The U.S. Census Bureau, in collaboration with five federal agencies, launched the Household Pulse Survey to produce data on the social and economic impacts of Covid-19 on American households. The Household Pulse Survey was designed to gauge the impact of the pandemic on employment status, consumer spending, food security, housing, education disruptions, and dimensions of physical and mental wellness. The survey was designed to meet the goal of accurate and timely weekly estimates. It was conducted by an internet questionnaire, with invitations to participate sent by email and text message. The sample frame is the Census Bureau Master Address File Data. Housing units linked to one or more email addresses or cell phone numbers were randomly selected to participate, and one respondent from each housing unit was selected to respond for him or herself. Estimates are weighted to adjust for nonresponse and to match Census Bureau estimates of the population by age, sex, race and ethnicity, and educational attainment. All estimates shown meet the NCHS Data Presentation Standards for Proportions.

Abstract

The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) program provides a continuous and comprehensive flow of data on the buying habits of American consumers, including data on their expenditures, income, and consumer unit (families and single consumers) characteristics. These data are used widely in economic research and analysis, and in support of revisions of the Consumer Price Index. The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) program consists of two surveys, the Quarterly Interview Survey and the Diary Survey, that provide information on the buying habits of America's consumers, including data on their expenditures, income, and consumer unit (families and single consumers) characteristics. The survey data are collected for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau. The CE is important because it is the only Federal survey to provide information on the complete range of consumers' expenditures and incomes, as well as the characteristics of those consumers. It is used by economic policymakers examining the impact of policy changes on economic groups, by the Census Bureau as the source of thresholds for the Supplemental Poverty Measure, by businesses and academic researchers studying consumers' spending habits and trends, by other Federal agencies, and, perhaps most importantly, to regularly revise the Consumer Price Index market basket of goods and services and their relative importance.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Consumer Units

Universe

Eligible population includes all civilian non-institutional persons.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Samples for the CE are national probability samples of households designed to be representative of the total U.S. civilian population. Eligible population includes all civilian non-institutional persons. The first step in sampling is the selection of primary sampling units (PSUs), which consist of counties (or parts thereof) or groups of counties. The set of sample PSUs used for the 2012 and 2013 samples is composed of 91 areas. The design classifies the PSUs into four categories:

? 21 "A" certainty PSUs are Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's) with a population greater than 1.5 million. ? 38 "X" PSUs, are medium-sized MSA's. ? 16 "Y" PSUs are nonmetropolitan areas that are included in the CPI. ? 16 "Z" PSUs are nonmetropolitan areas where only the urban population data will be included in the CPI.

The sampling frame (that is, the list from which housing units were chosen) for the 2012 survey is generated from the 2000 Census of Population 100-percent-detail file. The sampling frame is augmented by new construction permits and by techniques used to eliminate recognized deficiencies in census coverage. All Enumeration Districts (EDs) from the Census that fail to meet the criterion for good addresses for new construction, and all EDs in nonpermit-issuing areas are grouped into the area segment frame. Interviewers are then assigned to list these areas before a sample is drawn. To the extent possible, an unclustered sample of units is selected within each PSU. This lack of clustering is desirable because the sample size of the Diary Survey is small relative to other surveys, while the intraclass correlations for expenditure characteristics are relatively large. This suggests that any clustering of the sample units could result in an unacceptable increase in the within-PSU variance and, as a result, the total variance. The Interview Survey is a panel rotation survey. Each panel is interviewed for five consecutive quarters and then dropped from the survey. As one panel leaves the survey, a new panel is introduced. Approximately 20 percent of the addresses are new to the survey each month.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The CE program is comprised of two separate components, each with its own questionnaire and independent sample: (1) the quarterly Interview Survey, and (2) the Diary Survey.

Abstract

This study is an experiment designed to compare the performance of three methodologies for sampling households with migrants:

• a stratified sample using the census to sample census tracts randomly, in which each household is then listed and screened to determine whether or not it has a migrant, with the full length questionnaire then being applied in a second phase only to the households of interest;
• a snowball survey in which households are asked to provide referrals to other households with migrant members;
• an intercept point survey (or time-and-space sampling survey), in which individuals are sampled during set time periods at a prespecified set of locations where households in the target group are likely to congregate.

Researchers from the World Bank applied these methods in the context of a survey of Brazilians of Japanese descent (Nikkei), requested by the World Bank. There are approximately 1.2-1.9 million Nikkei among Brazil’s 170 million population.

The survey was designed to provide detail on the characteristics of households with and without migrants, to estimate the proportion of households receiving remittances and with migrants in Japan, and to examine the consequences of migration and remittances on the sending households.

The same questionnaire was used for the stratified random sample and snowball surveys, and a shorter version of the questionnaire was used for the intercept surveys. Researchers can directly compare answers to the same questions across survey methodologies and determine the extent to which the intercept and snowball surveys can give similar results to the more expensive census-based survey, and test for the presence of biases.

