over *** million U.S. dollars that year.

Voluntary carbon market (VCM) credit prices in North America averaged ***** U.S. dollars per metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2024, a year-on-year increase of 59 percent. Meanwhile, the average VCM credit price in Europe grew seven percent y-o-y, to ***** U.S. dollars per metric ton.

This paper employs a computable general equilibrium model (CGE) to analyse how a carbon tax and/or a national Emissions Trading System (ETS) would affect macroeconomic parameters in Turkey. The modelling work is based on three main policy options for the government by 2030, in the context of Turkey’s mitigation target under its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), that is, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by up to 21% from its Business as Usual (BAU) scenario in 2030: (i) improving the productivity of renewable energy by 1% per annum, a target already included in the INDC, (ii) introducing a new flat rate tax of 15% per ton of CO2 (of a reference carbon price in world markets) imposed on emissions originating from carbon-intensive sectors, and (iii) introducing a new ETS with caps on emission permits. Our base path scenario projects that GHG emissions in 2030 will be much lower than Turkey’s BAU trajectory of growth from 430 Mt CO2-eq in 2013 to 1.175 Mt CO2-eq by 2030, implying that the government’s commitment is largely redundant. On the other hand, if the official target is assumed to be only a simple reduction percentage in 2030 (by 21%), but based on our more realistic base path, the government’s current renewable energy plans will not be sufficient to reach it. Turkey’s official INDC is based on over-optimistic assumptions of GDP growth and a highly carbon-intensive development pathway;A carbon tax and/or an ETS would be required to reach the 21% reduction target over a realistic base path scenario for 2030;The policy options considered in this paper have some effects on major sectors’ shares in total value-added. Yet the reduction in the shares of agriculture, industry, and transportation does not go beyond 1%, while the service sector seems to benefit from most of the policy options;Overall employment would be affected positively by the renewable energy target, carbon tax, and ETS through the creation of new jobs;Unemployment rates are lower, economic growth is stronger, and households become better off to a larger extent under an ETS than carbon taxation. Turkey’s official INDC is based on over-optimistic assumptions of GDP growth and a highly carbon-intensive development pathway; A carbon tax and/or an ETS would be required to reach the 21% reduction target over a realistic base path scenario for 2030; The policy options considered in this paper have some effects on major sectors’ shares in total value-added. Yet the reduction in the shares of agriculture, industry, and transportation does not go beyond 1%, while the service sector seems to benefit from most of the policy options; Overall employment would be affected positively by the renewable energy target, carbon tax, and ETS through the creation of new jobs; Unemployment rates are lower, economic growth is stronger, and households become better off to a larger extent under an ETS than carbon taxation.

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) voluntary carbon credit prices fell by ** percent year-over-year in 2024, to *****U.S. dollars per metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent. Forestry and land use credits are the most common on the voluntary carbon market, with REDD+ accounting for the majority of carbon credit issuances within this category.

China launched its national emissions trading system (ETS) in 2021, becoming the world's largest carbon market by emissions coverage. As of April 2025, carbon prices of China's national ETS hovered around ** USD/tCO₂e. The China national ETS builds on the seven pilot projects that have been implemented in seven cities and provinces across the country. These pilot ETS will continue to operate alongside the national ETS, covering emissions not yet included in the national system.

Mineralization-Based CO2 Storage Systems Market Outlook

The global mineralization-based CO2 storage systems market size reached USD 1.32 billion in 2024, reflecting the sector’s accelerating adoption of carbon reduction technologies. As per our latest research, the market is projected to grow at a robust CAGR of 18.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 6.14 billion by 2033. This remarkable growth is driven by escalating regulatory pressure on industrial emissions, surging investments in carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) infrastructure, and rapid advancements in mineralization technologies that offer permanent and safe carbon sequestration options.

A primary growth factor for the mineralization-based CO2 storage systems market is the global commitment to achieving net-zero emissions, as outlined in the Paris Agreement and reinforced by national climate action plans. Governments and environmental agencies across North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific are mandating stricter emissions standards for industrial facilities, power plants, and energy producers. This has led to a surge in the adoption of advanced carbon capture and storage (CCS) solutions, with mineralization-based technologies gaining favor due to their permanence and minimal risk of leakage compared to traditional storage methods. Additionally, international funding mechanisms and carbon credit schemes are incentivizing companies to invest in mineralization projects, further fueling market expansion.

Technological innovation represents another critical driver for the mineralization-based CO2 storage systems market. Recent advancements in in-situ and ex-situ mineralization processes have significantly increased the efficiency and scalability of these systems. Enhanced weathering techniques and the utilization of industrial waste materials for mineralization are making the process more cost-effective and environmentally sustainable. Collaboration between research institutions, technology developers, and industrial end-users is fostering the development of pilot projects and large-scale commercial facilities, accelerating the transition from laboratory research to real-world deployment. As technology matures, the cost per ton of CO2 stored through mineralization is expected to decrease, making it more accessible for a broader range of industries.

The growing focus on industrial decarbonization and the circular economy is also propelling the mineralization-based CO2 storage systems market. Industries such as oil and gas, cement, and chemicals are among the highest emitters of CO2 globally and face mounting pressure to decarbonize their operations. Mineralization-based storage offers a sustainable solution by converting captured CO2 into stable carbonates that can be used as construction materials or safely stored underground. This not only helps industries meet regulatory requirements but also creates new revenue streams from byproducts, supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy. As more companies integrate mineralization into their sustainability strategies, the market is poised for sustained growth.

