A Census of Population and Housing is the single most extensive statistical undertaking of a country. In order to plan and implement programmes and activities, statistics are needed by the Government administrators of various levels, private users, research organizations and the general public.
The 1971 Census was conducted under the Census Ordinance N0. 9 of 1900. (Chapter 143) According to that it shall be lawful for the Minister from time to time by order published in the Gazette, to direct that a census be taken of the population, agriculture (including animal husbandry ) trade, labour, industry or commerce or such other matters as he may deem necessary for ascertaining the social, civil or economic conditions of the inhabitants of Ceylon. The CPH 1971 has been designed to collect various information about the characteristics of the population and the households in Sri Lanka.
The CHP1971 provides
a. Reliable and detailed benchmark statistics on the size, distribution and composition of population.
b. Information pertaining to the characteristics of the housing units.
c. Information on the characteristics of the households
National coverage
(1) Individuals (2) Households
CPH 1971 covered all residents in each household and all units in each census block.
Population census did not cover diplomats.
Census/enumeration data [cen]
Face-to-face [f2f]
A main area for the advance preparations for the 1971 Census was the redesigning of Population and Housing schedules in order to minimize the time required for coding the data. One of the reasons for the delay in tabulation of information from the earlier censuses particularly the 1953 and 1963 censuses was the inordinately long time taken at the Head Office to code the information before punching the information on cards. With a view to avoiding such delays it was decided to have as much of the coding as possible done in the field itself by the enumerators. Topics such as Sex, Marital Status, Religion, Ethnic Group etc; which consist of a few well defined categories could be easily entered on the schedules in the form of codes. A schedule designed for the purpose of was tested at the first Pilot Census. In this schedule, however, the codes for each category were shown at the bottom of the schedule and hence the enumerator had to frequently shift his eyes up and down between the cage in which the entry was to be made and the section at the bottom of the schedule showing the codes. This proved to be the somewhat strenuous and time consuming. Some of the codes were easily remembered by the enumerator e.g. Male 1, Female 2. But in the case of other items like Ethnic Group & Marital Status which contain more than 4 or 5 categories, the possibility of some mixing up of codes existed, leading to inaccuracy. On the basis of experience of the first Pilot Census, the schedule was redesigned and the codes were shown against the question in respect of which answers were sought from the respondents and the enumerators required to indicate the answers by circling the appropriate code. This layout of the schedule eliminated errors resulting from marking of a wrong code which was possible in the case of schedules used at the first Pilot Census.
A similar procedure, however, could not be adopted in respect of such topic as educational attainment, occupation and industry, in respect of which the number of possible entries were quite large. In these cases the enumerator wrote down the answers and the coding was done later, in the office, by specially trained coding staff. The Housing schedule was also designed on the same basis.
The schedule which contained the item in respect of which information was collected from all persons in the country was called the Population Schedule (General) and was printed on white paper to distinguish it from the Population Schedule (Special) printed on pink paper. The Population Schedule (Special) contained in addition to those on the Population Schedule (General) items which were to be collected from a sample only. The Housing Schedule was printed on blue paper.
The Census Schedules, on receipt in the Head Office, were checked for any possible shortages and then edited and coded where necessary by specially trained staff, prior to being passed on to the Data Processing Division, for punching and tabulation.
Computer Editing Before the punched cards were transferred to the computer room for processing, certain manual checks for control figures and sight checks were carried out administrative regions. A comprehensive editing procedure was done on the computer. The computer program which checked the records comprised of five basic edits. They were : 1. Checking to ensure that all data was numeric 2. Checking the validity of numerical codes entered for descriptive data 3. Checking the range of codes 4. Checking the consistency of related data 5. Checking and imputation of a limited amount of data for omissions.
Editing to ensure that all data was numeric enabled the detection of errors occurring due to punching and verifying machine faults. All the other edits provided a complete check for validity and consistency of the records. Only records which satisfied all edit checks were written on tape while the error records were appropriately printed by districts. These error lists were referred to the appropriate division for correction. The corrected records were re-punched and passed through the edit program again. This procedure was adopted for each district until no errors were printed. At the commencement of processing 4 error lists for each district were referred back, but with experience gained in the correction of error lists, the reference was cut down to two lists
In 1983 Sri Lanka participated in the 1983 World Program of Industrial Statistics by carrying out a Census of Industry, on a nation-wide scale. The earliest attempt made at seeking information from the industrial sector was in the “Census of Agriculture and Industries”, that was taken in conjunction with the Population Census of 1946. With the steady increase in industrial activities in Sri Lanka and the growing recognition of the importance of industrial statistics for purposes of planning, a systematic attempt was made to collect data on industrial production through the Census of Industry 1952. This covered Mining and quarrying, Manufacturing, Electricity and Gas and also Construction. The Census of 1952 was confined only to the factory type of establishments which had not less than 5 paid employees, employed a capital of not less than Rs 3000 and used mechanical power in any of its production processes. Among the major agro-based export industries, coconut and oil milling were covered in the 1952 census, while tea factories and rubber mills were excluded, and brought instead within the scope of the Census of Agriculture.
The next Census of industry was conducted in 1964, the scope and coverage of which was similar to that of the 1952 census. The frame for this Census was based on list of buildings prepared for the Census of population 1963. However there was considerable difficulty in identifying the buildings in which industrial activities were carried out. As a result the list of industrial establishments complied on this basis did not provide a satisfactory frame to determine the overall magnitude of “factory establishments” in the industrial sector. The results as analyzed from the limited number of census returns received could thus not yield a sufficiently realistic picture of the level and structure of industrial activity in the country.
National Coverage.
Industrial establishments - Defined as the unit directed by a single owning or controlling entity that is engaged in the production of the most homogeneous group of goods and services, usually at one location but sometimes over a wider area, for which separate records are available(eg. plant, factory, mill, mine, workshop etc) In cases where industrial enterprises were engaged in the production of more than one homogeneous group of goods and services in different locations, separate returns were generally obtained for each such product group and location. In cases where establishments operated by a single owner or enterprise was located within the area of one GS Division or Ward, these several units could furnish a single return and this would be reckoned as one establishment. Ancillary units including warehouses, garages repair shops electric plants which primarily served the needs of a single establishment, if they were in the same site within the same GS division , or Ward were treated as part of the main establishment. Otherwise these were treated as separate establishments but classified to the same industry as the parent establishment.
The census covered establishments engaged primarily in the activities of Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing and the production and distribution of Electricity, Gas and water which correspond to major divisions 2,3 and 4 respectively of the UN classification of ISIC and represented the industrial sector specified for census coverage. The final census was conducted in two phases (Nov - Dec 1983 and Feb - Mar 1984) and involved the canvassing of the required data by the method of direct personal visits to approximately 40,000 establishments, which covered (a) all establishments 'engaging 5 or more persons' and (b) a representative sample of establishments in the small -scale sector viz. units engaging less than 5 persons.
Sample survey data [ssd]
The sample was a nationally representative probability sample drawn from the directory of industrial establishments. It was decided to select a total sample of 25000 establishments. The census estimates of all the variables were required at district level by ISIC, three digit categories. Each district was subdivided into AGA Division, MC areas and UC areas. Within each such area, establishments were classified according to ISIC three digit categories which constitute the basic stratum. The sample was allocated sequentially to districts, AGA, MC or UC and ISIC three digit categories proportional to the number of establishments . The sample was selected systematically.
Face-to-face [f2f]
Depending on the manner in which large and small-scale business undertakings maintained their business records, it was decided to use the following two types of census questionnaires for the canvassing of data at the final enumeration.
Questionnaire CI/2S - the short form for enumeration of selected sample small scale establishments, where less detailed information was canvassed on the basic range of items specified by the UN for the 1983 World Program of Industrial Censuses. This is the questionnaire which is valid for the present study.
Special Remarks : Questionnaire CI/2L - the long form for enumeration of medium and large scale establishments, where detailed information was sought on the full range of items recommended by the UN for the 1983 World Program of Industrial Censuses.
A total of 37,754 establishments furnished satisfactory returns (returns reckoned for tabulation of primary results) and this yielded an overall all-island response rate of 88.3% with the corresponding rates '5 and over persons engaged' category and for the 'under 5 persons ' category being 83.1% and 93.4% respectively.
Planning for the ‘Census of Population and Housing 2011’, 14th National Census of Sri Lanka since 1871 and the first Census since 1981 covering all the districts in the country, was initiated by the Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) in 2008. The preparation of maps at Grama Niladhari (GN) level was completed in 2009/2010 and the listing of the buildings based on these maps was completed in 2011. The enumeration stage of the Census was scheduled for and the activities carried out between 27 February and 21 March 2012. The enumeration stage was comprised of two rounds: the first round, which was carried out from 27th February to 19th March 2012, involved collection of data of persons according to their places of usual residence, and their housing units. The revision of data collected in the first round to account for any births, deaths or changes of residence between the date of collection and the Census Date, which is 20th March 2012, was carried out during the second round, based on a defined Census Moment of midnight of 19th March 2012. Enumeration of the homeless people who do not have a usual place of residence was carried out during the night of 19th March 2012, based on the above Census Moment. About 80,000 enumerators were deployed for data collection. Supervision of these activities was carried out by the Grama Niladharis and other appointed government officials. District Secretaries functioned as Commissioners of Census for their respective districts while the Divisional Secretaries functioned as the Deputy Commissioners of Census for their respective Divisional Secretariat divisions. The necessary technical guidance to conduct the Census was provided by the officers of DCS.
An important feature of this Census is the coverage of the entire island after a lapse of 30 years since 1981. Only 18 districts out of 25 districts were covered in the previous Census which was carried out in 2001 due to the conflict situation in Northern and Eastern Provinces prevalent during that period. Census activities in Jaffna, Mannar, Vavuniya, Mullaitivu and Kilinochchi districts in the Northern Province and in Batticaloa and Trincomalee districts in the Eastern Province could not be completed during that Census.
Census/enumeration data [cen]
Population according to this Census which covered the entire country after a lapse of 30 years was reported as 20,277,597.
Face-to-face [f2f]
Although the Census of Population was a regular decennial function since 1871, the Census of Agriculture had not been conducted in such a frequency. A census of Production, virtually Agricultural production was taken in 1921 and was followed by a partial censuses in 1924 and 1929. At these censuses. particulars of crop areas, livestock numbers, and production were recorded at village level.
In more recent times the Census of Agriculture had been conducted in 1946, 52, 62 and 73. At the '46 census, a plot-wise enumeration was undertaken of all blocks of land throughout the country, on which there existed at the time or had previously existed any kind of cultivation. This was the first comprehensive census of agriculture in Sri Lanka in recent times.
A deviation from this pattern of parcel-wise enumeration was first attempted at the 1952 census, but difficulties in completely enumerating the villages selected in the sample restricted the use of the census data on small holdings. The 1962 census, enumerated all holdings not less than 50 acres on a complete basis and a sample of 10 percent in the case of holdings less than 50 acres. In 1973 the larger holdings and all estates were completely enumerated for detailed information on the various characteristics and operations while a sample of small holdings were scientifically selected and enumerated.