Geographic coverage

Sao Paulo and Parana states

Analysis unit

Japanese-Brazilian (Nikkei) households and individuals

The 2000 Brazilian Census was used to classify households as Nikkei or non-Nikkei. The Brazilian Census does not ask ethnicity but instead asks questions on race, country of birth and whether an individual has lived elsewhere in the last 10 years. On the basis of these questions, a household is classified as (potentially) Nikkei if it has any of the following: 1) a member born in Japan; 2) a member who is of yellow race and who has lived in Japan in the last 10 years; 3) a member who is of yellow race, who was not born in a country other than Japan (predominantly Korea, Taiwan or China) and who did not live in a foreign country other than Japan in the last 10 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

1) Stratified random sample survey

Two states with the largest Nikkei population - Sao Paulo and Parana - were chosen for the study.

The sampling process consisted of three stages. First, a stratified random sample of 75 census tracts was selected based on 2000 Brazilian census. Second, interviewers carried out a door-to-door listing within each census tract to determine which households had a Nikkei member. Third, the survey questionnaire was then administered to households that were identified as Nikkei. A door-to-door listing exercise of the 75 census tracts was then carried out between October 13th, 2006, and October 29th, 2006. The fieldwork began on November 19, 2006, and all dwellings were visited at least once by December 22, 2006. The second wave of surveying took place from January 18th, 2007, to February 2nd, 2007, which was intended to increase the number of households responding.

2) Intercept survey

The intercept survey was designed to carry out interviews at a range of locations that were frequented by the Nikkei population. It was originally designed to be done in Sao Paulo city only, but a second intercept point survey was later carried out in Curitiba, Parana. Intercept survey took place between December 9th, 2006, and December 20th, 2006, whereas the Curitiba intercept survey took place between March 3rd and March 12th, 2007.

Consultations with Nikkei community organizations, local researchers and officers of the bank Sudameris, which provides remittance services to this community, were used to select a broad range of locations. Interviewers were assigned to visit each location during prespecified blocks of time. Two fieldworkers were assigned to each location. One fieldworker carried out the interviews, while the other carried out a count of the number of people with Nikkei appearance who appeared to be 18 years old or older who passed by each location. For the fixed places, this count was made throughout the prespecified time block. For example, between 2.30 p.m. and 3.30 p.m. at the sports club, the interviewer counted 57 adult Nikkeis. Refusal rates were carefully recorded, along with the sex and approximate age of the person refusing.

In all, 516 intercept interviews were collected.

3) Snowball sampling survey

The questionnaire that was used was the same as used for the stratified random sample. The plan was to begin with a seed list of 75 households, and to aim to reach a total sample of 300 households through referrals from the initial seed households. Each household surveyed was asked to supply the names of three contacts: (a) a Nikkei household with a member currently in Japan; (b) a Nikkei household with a member who has returned from Japan; (c) a Nikkei household without members in Japan and where individuals had not returned from Japan.

The snowball survey took place from December 5th to 20th, 2006. The second phase of the snowballing survey ran from January 22nd, 2007, to March 23rd, 2007. More associations were contacted to provide additional seed names (69 more names were obtained) and, as with the stratified sample, an adaptation of the intercept survey was used when individuals refused to answer the longer questionnaire. A decision was made to continue the snowball process until a target sample size of 100 had been achieved.

The final sample consists of 60 households who came as seed households from Japanese associations, and 40 households who were chain referrals. The longest chain achieved was three links.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

1) Stratified sampling and snowball survey questionnaire

This questionnaire has 36 pages with over 1,000 variables, taking over an hour to complete.

If subjects refused to answer the questionnaire, interviewers would leave a much shorter version of the questionnaire to be completed by the household by themselves, and later picked up. This shorter questionnaire was the same as used in the intercept point survey, taking seven minutes on average. The intention with the shorter survey was to provide some data on households that would not answer the full survey because of time constraints, or because respondents were reluctant to have an interviewer in their house.

2) Intercept questionnaire

The questionnaire is four pages in length, consisting of 62 questions and taking a mean time of seven minutes to answer. Respondents had to be 18 years old or older to be interviewed.

Response rate

1) Stratified random sampling 403 out of the 710 Nikkei households were surveyed, an interview rate of 57%. The refusal rate was 25%, whereas the remaining households were either absent on three attempts or were not surveyed because building managers refused permission to enter the apartment buildings. Refusal rates were higher in Sao Paulo than in Parana, reflecting greater concerns about crime and a busier urban environment.

2) Intercept Interviews 516 intercept interviews were collected, along with 325 refusals. The average refusal rate is 39%, with location-specific refusal rates ranging from only 3% at the food festival to almost 66% at one of the two grocery stores.