Regionally, Europe and North America are leading the adoption of mineralization-based CO2 storage systems, driven by stringent environmental regulations and significant public and private investments in CCUS infrastructure. Asia Pacific is emerging as a high-growth market, fueled by rapid industrialization, increasing awareness of climate change, and supportive government policies. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are gradually entering the market, primarily through pilot projects and international collaborations. With global momentum building, cross-regional partnerships and technology transfer initiatives are expected to play a pivotal role in scaling up mineralization-based CO2 storage systems worldwide.

Technology Analysis

The technology segment of the mineralization-based CO2 storage systems market is divided into in-situ mineralization, ex-situ mineralization, and

Rangelands are often ignored in the discussion of using management to sequester carbon but demonstrating that restoration of vast degraded rangelands might pay for itself through carbon credit markets would be a significant conservation contribution. The additional amount and cost of carbon sequestered was quantified by simulating seeding perennial grass and shrub species in sagebrush shrublands dominated by non-native annual grass and forb species (NNAGF) compared to doing nothing in a 485,623 km² Area Of Interest (AOI) centered around Nevada, USA. Using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, NNAGF cover was mapped across the AOI to locate areas dominated by NNAGFs. Spatial state-and-transition simulation models with a carbon stock-and-flow sub-model simulated the seeding of perennial species in NNAGF-dominated sagebrush shrublands in the Columbian Plateau ecoregion (IL Ranch, Nevada), north-central Great Basin ecoregion outside the North American Monsoon (TS-Horseshoe Ranch, Nevada), and the southeastern Great Basin ecoregion within the North American monsoon (PVMH landscape, Utah). The net biome productivity (NBP) and cost per unit area of sagebrush shrublands was quantified by simulating restoration of NNAGF to perennial vegetation over a 25-year period. The unseeded PVMH landscape, IL Ranch, and TS-Horseshoe Ranch were sinks of carbon (i.e., positive NBP) at 84, 9, and 11 g C∙m-²∙yr^-1, respectively. About 58% to 90% of NBP was stored in the soil. The IL Ranch required only small levels of seeding and was a small sink of C at 0.71 ± 0.65 g C∙m-²∙yr^-1, whereas the additional NBP for the seeded PVMH landscape was 19.9 ± 10.6 g C∙m-²∙yr^-1. When extrapolated to the AOI, the most and least carbon stored, respectively, was in Utah (136,132 metric Ton∙yr^-1, cost: $287M) and the central Great Basin (3,196 metric Ton∙yr^-1, cost: $23M). Positive NBP values reported here showed that carbon sequestration in sagebrush shrublands compares favorably with those of more productive systems in the USA and worldwide.

Steel rose to 3,117 CNY/T on December 2, 2025, up 0.23% from the previous day. Over the past month, Steel's price has risen 1.30%, but it is still 7.09% lower than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Steel - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

The average selling price of a metric ton of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) varies greatly by method. In 2023, the average price for CDR by Direct Ocean Removal (DOC) was roughly ***** U.S. dollars per metric ton, a ** percent increase from the previous year. In comparison, the average price for Direct Air Capture (DAC) fell by almost ** percent in 2023, to *** U.S. dollars per metric ton of carbon removal.

Enhancing marine carbon sequestration through nearshore aquaculture is a novel scientific approach to addressing global climate change and facilitating low-carbon development. Scientifically estimating the quantity and price of China’s marine fisheries carbon sinks provides a crucial foundation for promoting marine carbon trading. In this article, firstly, the long-term carbon storage capacity of China’s marine carbon sequestration fishery available from 1979 to 2022 for carbon trading is calculated. And then a transcendental logarithmic production function model incorporating ridge regression analysis, and an accounting equation for estimating the shadow price of China’s marine fisheries carbon sequestration are established. Simultaneously, the distortion level of China’s marine fisheries carbon sequestration prices from 2015 to 2022 is measured, and the reasons and economic effects of the distortion in prices are analyzed. The research results show that: 1) The capacity of a net carbon sequestration in China’s marine carbon sequestration fishery for carbon trading, ranged from 78,869.01 tons in 1979 to 1,232,762.27 tons in 2022, with an average annual capacity of 592,472.07 tons and an average annual growth rate of 7.48%; 2) The price of China’s marine fisheries carbon sinks increased from 39.46 CNY in 1979 to 375.96 CNY in 2022, with an average annual growth rate of 6.00%. The average annual price was 167.87 CNY; 3) There were varying degrees of distortion in China’s marine fisheries carbon sequestration prices from 2015 to 2022, which decreased annually with the construction of China’s own carbon trading market and the practice of trading. To realize the value of marine fisheries carbon sequestration, it is necessary to actively promote the development of voluntary emission reduction markets, develop carbon trading futures markets, and strengthen the dynamic monitoring system for resources.

The global direct carbon price averaged **** U.S. dollars per metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (USD/tCO₂e) in 2023. Around one quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions were covered by carbon pricing mechanisms as of April 2024, compared with ** percent in 2020.

Professionals and stakeholders across various industry sectors expect the average carbon price in China's national emissions trading system (ETS) to rise to *** yuan per metric tons of carbon dioxide by 2030, compared with roughly ** yuan per metric ton in 2022.