National Coverage Urban, Rural and Estate
The basic unit of enumeration was in this census was the operational holding (as distinct from the ownership holding) which was defined as all land and/or livestock used wholly or partly for agriculture production irrespective of title size legal form or location and is operated under one operational status.
The Census of Agriculture covered the entire island excluding the MC's of Colombo and Dehiwela-Mt. Lavinia which are predominantly residential and commercial areas where agricultural activity is insignificant.
The listing of holdings (other than estates) were carried out separately on a complete enumeration basis. Holdings were listed by house to house visit using the Census of Population frame. A list of estates were also prepared at the time of the population census which was updated to reflect the position in 1982.
Census/enumeration data [cen]
Face-to-face [f2f]
Census of Agriculture 82 was carried out in two phases: a. The Peasant or Small Holding Sector b. The Estate or the Large Holding Sector
An Agriculture holding having at least one parcel of 20 acres in extent or more and under the same unit of management was considered as an estate. Other holdings were small holdings.
The census in the small holding sector was carried out in two stages. At the 1st stage the enumerator visited each and every census unit namely housing unit, living quarters other than housing unit and non-housing units in the country and screened out the Agriculture operators thro' a schedule known as Agriculture Census 1 (AC-1). After identifying the agricultural operators, the enumerators collected the following information in respect of their operational holdings through the schedule Agricultural Census - 2 (AC-2).
a. Characteristics of the operators - age, sex, educational status b. Type of ownership of holding c. Operational Status of operator d. Area of operational holding e. Area under principal crops. f. Irrigated and source of irrigation g. Agriculture machinery owned and used h. Numbers of livestock kept.
Along with the first stage census operation, the enumerators were instructed to summarize some important info obtained from AC-2 schedule on a summary sheet AC-4 in order to serve immediate needs of data users.
At the second stage a sample of 10% of the holdings was selected and the following info was collected thro' AC-3.
a. Population of operator's household b. Sources of income of operator's household c. Main occupation of the operator d. Type of holding e. Use of fertilizer and pesticides f. Land utilization and tenure pattern
The estate sector was covered thro' a mailed questionnaire AC-5. A complete list of estates has been prepared by the field staff and to all these estates, census questionnaires were posted along with brief instructions. The estate managers were requested to fill the questionnaire and post them back to the respective District commissioners of Census. The non-respondents were visited by the District Census Staff and finally the response rate was as high as 99%. Following items were covered through the estate schedule:
a. Location of estate b. Characteristics of the operator c. Total area of the estate d. Area under principal crop e. Tenure and land utilization f. Crop area and livestock numbers g. Use of fertilizer and pesticides h. Irrigation facilities i. Population and employment j. Agricultural employment k. Agricultural machinery
Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including:
a) Manual editing and coding b) During data entry (Range edits) c) Computer editing - Structural and consistency d) Secondary editing e) Imputations
Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the External resources Section.
Department of Census and Statistics conducted the Economic Census (EC) which is nationally significant based on year 2013/14 for the first time in Sri Lanka. The Economic Census - Agricultural Activities (EC-AA) is a combination of Census of Industries and the Census of Agriculture held subsequently to the Census of Population and Housing. During the enumeration of main sectors of the economy such as Agriculture, Industries, Trade and services, data collection from the Agricultural sector was performed separately by using multiple questionnaires. Therefore, Economic census consists of 2 sections namely as, Enumeration of agricultural activities and Enumeration of industry, trade and services.
The Economic Census – Agricultural Activities 2013/14 was carried out primarily to meet the national needs whilst at the same time confirming to the requirements of the 2010 series world Census of Agriculture Program of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
The main objectives were;
i. To collect basic data on structure of agriculture needed for the formulation and implementation of agricultural development projects.
ii. To establish benchmark data against which the progress of agricultural projects can be evaluated.
iii. To provide basic frames of households, agricultural households and holding for conducting future surveys in the field of agriculture.
National coverage
Households
The statistical unit was the agricultural holding, which consists of all land and/or livestock used wholly or partly for agricultural production, which is operated under one operational status, regardless of land ownership or type of tenure; the land can consist of one or more parcels, which can be located in one Divisional Secretary's Division or can be spread across various Divisional Secretary's Divisions. The statistical units covered by the census were distributed according to the following two sectors: (i) the "estate" or large holding sector; and (ii) the small holding sector (SHS). An agricultural holding with the same tenure having at least 20 acres (8.09 ha) of land is considered an "estate". SHS holdings were classified into two groups, namely:
· "marginal holdings" - holdings operating less than or equal to 40 perches (0.10 ha), having some form of cultivation, rearing livestock or aquaculture, and the production of which is mainly for home consumption; and · "economically viable holdings" - holdings operating more than 40 perches (0.10 ha) or producing agricultural output, mainly for marketing. From this category, information was collected through the Small Holding 2 Form (SH-2).
Census/enumeration data [cen]
The EC-AA was conducted in two stages:
· Stage 1: listing of estates (conducted in 2013, form El)
· Stage 2: this included the following activities and was undertaken in the third quarter of 2014: (i) data collection from estates (form E2);
(ii) listing of small holdings (using SH1); (iii) data collection from small holdings (using SH2).
As part of the EC-AA 2013/2014 programme, a community survey and a survey on household food security were carried out. The information provided by the Population and Housing Census 2011 was used as a basis to identify small agricultural holdings. A complete enumeration was carried out to list all small holdings (using the listing form SH1 for each "census block" of a Grama Niladhari, or GN). To elaborate the list for the estates, a separate listing activity was carried out by GN (using Form El for each census block of a GN). Complete enumeration was applied to collect the data from the agricultural holdings (using census questionnaires E2 and SH2; see the "Questionnaires" subsection below). Sampling was applied for the food security survey.
Two-stage stratified sampling was used to collect data for the food security survey. The sample size was 28 000 households (or 1.2 percent of the total number of households).
Face-to-face [f2f]
The questionnaire of the Economic Census - Agricultural Activities 2013/14 questionnaire on household food security collected information on:
Section 1: Availability of food Section 2: Household food insecurity access Section 3: Strategies to overcome food shortage Section 4: Further expectations relating to food Section 5: Keeping basic foodstock Section 6: Home gardening Section 7: Shocks and hazards
The questionnaire is available as additional material in the documentation tab.
Data Processing
Data processing activities of the Census was carried out in two phases. In order to disseminate an important data needed by users, based on summary sheets that were prepared by Enumerators were processed in the first phase just after the census proper. In this stage the DCS had designed relevant tabulation programs and centralized the activities in the Head Office. This includes data entry activities and tabulation of the summary sheets. One officer from Agriculture and Environmental Statistics Division was appointed in each district and was trained for data entry work and tabulations. This procedure was completed by early part of the year 2015 and the preliminary report was published in the means of hard copies and electronic media by including the Departmental Website. Then the next phase was data capturing and processing of nearly 2.3 million main schedules (SH 2) in the Small Holding Sector and also information collected through E 2 pertaining to 7,447 Estates. The questionnaires related to Estates were scanned, edited, coded and then tabulated with the assistance of ICT division and by the staff of the Agriculture and Environmental Statistics Division of DCS. The questionnaire SH 2 related to the Small Holding Sector was designed with a view to data capture through the means of optical card reader (scanner). At that time DCS was in possession of “Avision AV320D2+” scanners with single user form processing software. This scanner's duty cycle was rated 9,600 pages per day. A team of error editors had deployed for editing of SH2, and to perform some validity checks manually after the data capturing process.
The census questionnaires were scanned and then the census data processed and tabulated by the staff of the Agriculture and Environmental Statistics Division of the DCS, with the assistance of the Information and Communication Technology Division. A pre-test and a pilot census were conducted to test all census tools.
The STEP (Skills Toward Employment and Productivity) Measurement program is the first ever initiative to generate internationally comparable data on skills available in developing countries. The program implements standardized surveys to gather information on the supply and distribution of skills and the demand for skills in labor market of low-income countries.
The uniquely-designed Household Survey includes modules that measure the cognitive skills (reading, writing and numeracy), socio-emotional skills (personality, behavior and preferences) and job-specific skills (subset of transversal skills with direct job relevance) of a representative sample of adults aged 15 to 64 living in urban areas, whether they work or not. The cognitive skills module also incorporates a direct assessment of reading literacy based on the Survey of Adults Skills instruments. Modules also gather information about family, health and language.
The STEP target population is the urban population aged 15 to 64 included. Sri Lanka sampled both urban and rural areas. Areas are classified as rural or urban based on each country's official definition.
The units of analysis are the individual respondents and households. A household roster is undertaken at the start of the survey and the individual respondent is randomly selected among all household members aged 15 to 64 included. The random selection process was designed by the STEP team and compliance with the procedure is carefully monitored during fieldwork.
The target population for the Sri Lanka STEP survey comprised all non-institutionalized persons 15 to 64 years of age (inclusive) living in private dwellings in urban and rural areas of Sri Lanka at the time of data collection. Exclusions The target population excludes: - Foreign diplomats and non-nationals working for international organizations; - People in institutions such as hospitals or prisons; - Collective dwellings or group quarters; - Persons living outside the country at the time of data collection, e.g., students at foreign universities; - Persons who are unable to complete the STEP assessment due to a physical or mental condition, e.g., visual impairment or paralysis.
The sample frame for the selection of first stage sample units was the Census 2011/12
Sample survey data [ssd]
The Sri Lanka sample size was 2,989 households. The sample design is a 5 stage stratified sample design. The stratification variable is Urban-Rural indicator.
First Stage Sample The primary sample unit (PSU) is a Grama Niladari (GN) division. The sampling objective was to conduct interviews in 200 GNs, consisting of 80 urban GNs and 120 rural GNs. Because there was some concern that it might not be possible to conduct any interviews in some initially selected GNs (e.g. due to war, conflict, or inaccessibility, for some other reason), the sampling strategy also called for the selection of 60 extra GNs (i.e., 24 urban GNs and 36 rural GNs) to be held in reserve for such eventualities. Hence, a total of 260 GNs were selected, consisting of 200 'initial' GNs and 60 'reserve' GNs. Two GNS from the initial sample of GNs were not accessible and reserve sampled GNs were used instead. Thus a total of 202 GNs were activated for data collection, and interviews were conducted in 200 GNs. The sample frame for the selection of first stage sample units was the list of GNs from the Census 2011/12. Note: The sample of first stage sample units was selected by the Sri Lanka Department of Census & Statistics (DCS) and provided to the World Bank. The DCS selected the GNs with probability proportional to size (PPS), where the measure of size was the number of dwellings in a GN.
Second Stage Sample The second stage sample unit (SSU) is a GN segment, i.e., GN BLOCK. One GN Block was selected from each activated PSU (i.e., GN). According to the Sri Lanka survey firm, each sampled GN was divided into a number of segments, i.e., GN Blocks, with approximately the same number of households, and one GN Block was selected from each sampled GN.
Third Stage Sample The third stage sample unit is a dwelling. The sampling objective was to obtain interviews at 15 dwellings within each selected SSU.
Fourth Stage Sample The fourth stage sample unit is a household. The sampling objective was to select one household within each selected third stage dwelling.
Fifth Stage Sample The fourth stage sample unit is an individual aged 15-64 (inclusive). The sampling objective was to select one individual with equal probability from each selected household.