Abstract (en): The ongoing Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) provides a continuous flow of information on the buying habits of American consumers and also furnishes data to support periodic revisions of the Consumer Price Index. The survey consists of two separate components: (1) a quarterly Interview Survey in which each consumer unit in the sample is interviewed every three months over a 15-month period, and (2) a Diary Survey completed by the sample consumer units for two consecutive one-week periods. The Interview Survey was designed to collect data on major items of expense, household characteristics, and income. The expenditures covered by the survey are those that respondents can recall fairly accurately for three months or longer. In general, these expenditures include relatively large purchases, such as those for property, automobiles, and major appliances, or expenditures that occur on a fairly regular basis, such as rent, utilities, or insurance premiums. Expenditures incurred while on trips are also covered by the survey. Excluded are nonprescription drugs, household supplies, and personal care items. Including global estimates on spending for food, it is estimated that about 90 to 95 percent of expenditures are covered in the Interview Survey. The Consumer Unit Characteristics and Income (FMLY) files in this collection contain consumer unit characteristics, consumer unit income, and characteristics and earnings of both the reference person and the spouse. Summary expenditure data are also provided. The Member Characteristics and Income (MEMB) files present selected characteristics for each consumer unit member, including reference person and spouse. Each record in the FMLY and MEMB files consists of three months of data. Detailed Expenditures (MTAB) files provide monthly data at the Universal Classification Code (UCC) level. In these files expenditures for each consumer unit are classified according to UCC categories and are specified as gifts or non-gifts. There may be more than one record for a UCC in a single month if that is what was reported to the interviewer. The Income (ITAB) files supply monthly data at the UCC level for consumer unit characteristics and income. Total civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States. The Consumer Expenditure Survey is based on a national probability sample of households. Households are selected from primary sampling units (PSUs), which consist of counties (or parts thereof), groups of counties, or independent cities. The set of sample PSUs used for the survey is composed of 101 areas, of which 85 urban areas have also been selected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the Consumer Price Index program. The sampling frame from which housing units were selected was generated from the 1980 Census 100-percent detail file, augmented by new construction permits and coverage improvement techniques used to eliminate recognized deficiencies in that census. The sample design is a rotating panel survey in which one-fifth of the sample is dropped and a new group added each quarter. Each panel is interviewed for five consecutive quarters and then dropped from the survey. 2006-01-12 All files were removed from dataset 30 and flagged as study-level files, so that they will accompany all downloads.

Abstract

The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) program provides a continuous and comprehensive flow of data on the buying habits of American consumers. These data are used widely in economic research and analysis, and in support of revisions of the Consumer Price Index. To meet the needs of users, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) produces population estimates for consumer units (CUs) of average expenditures in news releases, reports, issues, and articles in the Monthly Labor Review. Tabulated CE data are also available on the Internet and by facsimile transmission (See Section XV. APPENDIX 4). The microdata are available online at http://www/bls.gov/cex/pumdhome.htm.

These microdata files present detailed expenditure and income data from the Interview component of the CE for 2003 and the first quarter of 2004. The Interview survey collects data on up to 95 percent of total household expenditures. In addition to the FMLI, MEMI, MTBI, and ITBI files, the microdata include files created directly from the expenditure sections of the Interview survey (EXPN files). The EXPN files contain expenditure data and ancillary descriptive information, often not available on the FMLI or MTBI files, in a format similar to the Interview questionnaire. In addition to the extra information available on the EXPN files, users can identify distinct spending categories easily and reduce processing time due to the organization of the files by type of expenditure.

Estimates of average expenditures in 2003 from the Interview Survey, integrated with data from the Diary Survey, will be published in the report Consumer Expenditures in 2003. A list of recent publications containing data from the CE appears at the end of this documentation.

The microdata files are in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. A suggested citation is: "U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, Interview Survey, 2003."

Analysis unit

Consumer Units

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Samples for the CE are national probability samples of households designed to be representative of the total U. S. civilian population. Eligible population includes all civilian non-institutionalized persons. The first step in sampling is the selection of primary sampling units (PSUs), which consist of counties (or parts thereof) or groups of counties. The set of sample PSUs used for the 2003 and 2004 samples is composed of 105 areas. The design classifies the PSUs into four categories: • 31 "A" certainty PSUs are Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's) with a population greater than 1.5 million. • 46 "B" PSUs, are medium-sized MSA's. • 10 "C" PSUs are nonmetropolitan areas that are included in the CPI. • 18 "D" PSUs are nonmetropolitan areas where only the urban population data will be included in the CPI.

The sampling frame (that is, the list from which housing units were chosen) for the 2003 and 2004 surveys is generated from the 1990 Census of Population 100-percent-detail file. The sampling frame is augmented by new construction permits and by techniques used to eliminate recognized deficiencies in census coverage. All Enumeration Districts (EDs) from the Census that fail to meet the criterion for good addresses for new construction, and all EDs in non-permit-issuing areas are grouped into the area segment frame. Interviewers are then assigned to list these areas before a sample is drawn. To the extent possible, an unclustered sample of units is selected within each PSU. This lack of clustering is desirable because the sample size of the Diary Survey is small relative to other surveys, while the intraclass correlations for expenditure characteristics are relatively large. This suggests that any clustering of the sample units could result in an unacceptable increase in the within-PSU variance and, as a result, the total variance. The Interview Survey is a panel rotation survey. Each panel is interviewed for five consecutive quarters and then dropped from the survey. As one panel leaves the survey, a new panel is introduced. Approximately 20 percent of the addresses are new to the survey each month.