Please refer to the Sri Lanka STEP Survey Weighting Procedures Summary for additional information on sampling.
Face-to-face [f2f]
The STEP survey instruments include: (i) A Background Questionnaire developed by the WB STEP team. (ii) A Reading Literacy Assessment developed by Educational Testing Services (ETS).
All countries adapted and translated both instruments following the STEP Technical Standards: 2 independent translators adapted and translated the Background Questionnaire and Reading Literacy Assessment, while reconciliation was carried out by a third translator. - The survey instruments were both piloted as part of the survey pretest. - The adapted Background Questionnaires are provided in English as external resources. The Reading Literacy Assessment is protected by copyright and will not be published.
STEP Data Management Process 1. Raw data is sent by the survey firm 2. The WB STEP team runs data checks on the Background Questionnaire data. - ETS runs data checks on the Reading Literacy Assessment data. - Comments and questions are sent back to the survey firm. 3. The survey firm reviews comments and questions. When a data entry error is identified, the survey firm corrects the data. 4. The WB STEP team and ETS check the data files are clean. This might require additional iterations with the survey firm. 5. Once the data has been checked and cleaned, the WB STEP team computes the weights. Weights are computed by the STEP team to ensure consistency across sampling methodologies. 6. ETS scales the Reading Literacy Assessment data. 7. The WB STEP team merges the Background Questionnaire data with the Reading Literacy Assessment data and computes derived variables.
Detailed information data processing in STEP surveys is provided in the 'Guidelines for STEP Data Entry Programs' document provided as an external resource. The template do-file used by the STEP team to check the raw background questionnaire data is provided as an external resource.
The response rate for Sri Lanka (urban and rural) was 63%. (See STEP Methodology Note Table 4).
A weighting documentation was prepared for each participating country and provides some information on sampling errors. Weighting documentation is provided as an external resource.
This data set belongs to the first Census of Trade & Services in Sri Lanka that successfully covered the entire island based on field enumeration carried out in two phases from October through November 2003 and from June through December 2006 respectively.
Over the past several decades, initiatives taken by the DCS to launch a Census of Trade & Services covering entire island have been unsuccessful due to unforeseen circumstances beyond its control. However, the DCS has successfully completed the "Census of Trade & Services 2003/2006" in December 2006 covering entire island for the first time in the history of the Census of Trade & Services.
Prior to this census, the DCS had done a Census of Trade & Services and published a report titling " Census of Trade & Services 1996/1999 " in 2003. However, there are differences in coverage and compilation methodology between these two Censuses.
The "Distribution Census" in 1968 was the first ever recorded attempt made to collect information on Trade & Services sector by the DCS. After this, a survey on "Distribution Trade Activities" was undertaken in 1987 in order to collect information on Trade & Services sector. The DCS was not able to cover the entire country of this exercise as expected. Except some information of these efforts of collecting services sector data, no records are available until mid 90s to write a much more complete account of the history of the Census of Trade & Services conducted by the DCS.
The Census of Trade & Service (2003 - 2006) was designed to collect information across the country and to Initiate as much uncovered areas and establishments as possible.
The operation of this Census began along with the listing operation of the Census of Industries which took place in 2003. The Trade & Service establishments of both rural and urban sectors were covered in Northern and Eastern Provinces. However, for the rest of the seven provinces, the DCS was able to list the Trade and Service establishments only in rural areas during the listing operation of the Census of Industries 2003. The Census of Trade and Services of urban sector was resumed in mid 2006 with a view to collect information which had not been collected during the operation of Census of Industries 2003. Polonnaruwa and Moneragala districts were not included in this urban census as those districts do not possess urban areas. These two districts were completely subject to listing under rural sector in the Census of Industries 2003. With the urban sector Census, all urban areas of15 Districts were enumerated for Trade & Service activities.
National Coverage
The Census covered the establishments engaged primarily in the following activities in accordance with SLSIC.
Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communications Financial, intermediation, real estate, renting and business activities Pubic administration & defense, compulsory social security, education, health & social work, other community social & personal service activities, repair of motor vehicles, motor cycles and personal and household goods
Establishment (Owner/Person) in charge of the Industrial unit.
(The recommended ststistical unit used in Census of Industries 2003 was the establishment. Hence the same concept was used for the Census of Trade and Services)
Establishment : This census needs following characteristics in order to be qualified as an establishment.
Availability of its own trade or service facilities
Maintaining ofaccounts pertaining to the establishment
Availability of distinct management and suitable location
Statistical Unit : The statistical unit is the entity for which the required items of data are gathered and compiled. The recommended statistical unit used in Census of Industries 2003 was the establishment. Hence, the same concept was used for the Census of Trade & Services.
No. of Persons Engaged : This is defined as the total number of persons who work in or for the establishment including working proprietors, active partners and unpaid family workers.
ISlC Revision 3 : This is a manual called International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (Revision 3) which has been prepared by the UN in order to be used for coding and classifying all sectors of the economy. In order to match the Sri Lankan context a national code list titling "SRI LANKAN STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION" (SLSIC) was prepared by the DCS, based on the UN manual (series M No.4, Rev. 3) of ISIC.
Census/enumeration data [cen]
Face-to-face [f2f]
The Items Covered in the Questionnaire were:
Name of the establishnlent
Location of the establishment
Contact person's telephone number
Commencement of the commercial operation
Description of activity/ activities
No of persons engaged
The Ministry of Education has conducted an uninterrupted series of annual private school census for well over four decades. The main objective of the census is to collect following information - Information about the schools - Students - Teachers
National Coverage - Private Schools
School Student Teacher
All Private Schools
Census/enumeration data [cen]
Mail Questionnaire [mail]
The schedule of the Private School Census - 2005 includes following parts:
Part 1 : Identification Information
Part 2 : Students in school by 1st June 2005
Part 3 : Students by birth year
Part 4A : Disabled students
Part 4B : Disabled students by birth year
Part 5 : Students by grade according to the subjects study ( Religion, Technical subjects and Easthetic )
Deatils of Teachers
Manual data editing and coding is done by the statistical unit of the Ministry of Education.
The Census of Public and Semi-Government Sector employment conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics in 1994 is the fourth in the series. Previous censuses in this series were conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics in 1980, 1985 and 1990 respectively. Three censuses administered before 1980 were limited only to Public Sector employment. Those censuses were conducted by the Ministry of Public Administration in 1968, 1972 and 1976. The information collected at the four censuses conducted since 1980 were obtained through the postal medium by an individual questionnaire filled personally by the employees.
A section of Public Sector employees who were previously under the Central Government was absorbed in to the provincial public service in 1990. Since then the information on public sector employees collected at the censuses were collected under the two sectors State and Provincial Public Sectors separately. Information on employees under corporations, statutory boards and public-private companies are collected under the Semi-Government Sector.
With a view in achieving a maximum coverage, a listing of all the institutions under these three sectors was done in 1993. A list of all institutions coming under each ministry of the Central Government was prepared along with the estimated number of employees in each of the institution. This list included; Ministry offices, Departments, Corporations, Authorities, Statutory Boards and Public-Private Companies. Similar lists were also prepared for each of the Provincial Council.
Finally the Census was conducted according to the lists so prepared which included 32 Ministries and 131 Departments under the State Sector and 197 Corporations, Statutory Boards and Public-Private Companies under the Semi-Government Sector. Provincial Public sector employees working under 41 Provincial Ministries under· 8 Provincial councils were enumerated under the Provincial Public Sector.
National coverage including institutions in the Nothern and Eastern Provinces.
Total number of employees covered in this census in all three sectors was 739,517 persons.
The sectors being (i) State Sector. (ii) Provincial Public Sector. and (iii) Semi-Government Sector.
(i) The State Sector includes the Ministries and Departments under the Central Government. (ii) The Provincial Public Sector includes the Ministries and institutions under the provincial councils. (iii)The Semi-Government Sector includes the Corporations, Statutory Boards, Authorities and State Banks under the Central Government and Public-Private Companies. (Note:-Public-Private company is a company in which some percentage of shares is owned by the State.)
The employees in the following categories are included in the census. (i) Permanent. (ii) Temporary/Casual. (iii) Employees who work on Contract Basis.
The employees in the following categories are not included in the Census. (i) The personnel attached to armed forces(Army, Navy and Air force). However the civilian staff was not excluded from the census. (ii) The field labourers in the state owned estates.
Much reliance should not be placed on the estimated number of employees as reported by the individual institution. Most of the institutions provided the figure given in budget estimates, instead of the actual number of employees, as the estimated numbers of employees in the institution. Also the estimates provided by the ,institutions which employ temporary/casual workers on a seasonal basis were always seen to be over estimated. Further the estimates provided on the number of employees attached to Provincial Councils could not be considered reliable as the estimates had been prepared mainly based on the cadre position rather than the actual numbers. It is likely that some conceptual problems also may arise in the interpretation of questions for which data is collected, especially because the data is collected through the postal medium. Further it has been reported in the census that there are some employees belonging to lower occupational groups under the State Sector drawing salaries which could be considered fairly high for such occupational categories. It is to be noted here that these are the salaries of the employees who are working in Sri Lanka Foreign Missions. It is important to notice here that the information in this report are provided according to the structure that was in existence at the time of conducting census in 1994.
Total Coverage Rates:
Estimated No of Employees = 812,472 Enumerated No of employees = 739,517 Coverage Rate = 91.0
State sector Response Rates:
Estimated No of Employees = 245,175 Enumerated No of employees = 221,229 Coverage Rate = 90.2
Prov. Pub Sector:
Estimated No of Employees = 326,375 Enumerated No of employees = 291,265 Coverage Rate = 89.2
Semi-Govt:
Estimated No of Employees = 240,922 Enumerated No of employees = 227,023 Coverage Rate = 94.2
Employees in the Central Government Public Sector/ Corporations/Statutory Boards and 'Public-Private' companies, Provincial public sector and in Local Authorities.
All employees in the Central Government Public Sector/ Corporations/Statutory Boards and 'Public-Private' companies in Sri Lanka as well as all the persons employed under the Provincial Public sector and in L:ocal Authorities.
Census/enumeration data [cen]
Face-to-face [f2f]
The questionnaire was printed in all three languages Sinhala, Tamil and English. The format of the questionnaire used to fill the details of the employees in the Central Government is the same as the one used for Provincial Public Sector and Local Authorities with one exception where a box has been provided to record the Ministry an employee is attached to in the former and the same box is used in the latter to record the Provincial Ministry.
The Census of industry 2004 covered establishments engaged in the economic activities of
Three questionnaires Long Form, Short Form and M&Q Form were used to canvess Large and Medium scale industrial establishments, Small scale establishments and Mining and Quarrying establisdhments respectively.
The final Census was conducted during October - November 2004 by posting the questionnaires to approximately 9000 large and medium scale industrial (person engaged 10 and more) establishments and by personally visiting approximately 21000 establishments which is a representative sample of small scale industries (persons engaged less than 10).
The Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) usually conducts Census of Industry once in ten years in order to have a full coverage of industrial establishments within the territorial boundary of Sri Lanka. The earliest attempt made at seeking information from the industrial sector was in the "Census of Agriculture and Industries", which was conducted in conjunction with the Population Census in 1946. With the steady increase in industrial activities in Sri Lanka and the growing recognition of the importance of industrial statistics for the purposes of planning, a systematic attempt was made to collect data on industrial production through the Census of Industry in 1952.
This covered Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing, Electricity and Gas and also Construction. The Census of Industry, 1952 was confined only to the factory type of establishments, i.e. industrial establishments which had not less than 5 paid employees and which had employed a capital of not less than Rs. 3,000 and used mechanical power in any of its production processes. Among the major agro-based export industries, coconut and oil milling were covered in the 1952 census, while tea factories and rubber mills were excluded, and brought instead within the scope of the Census of Agriculture.
The next Census of Industry was conducted in 1964, the scope and coverage of which was similar to that of the 1952 census. The frame for this census was based on a list of buildings prepared for the Census of Population 1963. However, there was considerable difficulty in identifying the buildings in which industrial activities were carried out. As a result the list of industrial establishments compiled on this basis did not provide a satisfactory frame to determine the overall magnitude of "factory establishments" in the industrial sector. The results as analyzed from the limited number of census returns received, could thus prove to be inadequate for depicting a sufficiently realistic picture of the level and structure of industrial activity in the country.
The Census of Industry conducted by the Department of Census & Statistics in 1983 in accordance with the United Nations program was the last Census of Industry. The 1983 Census of Industry, consisted of two stages and in the first stage, information relating to industries included in the pre-listing schedule F1, in which all buildings were listed in the Census of Population and Housing in 1981, was copied into a separate form and updated depending on the nature of Industry and the number of employees engaged.
In 1983 Sri Lanka participated in the 1983 world programmed Industrial Statistics by carrying out a Census of Industry, on a nation - wide scale. The DCS was supposed to have undertaken the Census of Industry in 1993, but had to postpone until 2003 due to the prolonged unrest prevailed in certain areas of the country.
The Census of Industry held in 2004 is the sixth of its kind in a series of Industrial Censuses conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics for over nearly six decades. It covers establishments engaged in the activities of Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing and the Generation and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water according to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Revision - 3 of the United Nations (UN).
National Coverage.
The target population for this questionnaire was a sample of establishments (those with less than 10 persons engaged) in Sri Lanka that are engaged in the production of one class of homogeneous goods in the field of
(a) Mining and Quarrying (b)Manufacturing (c) The generation and distribution of electricity and water
A questionnaire has to be completed for each establishment (plant, factory, mill, mine, workshop etc.) or jointly for a group of establishments on one site or several sites in the same Grama Niladhari division or ward under one accounting system.
A qualified establishment has its own manufacturing facility its own accounting and a distinct management and location
Ancillary units including administrative offices, warehouses. such as garages, repair shops(which primarily serve the production units) should be treated as part of the establishment.
Industrial establishments - Defined as the unit directed by a single owning or controlling entity that is engaged in the production of the most homogeneous group of goods and services, usually at one location but sometimes over a wider area, for which separate records are available(eg. plant, factory, mill, mine, workshop etc)
In cases where industrial enterprises were engaged in the production of more than one homogeneous group of goods and services in different locations, separate returns were generally obtained for each such product group and location. In cases where establishments operated by a single owner or enterprise was located within the area of one GS Division or Ward, these several units could furnish a single return and this would be reckoned as one establishment.
Ancillary units including warehouses, garages repair shops electric plants which primarily served the needs of a single establishment, if they were in the same site within the same GS division , or Ward were treated as part of the main establishment. Otherwise these were treated as separate establishments but classified to the same industry as the parent establishment.
The census covered establishments engaged primarily in the activities of Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing and the production and distribution of Electricity, Gas and water which correspond to major divisions 2,3 and 4 respectively of the UN classification of ISIC and represented the industrial sector specified for census coverage.
The questionnaire (called Short Form) to which this data set belongs was administered to a sample selected from all establishments having less than 10 persons employed.
Sample survey data [ssd]
In October-November 2003, DCS conducted a listing operation of Census of Industry prior to the canvass of detailed information on establishments. The census registry was based mainly on notations made during door-to-door canvassing in mid 2000 for the Census of Population and Housing. List of Establishments by Grama Niladhari Divisions were sent in latter part of 2003 to each Grama Niladhari with a request to be updated for industrial establishments (mostly newer ones) that were lacking in 2001, the closures of older ones and for some changes on establishments. The updated list of all industrial establishments was employed as the sampling frame. The whole frame was divided into two groups as establishments with less than 10 persons engaged (Small establishments) and establishments with 10 and more persons engaged (Medium and Large establishments). The small establishments that had less than 10 persons engaged was further divided into two groups as establishments with less than 30 same type of industries (ISIC 4 digits level) and establishments with 30 and more same type of industries (ISIC 4 digits level) in each district.
A total of 30,913establishments were selected. Those 9,950 establishments that have 10 and more persons engaged were selected with certainty. The small establishments with less than 30 same kind of industries were selected with certainty totaling 9089 while others (i.e. establishment with 30 and more same kind of industries) were selected by using the stratified simple random sample design. In general, strata were defined by the kind of industries at ISIC 4 digits level and district groups In absence of any other auxiliary variables in the list frame that could be used in the sample allocation and selection, sample sizes across strata were determined using proportional allocation. That is, if Nh is the population size in stratum h and N IS the population size, the first iteration sample size nh in stratum h is derived by
Nh=Nh x11874/ N
The non-response weight is the ratio the sample size to the total respondents. The establishments that were considered as non-respondents are those who refused to participate in the Census. The following are considered with frame problems:
those establishments that cannot be located, those that were closed (they should not be included in the sampling frame), those that are out-of-scope (the ISIC classification was not specified correctly) and those that were duplicates and mergers.
Of the small establishments with 30 and more same kind of industries in the sampling frame, 10.9% should not have been included. This is rather a big percentage of the such small establishments and therefore, requires an adjustment factor to be incorporated in the weight. To illustrate, if Nh is the population size for stratum hand nh is the corresponding sample size, then the corresponding selection probability Ph is
Ph = nh/Nh
If given the
Time Use Surveys (TUS) are household-based surveys that measure and analyze time spent by women and men, girls and boys on different activities over a specified period. Unlike data from other surveys, time use results can be specific and comprehensive in revealing the details of a person's daily life. The results of the Time Use Survey enable one to identify what activities are performed, how they are performed and how long it takes to perform such activities. The Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) conducted the first Sri Lanka national survey on time use statistics in 2017. The primary objective of TUS is to measure the participation of men and women in paid and unpaid activities. Moreover, this report contains information on the time spent on unpaid care giving activities, voluntary work, and domestic service of the household members. This also provides information on time spent on learning, socializing, leisure activities and self-care activities of 10 years and above aged Sri Lankans. In this report, statistics were estimated under following three indicators. 1. Participation rate 2. The mean actor time spent on different activities 3. The mean population time spent on different activities
The TUS was conducted in the same households of the fourth quarter Labour Force Survey (LFS) sample in 2017. It was non-independent survey but administered an independent diary and a household module with fourth quarter LFS, 2017. All household members who were age 10 years and above in the sample were provided a diary to record activities done in every 15 minutes within a period of 24 hours (day). The TUS sample covered the household population aged 10 years and above - thus representing an estimated 17.87 million people. Classification of activities Reported activities were coded according to the International Classification of Activities for Time Use Statistics (ICATUS 2016). The ICATUS 2016 has nine broad categories, which aggregate into even broader categories. The categories are consistent with the System of National Accounts (SNA) which underlies the calculation of gross domestic product (GDP). The categories are as follows: 1. Employment and related activities 2. Production of goods for own final use 3. Unpaid domestic services for household and family members 4. Unpaid caregiving services for household and family members 5. Unpaid volunteer, trainee and other unpaid work 6. Learning 7.Socializing and communication, community participation and religious practice 8. Culture, leisure, mass-media and sports practices 9. Self-care and maintenance Activity category number 1 and 2 falls in to SNA production boundary. Therefore, most part be 'counted' in national accounts and the GDP. Activity categories 3 to 5, which cover unpaid household work and unpaid assistance to other households, fall outside the SNA production boundary, although they are recognized as 'productive'. They correspond to what is commonly referred to as unpaid care work. The remaining four activity categories cannot be performed for a person by someone else; people cannot hire someone else to sleep, learn, or eat for them. Hence, they do not qualify as' work 'or' production' in terms of the third-person 'rule'.
The survey collects data from a quarterly sample of 6,440 housing units covering the whole country, also this sample enough to provides national estimates on Time use statistics. It covers persons living in housing units and excludes the institutional population.
Individual,Household
All household members who were age 10 years and above
Sample survey data [ssd]
The sampling frame prepared for 2012 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) is used as sample frame for the sample selection of LFS in 2017. Two stage stratified sampling procedure is adopted to Sri Lanka Time Use Survey Final Report - 2017 1.5 Field Work Select the annual LFS sample of 25,750 housing units. 2,575 Primary Sampling Units (PSU?s) were allocated to each district and to each sector (Urban, Rural and Estate) and equally distributed for 12 months. Housing units are the Secondary Sample Units (SSU). From each selected PSU, 10 housing units (SSU) are selected for the survey using systematic random sampling method. Since, the Time Use survey was planned to disseminate statistics at national level, a quarterly sample of 6,440 housing units of the LFS 4th quarter 2017 sample was selected for the TUS. Also, selected housing units of a PSU were evenly allocated to cover all 7 days of a week including weekends. Sample allocation by sector for TUS - 2017
Number of housing units
Sri Lanka 6,440
Urban 1,000
Rural 5,140
Estate 300
Face-to-face [f2f]
The Survey was conducted in the same households of the fourth quarter Labour Force Survey (LFS) sample in 2017. It was non-independent survey but consists with other two data collection instruments in PAPI method: a) A household questionnaire b) A time diary with fourth quarter LFS 2017 questionnaire in CAPI method. The household questionnaire was designed only for obtain information on the characteristics of the household. Because the LFS questionnaire collects background information about the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the respondent, such as their labour force status. All household members who were age 10 years and above in the sample were provided a diary to record activities done in every 15 minutes within a period of 24 hours (day). It captures information on spending the time for main activity, simultaneous activity, where the activity takes place and with whom the activity takes place.
The International Classification of Activities for Time Use Statistics (ICATUS 2016) has been developed based on internationally agreed concepts, definitions and principles in order to improve the consistency and international comparability of time use and other social and economic statistics. Reliable time use statistics have been critical for
(a) the measurement and analysis of quality of life or general well-being; (b) a more comprehensive measurement of all forms of work, including unpaid work and non-market production and the development of household production accounts; and (c) producing data for gender analysis for public policies. Hence, the importance of ICATUS link and consistency with the System of National Accounts (SNA) and the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) definition and framework for statistics of work. Additionally, ICATUS will serve as an important input for monitoring progress made towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ICATUS 2016 is a three-level hierarchical classification (composed of major divisions, divisions, and groups) of all possible activities undertaken by the general population during the 24 hours in a day. 1) The first level, one-digit code or "major division" represents the least detailed level or the broadest group of activities. 2) The second level, two-digit code or "division" represents more detailed activities than the preceding one 3) The third level, three-digit code or "group" is considered the most detailed level of the classification detailing specific activities. The purpose of the classification is to provide a framework that can be used to produce meaningful and comparable statistics on time use across countries and over time.