WEIGHTING Each CU included in the CE represents a given number of CUs in the U.S. population, which is considered to be the universe. The translation of sample families into the universe of families is known as weighting. However, since the unit of analysis for the CE is a CU, the weighting is performed at the CU level. Several factors are involved in determining the weight for each CU for which an interview is obtained. There are four steps in the weighting procedure: 1) The basic weight is assigned to an address and is the inverse of the probability of selection of the housing unit. 2) A weight control factor is applied to each interview if subsampling is performed in the field. 3) A noninterview adjustment is made for units where data could not be collected from occupied housing units. The adjustment is performed as a function of region, housing tenure, family size and race. 4) A final adjustment is performed to adjust the sample estimates to national population controls derived from the Current Population Survey. The adjustments are made based on both the CU's Member composition and the CU as a whole. The weight for the CU is adjusted for individuals within the CU to meet the controls for 14 age/race categories, 4 regions, and 4 region/urban categories. The CU weight is also adjusted to meet the control for total number of CUs and total number of CUs who own their living quarters. The weighting procedure uses an iterative process to ensure that the sample estimates meet all the population controls.

NOTE: The weight for a consumer unit (CU) can be different for each quarter in which the CU participates in the survey, as the CU may represent a different number of CUs with similar characteristics.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Abstract

This is the fourth Labor Force Survey of Tonga. The first one was conducted in 1990. Earlier surveys were conducted in 1990, 1993/94, and 2003 and the results of those surveys were published by the Statistics Department.

The objective of the LFS survey is providing information on not only well-known employment and unemployment as well as providing comprehensive information on other standard indicators characterizing the country labour market. It covers those age 10 and over in the whole Kingdom. Information includes age, sex, activity, current and usual employment status, hours worked and wages and in addition included a seperate Food Insecurity Experiences Survey (FIES) questionniare module at the Household Level.

The conceptual framework used in this labour force survey in Tonga aligns closely with the standards and guidelines set out in Resolutions of International Conferences of Labour Statistician.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

There are six statistical regions known as Division's in Tonga namely Tongatapu urban area, Tongatapu rural area, Vava'u, Ha'pai, Eua and the Niuas.Tongatapu Urban refers to the capital Nuku'alofa is the urban area while the other five divisions are rural areas. Each Division is subdivided into political districts, each district into villages and each village into census enumeration areas known as Census Blocks. The sample for the 2018 Labour Force Survey (LFS) was designed to cover at least 2500 employed population aged 10 years and over from all the regions. This was made mainly to have sufficient cases to provide information on the employed population.

Analysis unit

• Households (for food insecurity module questionnaire)
• Individuals.

Universe

Population living in private households in Tonga. The labour force questionnaire is directed to the population aged 10 and above. Disability short set of questions is directed to all individuals age 2 and above and the food insecurity experience scale is directed to the head of household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

2018 Tonga Labour force survey aimed at estimating all the main ILO indicators at the island group level (geographical stratas). The sampling strategy is based on a two stages stratified random survey.

1. Computation of the survey parameters: Total sample size per strata, number of households to interview in each Primary Sampling Unit (PSU = census block) and number of PSUs to select The stratification of the survey is the geographical breakdown by island group (6 stratas Tongatapu urban, Tongatapu rural, Vava'u, Ha'apai, 'Eua, Niuas)
2. The selection strategy is a 2 stages random survey where: Random selection of census blocks within each
3. Census blocks are randomly selected in first place, using probability proportional to size

4. 15 households per block are randomly selected using uniform probability

5. The sampling frame used to select PSUs (census blocks) and household is the 2016 Tonga population census.

The computation of sample size required the use of: - Tonga 2015 HIES dataset (labour force section) - Tonga 2016 population census (distribution of households across the stratas) The resource variable used to compute the sample size is the labour force participation rate from the 2015 HIES. The use of the 2015 labour force section of the Tonga HIES allows the computation of the design effect of the labour force participation rate within each strata. The design effect and sampling errors of the labour force participation rate estimated from the 2015 HIES in combination with the 2016 household population distribution allow to predict the minimum sample size required (per strata) to get a robust estimate from the 2018 LFS.

Total sample size: 2685 households Geographical stratification: 6 island groups Selection process: 2 stages random survey where census blocks are selected using Probability Proportional to Size (Primary Sampling Unit) in the first place and households are randomly selected within each selected blocks (15 households per block) Non response: a 10% increase of the sample happened in all stratas to account for non-response Sampling frame: the household listing from the 2016 population census was used as a sampling frame and the 2015 labour force section of the HIES was used to compute the sample size (using labour force participation rate.