An important aspect of the UN classification system is the fact that it matches the System of National Accounts (SNA), which forms the basis internationally for calculating gross domestic product (GDP). The classification is organized according to nine broad activity categories. These categories can be distinguished by the first digit of the three-digit activity code The nine broad categories are as follows: SNA Production Activities 1. Employment and related activities 2. Production of goods for own final use
Non -SNA Production Activities 3. Unpaid domestic services for household and family members 4. Unpaid caregiving services for household and family members 5. Unpaid volunteer, trainee and other unpaid work
Non-Productive Activities 6. Learning 7. Socializing and communication, community participation and religious practice 8. Culture, leisure, mass-media and sports practices 9. Self-care and maintenance
Activity categories 1-2, which are the two 'work' divisions referred to above, fall in the SNA production boundary. They would thus be 'counted' in national accounts and the GDP. The only exceptions are the codes for looking for work, and time spent on travelling related to SNA-type activity. Activity categories 3-5, which cover unpaid household work and care work for household and family members and assistance to other households, fall outside the SNA general production boundary, although they are recognized as 'productive'. In this report they are referred to as non-SNA production Activities. The remaining activity categories are not covered by the SNA. These activities cannot be performed for a person by someone else - people cannot hire someone else to sleep, learn, or eat for them. They thus do not qualify as'work 'or 'production' terms of the „third-person rule. In this report they are referred to as non-productive activities. Many of the tables in the report are organized according to either the nine categories, or the three SNA-related groupings of these categories.
Please refer page number 11 and 12 of annual
The Census of agriculture is defined to be a government sponsored large-scale Island-wide operation for the collection and derivation of quantitative statistical information on the structure of the agriculture, using agricultural holding as the unit of enumeration and referring to a single agricultural year.
The Census of Agriculture and Livestock is a large scale undertaking designed to
Collect and disaggregate statistical data at lower administrative division level needed for planning,
Establish benchmark data on the structure in order to evaluate the progress of agricultural sector
Prepare a frame of agricultural holdings, agricultural households etc. for the purpose of conducting
sample surveys during the intercensal period.
The Census of Agriculture and Livestock conducted during the period from August – October 2002 is the latest in the series of Censuses. The extent of land operated for the purpose of agricultural crops and livestock have been enumerated in this Census. Such agricultural land were grouped into two categories viz. (a) Small Holdings (b) Estate or Large holdings
There were about 3.3 million holdings in the "Small Holdings sector" out of which 1.5 million was enumerated in the category of less than 40 perches in extent. The rest 1.8 million was found to be more than 40 perches or their produce is mainly devoted for sale purposes.
National Coverage Urban and Rural Separate enumaration for Estate Sector The extent of land operated for the purpose of agricultural crops and livestock have been enumerated in this Census. Such agricultural land were grouped in to two categories viz.
(a) Small Holdings
(b) Estate or Large holdings
Individuals
Agricultural Operator, Agricultural Holding
(1) Agricultural Operator
An agricultural operator is the person responsible for operating the agricultural land and /or livestock. He/She may carry out the agricultural operations by himself/herself or with the assistance of others or simply direct day-to-day operations. Here the Operator cultivates the land and/or tends the livestock himself. or He/she may do so with the assistance of hired labour or any other persons. or He/She may simply direct operations by taking decisions only.
It is important to note that the operator need not necessarily be the owner of the land or livestock and also that mere ownership does not entitle a person to be considered as an operator. This means that a person may attend to all the work needed to cultivate a land or tend livestock, but will not be considered the operator, if there is some one else directing day to day work on the holding. It also means that a person may supervise the work in a holding appearing for all purposes to be in charge of the operations of the holding, but if there is someone else who is giving day to day directions, he/she does not become the operator.
In respect of livestock, any person who is actually responsible for the management of livestock in the same way that a land operator is responsible for his holding will be considered as the operator. The livestock may be owned, obtained on "Ande" or lease or any other form of arrangement. While most livestock operators will also be land operators, there would be cases of livestock operators who are not land operators and therefore they may have no land holding. The term agricultural operator includes both land operator as well as purely livestock or poultry operator. While most of the operators have only one holding, there could be cases of an operator having more than one holding.
(2) Agricultural Holding An agricultural holding consists of all land and/or livestock used wholly or partly for agricultural production and is operated under one operational status and situated within one Divisional Secretariat. (D.S.) Division subject to the following conditions:
One holding may consist of one or more parcels.
Does not matter whether operator owns the land or not.
Does not matter whether the land is operated legally or not.
Holding may consist only crops, only livestock or crops and livestock.
Does not matter whether the land is very marginal or big in size.
Holding may consist only paddy, only highlands or paddy and highlands.
However, should any land is situated outside the D.S.division where the operator is resided, it could be considered as a separate agricultural holding taking into account of above conditions.
There were about 3.3 million holdings in the "Small Holdings sector" out of which 1.5 million was enumerated in the category of less than 40 perches in extent. The rest 1.8 million was found to be more than 40 perches or their produce is mainly devoted for sale purposes.
Census/enumeration data [cen]
Face-to-face [f2f]
The questionnaire was published both in Sinhala / Tamil languages. Main sections were: Identification Information Agricultural Operator Agricultural Holding Extent under permanent crops Seasonal crops Agriculture Machinery/Equipment Livestock Other Information Land Utilization
Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including:
a) Manual editing and coding b) During data entry (Range edits) c) Computer editing - Structural and consistency d) Secondary editing e) Imputations
Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the "Data processing guidelines" document provided as an external resource. -To data entry and computer editing used IMPS software package developed by the US Bureau of the Census.
The 2006-07 Sri Lanka Demographic and Health Survey (SLDHS) is the fourth in a series of DHS surveys to be held in Sri Lanka-the first three having been implemented in 1987, 1993, and 2000. Teams visited 2,106 sample points across Sri Lanka and collected data from a nationally representative sample of almost 20,000 households and over 14,700 women age 15-49.
A nationally representative sample of 21,600 housing units was selected for the survey and 19,872 households were enumerated to give district level estimates (excluding Northern Province). Detailed information was collected from all ever-married women aged 15-49 years and about their children below five years at the time of the survey. Within the households interviewed, a total of 15,068 eligible women were identified, of whom 14,692 were successfully interviewed.
The Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) carried out the 2006-07 SLDHS for the Health Sector Development Project (HSDP) of the Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition, a project funded by the World Bank. The objective of the survey is to provide data needed to monitor and evaluate the impact of population, health, and nutrition programmes implemented by different government agencies. Additionally, it also aims to measure the impact of interventions made under the HSDP towards improving the quality and efficiency of health care services as a whole.
All 25 districts of Sri Lanka were included at the design stage. The final sample has only 20 districts, however, after dropping the 5 districts of the Northern Province (Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Mannar, Vavuniya, and Mullativu), due to the security situation there.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this report is to publish the final findings of the 2006-07 SLDHS. This final report provides information mainly on background characteristics of respondents, fertility, reproductive health and maternal care, child health, nutrition, women's empowerment, and awareness of HIV/AIDS and prevention. It is expected that the content of this report will satisfy the urgent needs of users of this information.
MAIN RESULTS
FERTILITY Survey results indicate that there has been a slight upturn in the total fertility rate since the 2000 SLDHS. The total fertility rate for Sri Lanka is 2.3, meaning that, if current age-specific fertility rates were to remain unchanged in the future, a woman in Sri Lanka would have an average of 2.3 children by the end of her childbearing period. This is somewhat higher than the total fertility rate of 1.9 measured in the 2000 SLDHS.
Fertility is only slightly lower in urban areas than in rural areas (2.2 and 2.3 children per woman, respectively); however, it is higher in the estate areas (2.5 children per woman). Interpretation of variations in fertility by administrative districts is limited by the small samples in some districts. Nevertheless, results indicate that Galle and Puttalam districts have fertility rates of 2.1 or below, which is at what is known as “replacement level” fertility, i.e., the level that is necessary to maintain population size over time. Differences in fertility by level of women's education and a measure of relative wealth status are minimal.
FAMILY PLANNING According to the survey findings, knowledge of any method of family planning is almost universal in Sri Lanka and there are almost no differences between ever-married and currently married women. Over 90 percent of currently married women have heard about pills, injectables, female sterilization, and the IUD. Eight out of ten respondents know about some traditional method of delaying or avoiding pregnancies.
Although the proportion of currently married women who have heard of at least one method of family planning has been high for some time, knowledge of some specific methods has increased recently. Since 1993, knowledge of implants has increased five-fold-from about 10 percent in 1993 to over 50 percent in 2006-07. Awareness about pill, IUD, injectables, implants, and withdrawal has also increased. On the other hand, awareness of male sterilization has dropped by 14 percentage points.
CHILD HEALTH The study of infant and child mortality is critical for assessment of population and health policies and programmes. Infant and child mortality rates are also regarded as indices reflecting the degree of poverty and deprivation of a population. Survey data show that for the most recent five-year period before the survey, the infant mortality rate is 15 deaths per 1,000 live births and under-five mortality is 21 deaths per 1,000 live births. Thus, one in every 48 Sri Lankan children dies before reaching age five. The neonatal mortality rate is 11 deaths per 1,000 live births and the postneonatal mortality rate is 5 deaths per 1,000 live births. The child mortality rate is 5 deaths per 1,000 children surviving to age one year.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH The survey shows that virtually all mothers (99 percent) in Sri Lanka receive antenatal care from a health professional (doctor specialist, doctor, or midwife). The proportion receiving care from a skilled provider is remarkably uniform across all categories for age, residence, district, woman's education, and household wealth quintile. Even in the estate sector, antenatal care usage is at the same high level. Although doctors are the most frequently seen provider (96 percent), women also go to public health midwives often for prenatal care (44 percent).
BREASTFEEDING AND NUTRITION Poor nutritional status is one of the most important health and welfare problems facing Sri Lanka today and particularly affects women and children. The survey data show that 17 percent of children under five are stunted or short for their age, while 15 percent of children under five are wasted or too thin for their height. Overall, 21 percent of children are underweight, which may reflect stunting, wasting, or both. As for women, at the national level, 16 percent of women are considered to be thin (with a body mass index < 18.5); however, only 6 percent of women are considered to be moderately or severely thin.
Poor breastfeeding and infant feeding practices can have adverse consequences for the health and nutritional status of children. Fortunately, breastfeeding in Sri Lanka is universal and generally of fairly long duration; 97 percent of newborns are breastfed within one day after delivery and 76 percent of infants under 6 months are exclusively breastfed, lower than the recommended 100 percent exclusive breastfeeding for children under 6 months. The median duration of any breastfeeding is 33 months in Sri Lanka and the median duration of exclusive breastfeeding is 5 months.