Sampling deviation

No major deviation from the original sample has taken place.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The 2018 Tonga Labour Force Survey questionnaire included 15 sections:

IDENTIFICATION SECTION B: INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS SECTION C: EDUCATION (AGE 3+) SECTIONS B & C: EMPLOYMENT IDENTIFICATION AND TEMPORARY ABSENCE (AGE 10+) SECTION D: AGRICULTURE WORK AND MARKET DESTINATION SECTION E1: MAIN EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS SECTION E2: SECOND PAID JOB/ BUSINESS ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS SECTION F: INCOME FROM EMPLOYMENT SECTION G: WORKING TIME SECTION H: JOB SEARCH SECTION I: PREVIOUS WORK EXPERIENCE SECTION J: MAIN ACTIVITY SECTION K: OWN USE PRODUCTION WORK FOOD INSECURITY EXPERIENCES GPS + PHOTO

The questionniares were developed and administered in English and were translated into Tongan language. The questionnaire is provided as external resources.

The draft questionnaire was pre-tested during the supervisors training and during the enumerators training and it was finally tested during the pilot test. The pilot testing was undertaken on the 27th of May to the 1st of June 2018 in Tongatapu Urban and Rural areas. The questionnaire was revised rigorously in accordance to the feedback received from each test. At the same time, a field operations manual for supervisors and enumerators was prepared and modified accordingly for field operators to use as a reference during the field work.

Cleaning operations

The World Bank Survey Solutions software was used for Data Processing, STATA software was used for data cleaning, tabulation tabulation and analysis.

Editing and tabulation of the data will be undertaken in February/March 2019 in collaboration with SPC and ILO.

Response rate

A total, 2,685 households were selected for the sample. Of these existing households, 2,584 were successfully interviewed, giving a household response rate of 96.2%.

Response rates were higher in urban areas than in the rural area of Tongatapu.

-1 Tongatapu urban: 97.30%
-2 Tongatapu rural: 93.00%
-3 Vava'u: 100.00% -4 Ha'pai: 100.00% -5 Eua: 95.20% -6 Niuas: 80.00% -Total: 96.20%.

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors were computed and are presented in the final report.

The sampling error were computed using the survey set package in Stata. The Finite Population Correction was included in the sample design (optional in svy set Stata command) as follow: - Fpc 1: total number of census blocks within the strata (variable toteas) - Fpc 2: Here is a list of some LF indicators presented with sampling error

-RSE: Labour force population: 2.2% Employment - population in employment: 2.2% Labour force participation rate (%): 1.7% Unemployment rate (%): 13.5% Composite rate of labour underutilization (%): 7.3% Youth unemployment rate (%): 18.2% Informal employment rate (%): 2.7% Average monthly wages - employees (TOP): 12%.

-95% Interval: Labour force population: 28,203 => 30,804 Employment - population in employment: 27,341 => 29,855 Labour force participation rate (%): 45.2% => 48.2% Unemployment rate (%): 2.2% => 3.9% Composite rate of labour underutilization (%): 16% => 21.4% Youth unemployment rate (%): 5.7% => 12.1% Informal employment rate (%): 44.3% => 49.4% Average monthly wages - employees (TOP): 1,174 => 1,904.

Abstract

The Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) programme, which is designed to collect data on fertility, family planning, and maternal and child health.

The primary objective of the 1999 TRCHS was to collect data at the national level (with breakdowns by urban-rural and Mainland-Zanzibar residence wherever warranted) on fertility levels and preferences, family planning use, maternal and child health, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of young children, childhood mortality levels, knowledge and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS, and the availability of specific health services within the community.1 Related objectives were to produce these results in a timely manner and to ensure that the data were disseminated to a wide audience of potential users in governmental and nongovernmental organisations within and outside Tanzania. The ultimate intent is to use the information to evaluate current programmes and to design new strategies for improving health and family planning services for the people of Tanzania.

Geographic coverage

National. The sample was designed to provide estimates for the whole country, for urban and rural areas separately, and for Zanzibar and, in some cases, Unguja and Pemba separately.

Analysis unit

Households, individuals

Universe

Men and women 15-49, children under 5

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The TRCHS used a three-stage sample design. Overall, 176 census enumeration areas were selected (146 on the Mainland and 30 in Zanzibar) with probability proportional to size on an approximately self-weighting basis on the Mainland, but with oversampling of urban areas and Zanzibar. To reduce costs and maximise the ability to identify trends over time, these enumeration areas were selected from the 357 sample points that were used in the 1996 TDHS, which in turn were selected from the 1988 census frame of enumeration in a two-stage process (first wards/branches and then enumeration areas within wards/branches). Before the data collection, fieldwork teams visited the selected enumeration areas to list all the households. From these lists, households were selected to be interviewed. The sample was designed to provide estimates for the whole country, for urban and rural areas separately, and for Zanzibar and, in some cases, Unguja and Pemba separately. The health facilities component of the TRCHS involved visiting hospitals, health centres, and pharmacies located in areas around the households interviewed. In this way, the data from the two components can be linked and a richer dataset produced.