HIV/AIDS The HIV/AIDS pandemic is a serious health concern in the world today because of its high case fatality rate and the lack of a cure. Awareness of AIDS is almost universal among Sri Lankan adults, with 92 percent of ever-married women saying that they have heard about AIDS. Nevertheless, only 22 percent of ever-married women are classified as having “comprehensive knowledge” about AIDS, i.e., knowing that consistent use of condoms and having just one faithful partner can reduce the chance of getting infected, knowing that a healthy-looking person can be infected, and knowing that AIDS cannot be transmitted by sharing food or by mosquito bites. Such a low level of knowledge about AIDS implies that a concerted effort is needed to address misconceptions about HIV transmission. Programs might be focused in the estate sector and especially in Batticaloa, Ampara, and Nuwara Eliya districts where comprehensive knowledge is lowest.
Moreover, a composite indicator on stigma towards HIV-infected people shows that only 8 percent of ever-married women expressed accepting attitudes toward persons living with HIV/AIDS. Overall, only about one- half of ever-married women age 15-49 years know where to get an HIV test.
WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH OUTCOMES The 2006-07 SLDHS collected data on women's empowerment, their participation in decisionmaking, and attitudes towards wife beating. Survey results show that more than 90 percent of currently married women, either alone or jointly with their husband, make decisions on how their income is used. However, husbands' control over women's earnings is higher among women with no education (15 percent) than among women with higher education (4 percent).
In Sri Lanka, the husband is usually the main source of household income; two-thirds of women earn less than their husband. Although the majority of women earn less than their husband, almost half have autonomy in decisions about how to spend their earnings.
The survey also collected information on who decides how the husband's cash earnings are spent. The majority of couples (60 percent) make joint decisions on how the husband's cash income is used. More than 1 in 5 women (23 percent) reported that they decide how their husband's earnings are used; another 16 percent of the women reported that their husband mainly decides how his earnings are spent.
A nationally representative sample of 21,600 housing units was selected for the survey and 19,872 households were enumerated to give district level estimates (excluding Northern Province).
In principle, the sample was designed to cover private households in the areas sampled. The population residing in institutions and institutional households was excluded. For the detailed individual interview, the eligibility criteria wereall ever-married women aged 15-49 years who slept in the household the previous night and about their children below five years at the
This data set belongs to the first Census of Trade & Services in Sri Lanka that successfully covered the entire island based on field enumeration carried out in two phases from October through November 2003 and from June through December 2006 respectively.
Over the past several decades, initiatives taken by the DCS to launch a Census of Trade & Services covering entire island have been unsuccessful due to unforeseen circumstances beyond its control. However, the DCS has successfully completed the "Census of Trade & Services 2003/2006" in December 2006 covering entire island for the first time in the history of the Census of Trade & Services.
Prior to this census, the DCS had done a Census of Trade & Services and published a report titling " Census of Trade & Services 1996/1999 " in 2003. However, there are differences in coverage and compilation methodology between these two Censuses.
The "Distribution Census" in 1968 was the first ever recorded attempt made to collect information on Trade & Services sector by the DCS. After this, a survey on "Distribution Trade Activities" was undertaken in 1987 in order to collect information on Trade & Services sector. The DCS was not able to cover the entire country of this exercise as expected. Except some information of these efforts of collecting services sector data, no records are available until mid 90s to write a much more complete account of the history of the Census of Trade & Services conducted by the DCS.
The Census of Trade & Service (2003 - 2006) was designed to collect information across the country and to Initiate as much uncovered areas and establishments as possible.
The operation of this Census began along with the listing operation of the Census of Industries which took place in 2003. The Trade & Service establishments of both rural and urban sectors were covered in Northern and Eastern Provinces. However, for the rest of the seven provinces, the DCS was able to list the Trade and Service establishments only in rural areas during the listing operation of the Census of Industries 2003. The Census of Trade and Services of urban sector was resumed in mid 2006 with a view to collect information which had not been collected during the operation of Census of Industries 2003. Polonnaruwa and Moneragala districts were not included in this urban census as those districts do not possess urban areas. These two districts were completely subject to listing under rural sector in the Census of Industries 2003. With the urban sector Census, all urban areas of15 Districts were enumerated for Trade & Service activities.
National Coverage
The Census covered the establishments engaged primarily in the following activities in accordance with SLSIC.
Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communications Financial, intermediation, real estate, renting and business activities Pubic administration & defense, compulsory social security, education, health & social work, other community social & personal service activities, repair of motor vehicles, motor cycles and personal and household goods
Establishment (Owner/Person) in charge of the Industrial unit.
(The recommended ststistical unit used in Census of Industries 2003 was the establishment. Hence the same concept was used for the Census of Trade and Services)
Establishment : This census needs following characteristics in order to be qualified as an establishment.
Availability of its own trade or service facilities
Maintaining ofaccounts pertaining to the establishment
Availability of distinct management and suitable location
Statistical Unit : The statistical unit is the entity for which the required items of data are gathered and compiled. The recommended statistical unit used in Census of Industries 2003 was the establishment. Hence, the same concept was used for the Census of Trade & Services.
No. of Persons Engaged : This is defined as the total number of persons who work in or for the establishment including working proprietors, active partners and unpaid family workers.
ISlC Revision 3 : This is a manual called International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (Revision 3) which has been prepared by the UN in order to be used for coding and classifying all sectors of the economy. In order to match the Sri Lankan context a national code list titling "SRI LANKAN STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION" (SLSIC) was prepared by the DCS, based on the UN manual (series M No.4, Rev. 3) of ISIC.
Census/enumeration data [cen]
Face-to-face [f2f]
The Items Covered in the Questionnaire were:
Name of the establishnlent
Location of the establishment
Contact person's telephone number
Commencement of the commercial operation
Description of activity/ activities
No of persons engaged
The Department of Census and Statistics continues to conduct the Annual Survey of Industries which commenced in 1984, replacing the Annual Survey of Manufacturing Industries and covers all activities categorized under the three industrial divisions, namely : Mining & Quarrying, Manufacturing and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water.
This survey helps to derive estimates for important industrial indicators in respect of all the industrial establishments that have been included in the register of industrial establishments for the year 1995.
Information had to be adjusted for non-responding establishments and the sample data inflated.
The Objectives of the Annual Survey of Industries are:
National coverage
Industrial establishments
Statistical unit of ASI is the establishment which is defined as an unit engaged in the single or related activities of Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing and Generation and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water in one location under a single ownership or control. However, industrial enterprises which are engaged in production of more than one related activity in one location or one activity in several locations were treated as one unit of enumeration whenever no separate records are available. Any way in the analysis, the ideal definition of the establishment was followed. The information collected of enterprise level was disaggregated into establishment level using the proportion of output. Ancillary units such as warehouses, garages, etc were treated as part of the main establishments.
All industrial establishments where five or more persons are engaged.
Sample survey data [ssd]
Sampling Procedure
ASI is predominantly a postal survey . But Statistical Officers are send to the non responding establishments to get the questionnaires completed.
All industrial establishments with 5 or more persons engaged is the target population of ASI. The list of industries with 5 or more persons as in the Census of Industry - 1983 was the frame ( sample population ) of ASI.
The whole frame was divided into two sectors as establishments with 25 or more persons engaged and establishments with 5-24 persons engaged. All establishments in the 25 or more sector ( census part ) and probability sample of 5 to 24 sector (survey part ) were canvassed. The census part of the frame updated from time to time and the survey part remained unchanged.
The survey part was further stratified according to the geographical locations, industrial activity and size. Geographical strata were 24 administrative districts. Industrial activities were defined as the industry group levels (4 digit level of ISIC]. The persons engaged size classes which were defined as 5-9, 10-14 and 15-24 persons engaged, were used as the size strata.
There were approximately 2500 establishments in the census part and approximately another 2500 were selected for the sample out of about 12000 industries. Higher probabilities were given to select rare industries. The sample was selected systematically within the strata.
The estimated value of a variable was given by (pl see the report Sample design section)
Y(hat) = (Sigma i=1 to 24[Sigma j=1 to 84[Sigma k=1 to 3 Nijk Yijk
------
nijk
Where N = total no of units in the population
n = number of units responded
k = size class of persons engaged
j = industry group of ISIC
i = District
Mail Questionnaire [mail]
There were 20 questions in the questionnaire. The first 14 questions were on identification information. Questions 15-18 were on inputs and output and question number 19 and 20 were about the investment and labor of the establishments.
The value of goods moved out, receipt of industrial services done for others and opening and closing stocks of output were collected to compile the gross output.
Inputs were the addition of value of raw materials consumed of the year 1995. (i.e. Cost of raw materials adjusted for stocks ) and the consumption of electricity, fuel and water. Book value at the beginning of the year, gross additions during the year, and Depreciation were canvassed under the four components of fixed assets namely, Land, Building and Other Constructions, Machinery and Other Equipment and Transport Equipment.
The information on employment and earnings, was collected under two sub categories National and Non-Nationals. The number of mail and female national persons engaged were collected separately, but salaries were canvassed only for the total number of employees. In addition to the above non-national employees and their salaries also were canvassed.
Further information extracted from the survey report : -
Output Information on output has been collected on shipment basis. The variables canvassed were the value of products moved out from the establishment, value of stocks of finished goods and receipts from industrial services rendered to others.
a. Value of products moved out i. Value of products made by the establishment using its own raw materials. ii. Products made by another establishment using material inputs owned by the establishment, have been considered, as the products made by the establishment and the following three situations have been considered as the moving out. i. sending to another establishment or a person ii. sending to another branch of the same enterprise iii. sending abroad
These products were valued at the price at which the producer disposes of his goods to the customer (i.e. producer's price). All duties and taxes which fell on the products when they leave the establishment are included and subsidies recovered are excluded. Price rebates, discounts and allowances on returned goods allowed to the customer have been deducted and any transport charges which may be invoiced to the purchaser or user have been excluded. Products released to other establishments of the same enterprise have been treated as though sold and valued at producer's prices.
b. Stocks of finished goods The values of stocks of finished goods at the beginning and at the end of the year 1995 have been collected. This consists of all finished goods made by the establishment using their own raw materials and manufactured by another establishment using raw materials owned by this establishment and ready for release. Finished goods held by the establishment which were made from materials owned by others have been excluded. Valuation is in producer's prices.
c. Receipts from Industrial Services The total value of receipts from i. Contract and Commission work done for others on materials owned by them, ii. Repairs and installation work done for others, iii. Sales of scraps and refuses, iv. Own account investment work, have been included here.
d. Value of output The value of output was obtained from the value of shipments and other receipts of Industrial Services adjusted for changes in the values of stocks of finished goods during the reference period. Value of Output = (Value of products moved out) + (Closing stocks of finished goods) - (Opening stocks of finished goods) + (Receipts from Industrial Services)
Inputs Information on inputs has been collected covering the costs of a. Raw materials, parts and components and packing materials (Imported and Indigenous) consumed, b. Industrial services done by others for the establishment, c. Fuel, Electricity & Water consumed.
a. Cost of raw materials, parts and components and packing materials i. Cost of raw materials, packing materials purchased All material inputs ( Raw materials, parts, components containers and supplies) purchased by the establishment for the production process either in this establishment or in another establishment have been included. All materials have been valued at purchaser's prices. ie. The delivered value at the establishment, including the purchase price transport charges, cost of insurance, all taxes and duties on the goods. Discounts or rebates allowed to the purchaser and the value of packing materials returned to the supplier have been deducted. The value of materials owned by others and received by the establishment for production process have been excluded and material inputs received by the establishment from other establishments of the same enterprise (not purchased) for processing have been valued as if purchased. ii. Values of stocks of raw materials and packing materials etc. The opening and closing stocks of all input materials (imported and indigenous) including packing materials which are purchased (or treated as purchased) have been included. The valuation was at purchaser's prices. The stocks of raw material used for own account work for producing own fixed assets have been excluded.
b. Cost of industrial services done by others The total cost of i. Contract and commission work done by others on materials supplied by
The Census of Public and Corporation Sector Employment conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics in 1990 is the third in the series. Three censuses only on the Public Sector Employment had been conducted earlier in 1968, 1972 and 1976 by the Ministry of Public Administration.