See detailed sample implementation in the APPENDIX A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

The household survey component of the TRCHS involved three questionnaires: 1) a Household Questionnaire, 2) a Women’s Questionnaire for all individual women age 15-49 in the selected households, and 3) a Men’s Questionnaire for all men age 15-59.

The health facilities survey involved six questionnaires: 1) a Community Questionnaire administered to men and women in each selected enumeration area; 2) a Facility Questionnaire; 3) a Facility Inventory; 4) a Service Provider Questionnaire; 5) a Pharmacy Inventory Questionnaire; and 6) a questionnaire for the District Medical Officers.

All these instruments were based on model questionnaires developed for the MEASURE programme, as well as on the questionnaires used in the 1991-92 TDHS, the 1994 TKAP, and the 1996 TDHS. These model questionnaires were adapted for use in Tanzania during meetings with representatives from the Ministry of Health, the University of Dar es Salaam, the Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, USAID/Tanzania, UNICEF/Tanzania, UNFPA/Tanzania, and other potential data users. The questionnaires and manual were developed in English and then translated into and printed in Kiswahili.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his/her age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for individual interview and children under five who were to be weighed and measured. Information was also collected about the dwelling itself, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used to construct the house, ownership of various consumer goods, and use of iodised salt. Finally, the Household Questionnaire was used to collect some rudimentary information about the extent of child labour.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: · Background characteristics (age, education, religion, type of employment) · Birth history · Knowledge and use of family planning methods · Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care · Breastfeeding and weaning practices · Vaccinations, birth registration, and health of children under age five · Marriage and recent sexual activity · Fertility preferences · Knowledge and behaviour concerning HIV/AIDS.

The Men’s Questionnaire covered most of these same issues, except that it omitted the sections on the detailed reproductive history, maternal health, and child health. The final versions of the English questionnaires are provided in Appendix E.

Before the questionnaires could be finalised, a pretest was done in July 1999 in Kibaha District to assess the viability of the questions, the flow and logical sequence of the skip pattern, and the field organisation. Modifications to the questionnaires, including wording and translations, were made based on lessons drawn from the exercise.

Response rate

In all, 3,826 households were selected for the sample, out of which 3,677 were occupied. Of the households found, 3,615 were interviewed, representing a response rate of 98 percent. The shortfall is primarily due to dwellings that were vacant or in which the inhabitants were not at home despite of several callbacks.

In the interviewed households, a total of 4,118 eligible women (i.e., women age 15-49) were identified for the individual interview, and 4,029 women were actually interviewed, yielding a response rate of 98 percent. A total of 3,792 eligible men (i.e., men age 15-59), were identified for the individual interview, of whom 3,542 were interviewed, representing a response rate of 93 percent. The principal reason for nonresponse among both eligible men and women was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the household. The lower response rate among men than women was due to the more frequent and longer absences of men.

The response rates are lower in urban areas due to longer absence of respondents from their homes. One-member households are more common in urban areas and are more difficult to interview because they keep their houses locked most of the time. In urban settings, neighbours often do not know the whereabouts of such people.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) non-sampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the TRCHS to minimise this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the TRCHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the TRCHS sample is the result of a two-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the TRCHS is the ISSA Sampling Error Module (SAMPERR). This module used the Taylor linearisation method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rate

Note: See detailed sampling error

Abstract

The primary objective of the 2017 Indonesia Dmographic and Health Survey (IDHS) is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. The IDHS provides a comprehensive overview of population and maternal and child health issues in Indonesia. More specifically, the IDHS was designed to: - provide data on fertility, family planning, maternal and child health, and awareness of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to help program managers, policy makers, and researchers to evaluate and improve existing programs; - measure trends in fertility and contraceptive prevalence rates, and analyze factors that affect such changes, such as residence, education, breastfeeding practices, and knowledge, use, and availability of contraceptive methods; - evaluate the achievement of goals previously set by national health programs, with special focus on maternal and child health; - assess married men’s knowledge of utilization of health services for their family’s health and participation in the health care of their families; - participate in creating an international database to allow cross-country comparisons in the areas of fertility, family planning, and health.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-54

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women age 15-49 years resident in the household, and all men age 15-54 years resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2017 IDHS sample covered 1,970 census blocks in urban and rural areas and was expected to obtain responses from 49,250 households. The sampled households were expected to identify about 59,100 women age 15-49 and 24,625 never-married men age 15-24 eligible for individual interview. Eight households were selected in each selected census block to yield 14,193 married men age 15-54 to be interviewed with the Married Man's Questionnaire. The sample frame of the 2017 IDHS is the Master Sample of Census Blocks from the 2010 Population Census. The frame for the household sample selection is the updated list of ordinary households in the selected census blocks. This list does not include institutional households, such as orphanages, police/military barracks, and prisons, or special households (boarding houses with a minimum of 10 people).

The sampling design of the 2017 IDHS used two-stage stratified sampling: Stage 1: Several census blocks were selected with systematic sampling proportional to size, where size is the number of households listed in the 2010 Population Census. In the implicit stratification, the census blocks were stratified by urban and rural areas and ordered by wealth index category.

Stage 2: In each selected census block, 25 ordinary households were selected with systematic sampling from the updated household listing. Eight households were selected systematically to obtain a sample of married men.

For further details on sample design, see Appendix B of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The 2017 IDHS used four questionnaires: the Household Questionnaire, Woman’s Questionnaire, Married Man’s Questionnaire, and Never Married Man’s Questionnaire. Because of the change in survey coverage from ever-married women age 15-49 in the 2007 IDHS to all women age 15-49, the Woman’s Questionnaire had questions added for never married women age 15-24. These questions were part of the 2007 Indonesia Young Adult Reproductive Survey Questionnaire. The Household Questionnaire and the Woman’s Questionnaire are largely based on standard DHS phase 7 questionnaires (2015 version). The model questionnaires were adapted for use in Indonesia. Not all questions in the DHS model were included in the IDHS. Response categories were modified to reflect the local situation.

Cleaning operations

All completed questionnaires, along with the control forms, were returned to the BPS central office in Jakarta for data processing. The questionnaires were logged and edited, and all open-ended questions were coded. Responses were entered in the computer twice for verification, and they were corrected for computer-identified errors. Data processing activities were carried out by a team of 34 editors, 112 data entry operators, 33 compare officers, 19 secondary data editors, and 2 data entry supervisors. The questionnaires were entered twice and the entries were compared to detect and correct keying errors. A computer package program called Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro), which was specifically designed to process DHS-type survey data, was used in the processing of the 2017 IDHS.

Response rate

Of the 49,261 eligible households, 48,216 households were found by the interviewer teams. Among these households, 47,963 households were successfully interviewed, a response rate of almost 100%.

In the interviewed households, 50,730 women were identified as eligible for individual interview and, from these, completed interviews were conducted with 49,627 women, yielding a response rate of 98%. From the selected household sample of married men, 10,440 married men were identified as eligible for interview, of which 10,009 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 96%. The lower response rate for men was due to the more frequent and longer absence of men from the household. In general, response rates in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors result from mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (2017 IDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2017 IDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling error is a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2017 IDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2017 IDHS is a STATA program. This program used the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in Appendix C of the survey final report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables - Household age distribution - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men - Completeness of reporting - Births by calendar year - Reporting of age at death in days - Reporting of age at death in months

See details of the data quality tables in Appendix D of the survey final report.

Abstract

The Integrated Survey of Living Standards (ISLS), renamed in 2004 to Integrated Survey of Living Conditions Survey (ILCS) is conducted annually by the NSS National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia, formed the basis for monitoring living conditions in Armenia. The ILCS is a universally recognized best-practice survey for collecting data to inform about the living standards of households. The ILCS comprises comprehensive and valuable data on the welfare of households and separate individuals which gives the NSS an opportunity to provide the public with up to date information on the population's income, expenditures, the level of poverty and the other changes in living standards on an annual basis. Since 1996, when the survey was first implemented in Armenia, the National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia (NSS) with the assistance of the World Bank, USAID and other donor organizations, has been putting efforts to continuously improve the quality of data collected through household surveys, as well as to advance its own expertise in arriving at a more accurate assessment of poverty. These efforts have proven to be successful as the data collected through household surveys and the estimates of poverty based on such data became an important input in defining and monitoring the poverty reduction strategy, which is the responsibility of the Government.

The ILCS is conducted during the year with monthly rotation of households and settlements. The survey results serve primarily to assess the level of consumption-based poverty in Armenia. In 2004, the NSS implemented significant changes to improve the Integrated Living Conditions Survey and to update the poverty assessment methodology, which was used until 2008. With the technical assistance provided by the World Bank: · the survey sample frame was updated using the 2001 Population Census frame · the sample size was expanded to ensure representativeness of data by regions · the ILCS questionnaire was revised to reflect economic and social changes between 1998/99 and 2003, as well as a comprehensive section on employment was added into the questionnaire · the interviewers underwent a more profound training.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

During the 2001-2003 surveys two-stage random sample was used; the first stage covered the selection of settlements - cities and villages, while the second stage was focused on the selection of households in these settlements. The surveys were conducted on the principle of monthly rotation of households by clusters (sample units). In 2002 and 2003 the number of households was 387 with the sample covering 14 cities and 30 villages in 2002 and 17 cities and 20 villages in 2003. In 2001 the survey covered 19 urban and 28 rural areas with the sample size of 4,128 households.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

Upon the submission of questionnaires and diaries, five supervisors codified responses and exercised logical control, and, if needed, the questionnaire and diary were sent back through the interviewer to the household for clarification. After the entry of the data into the computer, data were cleaned and corrected. This created the database of information about 4037 households.