The first census conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics on Public and Corporation Sector Employment was in 1980 and the second in 1985. The information collected at these three censuses were obtained through postal medium by an individual questionnaire filled personally by the employees.
A provincial public service was created by the government in 1990 by a section of the public sector employees being absorbed in to the Provincial Public Service. These employees are employed under the provincial councils. A special feature of the Census of Public & Corporation Sector Employment conducted in 1990 was that, apart from the public sector and the corporation sector, information on the provincial public sector employment have also been collected in this census.
Listing of all the institutions under these three sectors, was done in 1989 with a view of a complete coverage. This operation was somewhat delayed due to the organizational changes in the administrative set up, which was mainly due to the transfers of employees to Provincial Councils from the State Sector (Central Government) institutions in January 1990. At this point of time officials of some of the provincial councils were not aware of the institutions coming under each provincial council as well as the numbers of the employees working under them. This had an adverse effect in obtaining the estimated numbers of employees under each provincial council. These numbers were obtained from the Ministry of Provincial Councils based on the reports of Salaries and Cadres Committee. A list of all the institutions coming under each Ministry of Central Government was prepared along with the estimated number of employees in them. Institutions include Ministry offices, Departments, Corporations, Authorities, boards and Public Private Companies. A list of provincial councils along with the respective Ministries and Offices under each of them was also prepared.
National coverage including institutions in the Nothern and Eastern Provinces.
Total number of employees covered in the census in all three sectors was 700,592 persons.
The sectors being (i) State Sector (ii) Provincial Public Sector and (iii) Semi-Government Sector.
(i) The State Sector includes all the Ministries, Departments and the institutions not coming under any Ministry of the Central Government. (ii) The Provincial Public Sector includes all the Ministries and institutions under the provincial councils. (iii)The Semi-Government Sector includes all the Corporations, Boards, Authorities, State Banks, Public Private Companies and Local Authorities. (Note:-Public-Private company is a company in which some percentage of shares is owned by the State.)
The employees in the following categories are included in the census. (i) Permanent. (ii) Casual (iii) Temporary. (iv) Pensioner, re-employed.
The employees in the following categories are not included in the Census. (i) The personnel attached to armed forces(Army, Navy and Air force) except for civilian staff. (ii) The field labourers in the state owned estates.
It was not possible to obtain the estimated number of employees from some of the local authorities under the provincial councils. One of the difficulties faced in the census was getting the estimates for the number of employees as at 2nd May 1990, in both State Sector and Provincial Public Sector institutions, because of the premature stage of the functioning of the Provincial Public Sector in general.
The other major problem faced was that receiving the filled questionnaires from the institutions in the Northern and the Eastern Provinces. Nearly 53.000 questionnaires were dispatched to the North-Eastern Provincial Council for the distribution among the employees. However only about 18.500 filled questionnaires were returned from the North-Eastern Provincial Council back to the Department of Census and Statistics. Further a relatively low response was reported even in some of the Central Government, institutions located in the Northern and the Eastern provinces. i.e.
The social background of the employees as reflected in the census could have been affected to some extent. owing to this under enumeration.
Coverage rates:
Ministry Offices No of institutions = 28 Estimated No of Employees = 8,474 Enumerated No of employees = 7,248 Coverage Rate = 88.5
Departments No of institutions = 149 Estimated No of Employees = 217,025 Enumerated No of employees = 191,177 Coverage Rate = 88.1
Corporations, Boards No of institutions = 167 Estimated No of Employees = 230,292 Enumerated No of employees = 212,561 Coverage Rate = 92.3
Public Private Companies No of institutions = 43 Estimated No of Employees = 35,642 Enumerated No of employees = 33,574 Coverage Rate = 94.2
Local Authorities No of institutions = -- Estimated No of Employees = -- Enumerated No of employees = 33,448 Coverage Rate = --
Provincial Councils No of institutions = 8 Estimated No of Employees = 281,713 Enumerated No of employees = 222,584 Coverage Rate = 79.0
Employees in the the public sector and the corporation sector (information on the provincial public sector employment have also been collected in this census).
All employees in the Central Government Public Sector/ Corporations/Statutory Boards and 'Public-Private' companies in Sri Lanka.
Census/enumeration data [cen]
Face-to-face [f2f]
The questionnaire was printed in all three languages Sinhala, Tamil and English. The format of the questionnaire used to fill the details of the employees in the Central Government is the same as the one used for Provincial Public Sector.
This survey provides information on household income and expenditure to be able to measure the levels and changes in the living condition of the people, to observe the consumption patterns and to compute various other indicators such as poverty, food ratio, gini co-efficient of income and expenditure etc.
Key objectives of the survey - To identify the income patterns in Urban, Rural, Estate Sector and Districts. - To identify the income patterns by income levels. - Average consumption of food items and non food items - Expenditure patterns by sector and by different income levels. - To identify the incidence of poverty by sector and income levels
National coverage. For this survey a sample of buildings and the occupants therein was drawn from the whole island.
Household, Individuals
A two stage stratified random sample design was used in the survey. Urban, rural and estate sectors of the District are the domains for stratification. The sample frame is the list of buildings that were prepared for the Census of Population and Housing 2012.
Selection of Primary Sampling Units (PSU's)
Primary Sampling Units are the census blocks prepared for the Census of Population and Housing - 2012. The sample frame, which is a collection of all census blocks in the domain, was used for the selection of primary sampling units. A sample of 25000 primary sampling units was selected from the sampling frame for the survey.
Each selected block was updated to include newly built housing units and excluded demolished housing units, which are no longer in existence. This updating operation was also carried out over a period of 12 months, starting from july 2012 to june 2013. For each PSU, updating was done about one month prior to the scheduled interviewing.
Selection of Secondary Sampling Units (SSU's)
Secondary Sampling Units are the housing units in the selected 2500 primary sampling units (census blocks). From each primary sampling unit 10 housing units (SSU) were selected for the survey. The total sample size of 25000 housing units was selected and distributed among Districts in Sri Lanka.
Face-to-face [f2f]
The employment/unemployment data are required at very short intervals to monitor the program made in the employment generating policies of the government. To satisfy this need, Sri Lanka Labour Force Survey was designed as a quarterly basis survey to measure the levels and trends of employment, unemployment and labour force in Sri Lanka. Thus the survey is repeated four times each year (in most years) since the first quarter of 1990.
Key objectives of the survey
In January 2006, significant improvements have been made to the survey schedule in such aspects as literacy, household economic activities, informal sector employment, underemployment etc. The survey covered all 25 districts in 2014.
National coverage.
Individuals from the population aged 15 years or more
Working age population (10 years and above) living in the non-institutional households in Sri Lanka
Sample survey data [ssd]
2.1 Sampling plan and the sampling frame
A two stage stratified sampling procedure was adopted to select a sample of 25,000 housing units to be enumerated in the survey. The master sampling frame prepared for 2012 - Census of Population and Housing was used as the sampling frame for the selection of sample for the Labour Force Survey 2014.
2.2 Sample size
The quarterly survey was conducted since 1990 using a sample of 2,000 housing units per quarter in areas other than North and East, and the sample size was increased to 4,000 housing units per quarter in 1996 and continued thereafter. However, in 1992 and 1997, an annual sample of 20,000 housing units was selected to give reliable district level estimates. In 2004 again 20,000 housing units were selected for the survey. However, in order to provide district level estimates precisely, it was decided to use 20,000 - 25,000 housing units as the annual sample. As such, in 2014, the annual sample of 25,000 housing units was selected.
2.3 Sample Allocation
Allocation of 2,500 Primary Sampling Units (PSU's) for the Districts and sectors were done using the Neymann Allocation procedure. In other words, the allocation of PSU's to strata was disproportionate, designed to produce estimates of acceptable reliability for each area for which separate estimates were needed. Then The District sample was equally distributed among the 12 monthly rounds. Table 1 gives the sample distributions by District for year 2014.
Table 1: Sample allocation by District - 2014.
District Housing District Housing Units Units Total 25,000 Mullaitivu 360 Colombo 2,270 Kilinochchi 360 Gampaha 2,590 Batticaloa 860 Kalutara 1,250 Ampara 1,010 Kandy 2,150 Trncomalee 500 Matale 570 Kurunegala 2,100 Nuwara-eliya 590 Puttalam 680 Galle 1,300 Anuradhapura 670 Matara 1,200 Polonnaruwa 530 Hambantota 1,000 Badulla 890 Jaffna 600 Moneragala 460 Mannar 360 Ratnapura 1,180 Vavuniya 360 Kegalle 1,160
2.4 Selection of Primary Sampling Units (PSU)
Primary sampling units are the census blocks prepared for the Census of Population and Housing - 2012. The sample frame, which is a collection of all census blocks in the domain, was used for the selection of primary sampling units. A sample of 2,500 primary sampling units was selected from the sampling frame for the 2014 labour force survey.
2.5 Selection of Secondary Sampling Units (SSU)
Secondary Sampling Units are the housing units in the selected 2,500 primary sampling units (census blocks). From each primary sampling unit 10 housing units (SSU) were selected for the survey.
Face-to-face [f2f]
The estimation procedure is given in the section 2.6 in the Annual Report.
The Annual Report is attched in the External Resources Section.
The adjustments for non-response is given in the section 2.7 in the Annual Report.
The Annual Report is attched in the External Resources Section.
"Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.This dataset includes demographic data of 22 countries from 1960 to 2018, including Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Maldives, etc. Data fields include: country, year, population ratio, male ratio, female ratio, population density (km). Source: ( 1 ) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2019 Revision. ( 2 ) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, ( 3 ) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, ( 4 ) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Reprot ( various years ), ( 5 ) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database, and ( 6 ) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme. Periodicity: Annual Statistical Concept and Methodology: Population estimates are usually based on national population censuses. Estimates for the years before and after the census are interpolations or extrapolations based on demographic models. Errors and undercounting occur even in high-income countries. In developing countries errors may be substantial because of limits in the transport, communications, and other resources required to conduct and analyze a full census. The quality and reliability of official demographic data are also affected by public trust in the government, government commitment to full and accurate enumeration, confidentiality and protection against misuse of census data, and census agencies' independence from political influence. Moreover, comparability of population indicators is limited by differences in the concepts, definitions, collection procedures, and estimation methods used by national statistical agencies and other organizations that collect the data. The currentness of a census and the availability of complementary data from surveys or registration systems are objective ways to judge demographic data quality. Some European countries' registration systems offer complete information on population in the absence of a census. The United Nations Statistics Division monitors the completeness of vital registration systems. Some developing countries have made progress over the last 60 years, but others still have deficiencies in civil registration systems. International migration is the only other factor besides birth and death rates that directly determines a country's population growth. Estimating migration is difficult. At any time many people are located outside their home country as tourists, workers, or refugees or for other reasons. Standards for the duration and purpose of international moves that qualify as migration vary, and estimates require information on flows into and out of countries that is difficult to collect. Population projections, starting from a base year are projected forward using assumptions of mortality, fertility, and migration by age and sex through 2050, based on the UN Population Division's World Population Prospects database medium variant."
The Objectives of the Annual Survey of Industries are:
National Coverage.
Industrial establishments
Statistical unit of ASI is the establishment which is defined as an unit engaged in the single or related activities of Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing and Generation and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water in one location under a single ownership or control. However, industrial enterprises which are engaged in production of more than one related activity in one location or one activity in several locations were treated as one unit of enumeration whenever no separate records are available. Any way in the analysis, the ideal definition of the establishment was followed. The information collected of enterprise level was disaggregated into establishment level using the proportion of output. Ancillary units such as warehouses, garages, etc were treated as part of the main establishments.
All industries with 25 or more persons engaged.
Sample survey data [ssd]
Sampling Procedure
ASI is predominantly a postal survey . But Statistical Officers are send to the non responding establishments to get the questionnaires completed.
All industrial establishments with 5 or more persons engaged is the target population of ASI. The list of industries with 5 or more persons as in the Census of Industry - 1983 was the frame ( sample population ) of ASI.
The whole frame was divided into two sectors as establishments with 25 or more persons engaged and establishments with 5-24 persons engaged. All establishments in the 25 or more sector ( census part ) and probability sample of 5 to 24 sector (survey part ) were canvassed. The census part of the frame updated from time to time and the survey part remained unchanged.
The survey part was further stratified according to the geographical locations, industrial activity and size. Geographical strata were 24 administrative districts. Industrial activities were defined as the industry group levels (4 digit level of ISIC]. The persons engaged size classes which were defined as 5-9, 10-14 and 15-24 persons engaged, were used as the size strata.
There were approximately 2500 establishments in the census part and approximately another 2500 were selected for the sample out of about 12000 industries. Higher probabilities were given to select rare industries. The sample was selected systematically within the strata.
The estimated value of a variable will be given by (pl see the report Sample design section)
Y(hat) = (Sigma i=1 to 24[Sigma j=1 to 84[Sigma k=1 to 3 Nijk Yijk
------
nijk
Where N = total no of units in the population
n = number of units responded
k = size class of persons engaged
j = industry group of ISIC
i = district
Mail Questionnaire [mail]
There were 18 questions in the questionnaire. The first 12 questions were on identification information. Questions 13-16 were on inputs and output and question number 17 and 18 were about the investment and labor of the establishments.
The value of goods moved out, receipt of industrial services done for others and opening and closing stocks of output were collected to compile the gross output.
Inputs were the addition of value of raw materials consumed of the year 2002. (i.e. Cost of raw materials adjusted for stocks ) and the consumption of electricity, fuel and water. Book value at the beginning of the year, gross additions during the year, and Depreciation were canvassed under the four components of fixed assets namely, Land, Building and Other Constructions, Machinery and Other Equipment and Transport Equipment.
The information on employment and earnings, was collected under two sub categories National and Non-Nationals. The number of male and female national persons engaged were collected separately, but salaries were canvassed only for the total number of employees. In addition to the above non-national employees and their salaries also were canvassed.
Further information extracted from the report : -
Output Information on output has been collected on shipment basis. The variables canvassed were the value of products moved out from the establishment, value of stocks of finished goods and receipts from industrial services rendered to others.
a. Value of products moved out i. Value of products made by the establishment using its own raw materials. ii. Products made by another establishment using material inputs owned by the establishment, have been considered, as the products made by the establishment and the following three situations have been considered as the moving out. i. sending to another establishment or a person ii. sending to another branch of the same enterprise iii. sending abroad
These products were valued at the price at which the producer disposes of his goods to the customer (i.e. producer's price). All duties and taxes which fell on the products when they leave the establishment are included and subsidies recovered are excluded. Price rebates, discounts and allowances on returned goods allowed to the customer have been deducted and any transport charges which may be invoiced to the purchaser or user have been excluded. Products released to other establishments of the same enterprise have been treated as though sold and valued at producer's prices.
b. Stocks of finished goods The values of stocks of finished goods at the beginning and at the end of the year 2002 have been collected. This consists of all finished goods made by the establishment using their own raw materials and manufactured by another establishment using raw materials owned by this establishment and ready for release. Finished goods held by the establishment which were made from materials owned by others have been excluded. Valuation is in producer's prices.
c. Receipts from Industrial Services The total value of receipts from i. Contract and Commission work done for others on materials owned by them, ii. Repairs and installation work done for others, iii. Sales of scraps and refuses, iv. Own account investment work, have been included here.
d. Value of output The value of output was obtained from the value of shipments and other receipts of Industrial Services adjusted for changes in the values of stocks of finished goods during the reference period. Value of Output = (Value of products moved out) + (Closing stocks of finished goods) - (Opening stocks of finished goods) + (Receipts from Industrial Services)
Inputs Information on inputs has been collected covering the costs of a. Raw materials, parts and components and packing materials (Imported and Indigenous) consumed, b. Industrial services done by others for the establishment, c. Fuel, Electricity & Water consumed.
a. Cost of raw materials, parts and components and packing materials i. Cost of raw materials, packing materials purchased All material inputs ( Raw materials, parts, components containers and supplies) purchased by the establishment for the production process either in this establishment or in another establishment have been included. All materials have been valued at purchaser's prices. ie. The delivered value at the establishment, including the purchase price transport charges, cost of insurance, all taxes and duties on the goods. Discounts or rebates allowed to the purchaser and the value of packing materials returned to the supplier have been deducted. The value of materials owned by others and received by the establishment for production process have been excluded and material inputs received by the establishment from other establishments of the same enterprise (not purchased) for processing have been valued as if purchased. ii. Values of stocks of raw materials and packing materials etc. The opening and closing stocks of all input materials (imported and indigenous) including packing materials which are purchased (or treated as purchased) have been included. The valuation was at purchaser's prices. The stocks of raw material used for own account work for producing own fixed assets have been excluded.
b. Cost of industrial services done by others The total cost of i. Contract and commission work done by others on materials supplied by the establishments and ii. Repairs and maintenance services provided by others. are included.
c. Fuel, electricity and water consumed The total of the values of Fuel (LP Gas, Coal and Charcoal, Petrol, Diesel Oil, Furnace Oil, Kerosene Oil, Firewood and others) Electricity and Water consumed has been included.
Raw Materials Consumed Raw materials consumed (i.e. actually used) has been computed by adjusting stocks of raw materials to the total value of raw materials (imported and indigenous) and packing materials purchased. Raw materials and packing materials consumed; = (Raw materials and packing materials purchased (Imported + Indigenous)) +(Opening stocks of materials)
A Census of Population and Housing is the single most extensive statistical undertaking of a country. In order to plan and implement programmes and activities, statistics are needed by the Government administrators of various levels, private users, research organizations and the general public.
The 1971 Census was conducted under the Census Ordinance N0. 9 of 1900. (Chapter 143) According to that it shall be lawful for the Minister from time to time by order published in the Gazette, to direct that a census be taken of the population, agriculture (including animal husbandry ) trade, labour, industry or commerce or such other matters as he may deem necessary for ascertaining the social, civil or economic conditions of the inhabitants of Ceylon. The CPH 1971 has been designed to collect various information about the characteristics of the population and the households in Sri Lanka.
The CHP1971 provides
a. Reliable and detailed benchmark statistics on the size, distribution and composition of population.
b. Information pertaining to the characteristics of the housing units.
c. Information on the characteristics of the households
National coverage
(1) Individuals (2) Households
CPH 1971 covered all residents in each household and all units in each census block.
Population census did not cover diplomats.
Census/enumeration data [cen]
Face-to-face [f2f]
A main area for the advance preparations for the 1971 Census was the redesigning of Population and Housing schedules in order to minimize the time required for coding the data. One of the reasons for the delay in tabulation of information from the earlier censuses particularly the 1953 and 1963 censuses was the inordinately long time taken at the Head Office to code the information before punching the information on cards. With a view to avoiding such delays it was decided to have as much of the coding as possible done in the field itself by the enumerators. Topics such as Sex, Marital Status, Religion, Ethnic Group etc; which consist of a few well defined categories could be easily entered on the schedules in the form of codes. A schedule designed for the purpose of was tested at the first Pilot Census. In this schedule, however, the codes for each category were shown at the bottom of the schedule and hence the enumerator had to frequently shift his eyes up and down between the cage in which the entry was to be made and the section at the bottom of the schedule showing the codes. This proved to be the somewhat strenuous and time consuming. Some of the codes were easily remembered by the enumerator e.g. Male 1, Female 2. But in the case of other items like Ethnic Group & Marital Status which contain more than 4 or 5 categories, the possibility of some mixing up of codes existed, leading to inaccuracy. On the basis of experience of the first Pilot Census, the schedule was redesigned and the codes were shown against the question in respect of which answers were sought from the respondents and the enumerators required to indicate the answers by circling the appropriate code. This layout of the schedule eliminated errors resulting from marking of a wrong code which was possible in the case of schedules used at the first Pilot Census.
A similar procedure, however, could not be adopted in respect of such topic as educational attainment, occupation and industry, in respect of which the number of possible entries were quite large. In these cases the enumerator wrote down the answers and the coding was done later, in the office, by specially trained coding staff. The Housing schedule was also designed on the same basis.
The schedule which contained the item in respect of which information was collected from all persons in the country was called the Population Schedule (General) and was printed on white paper to distinguish it from the Population Schedule (Special) printed on pink paper. The Population Schedule (Special) contained in addition to those on the Population Schedule (General) items which were to be collected from a sample only. The Housing Schedule was printed on blue paper.
The Census Schedules, on receipt in the Head Office, were checked for any possible shortages and then edited and coded where necessary by specially trained staff, prior to being passed on to the Data Processing Division, for punching and tabulation.
Computer Editing Before the punched cards were transferred to the computer room for processing, certain manual checks for control figures and sight checks were carried out administrative regions. A comprehensive editing procedure was done on the computer. The computer program which checked the records comprised of five basic edits. They were : 1. Checking to ensure that all data was numeric 2. Checking the validity of numerical codes entered for descriptive data 3. Checking the range of codes 4. Checking the consistency of related data 5. Checking and imputation of a limited amount of data for omissions.
Editing to ensure that all data was numeric enabled the detection of errors occurring due to punching and verifying machine faults. All the other edits provided a complete check for validity and consistency of the records. Only records which satisfied all edit checks were written on tape while the error records were appropriately printed by districts. These error lists were referred to the appropriate division for correction. The corrected records were re-punched and passed through the edit program again. This procedure was adopted for each district until no errors were printed. At the commencement of processing 4 error lists for each district were referred back, but with experience gained in the correction of error lists, the reference was cut down to two lists