Response rate

Approximately 98 percent

Data appraisal

The interviews for the integrated household survey were conducted for 12 months by trained interviewers, with each interviewer conducting 8 interviews per month. In accordance with methods, each household was visited by the interviewer 4 times per month. This was done to ease the burden on respondents and help them complete the diary correctly.

Abstract

The Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is a national sample survey of women of reproductive ages (15-49) and men aged 15 to 60. The survey was designed to collect data on socioeconomic characteristics, marriage patterns, birth history, breastfeeding, use of contraception, immunisation of children, accessibility to health and family planning services, treatment of children during times of illness, and the nutritional status of children and their mothers.

The primary objectives of the TDHS were to: - Collect data for the evaluation of family planning and health programmes, - Determine the contraceptive prevalence rate, which will help in the design of future national family planning programmes, and - Assess the demographic situation of the country.

Geographic coverage

The Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is a national sample survey. This sample should allow for separate analyses in urban and rural areas, and for estimation of contraceptive use in each of the 20 regions located on the mainland and in Zanzibar.

Analysis unit

Households, individuals

Universe

Men and women between the ages of 15-49, children under 5

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The principal objective of the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) was to collect data on fertility, family planning, and health of the people. This survey involved randomly selected women aged 15-49 and men aged 15-60 in selected households.

Before the sampling frame was developed, two possibilities for the TDHS sample design were considered: - The 1988 Population census list of Enumeration Areas (EAs) - The National Master Sample for Tanzania created in 1986 (NMS).

The NMS was intended mainly for agricultural purposes and, at that time, only for rural areas. The NMS was based on the 1978 Census information while the urban frame was still being worked upon. Therefore, it was decided that the TDHS sample design would use the 1988 Census information as the basic sampling frame. Since the TDHS sample was to be clustered, it was necessary to have sampling units of manageable and fairly uniform size and with very well defined boundaries. The 1988 Census frame provided the list of enumeration area units (EAs) that had well defined boundaries and manageable uniform size. Therefore, EAs were used as primary sampling units (PSUs).

The target of the TDHS sample was about 7850 women age 15-49 with completed interviews. This sample should allow for separate analyses in urban and rural areas, and for estimation of contraceptive use in each of the 20 regions located on the mainland and in Zanzibar. Estimates for large domains (by combination of a group of regions) were also taken into consideration.

The TDHS used a three-stage sample. The frame was stratified by urban and rural areas. The primary sampling units in the TDHS survey were the wards/branches. The design involved the target of 350 completed interviews for each of 19 regions on the mainland and 500 in each of Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar.

In the first stage, the wards/branches were systematically selected with probability proportional to size (according to 1988 census information). In a second sampling stage, two EAs per selected rural ward/branch and one EA per selected urban ward/branch were chosen with probability proportional to size (also according to 1988 census information). In total, 357 EAs were selected for the TDHS, 95 in the urban area and 262 in the rural. A new listing of households was made shortly before the TDHS fieldwork by special teams including a total of 14 field workers. These teams visited the selected EAs all over the country to list the names of the heads of the households and obtain the population composition of each household (total number of persons in the household). In urban areas, the address of the dwelling was also recorded in order to make it easy to identify the household during the main survey. A fixed number of 30 households in each rural EA and 20 in each urban EA were selected.

About 9560 households were needed to achieve the required sample size, assuming 80 percent overall household completion rate.

See detailed sampling information in the APPENDIX B of the final 1991-1992 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

The household, female, and male questionnaires were designed by following the Model Questionnaire "B" which is for low contraceptive prevalence countries. Some adaptations were made to suit the Tanzania situation, but the core questions were not changed. The original questionnaire was prepared in English and later translated into Kiswahili, the language that is widely spoken in the country. There are parts in the country where people are not very conversant with Kiswahili and would find it difficult to respond in Kiswahili but would understand when they are asked anything. The translated document was given to another translator to translate it back into English and comparisons were made to determine the differences.

PRETEST

A pretest to assess the viability of the survey instruments, particularly the questionnaires and the field organization, was carried out in Iringa Rural District, Iringa Region. It covered 16 enumeration areas with a total of 320 households. The pretest, which took a month to complete, was carded out in November/December, 1990, and covered both rural and urban EAs.

The pretest training took two weeks and consisted of classroom training and field practice in neighborhood areas. In all, 14 newly recruited interviewers and the Census staff were involved. The Census staffs who were to be transformed into the TDHS team handled the training for both the fieldwork management and the questionnaire. During the later fieldwork, they supervised the field exercise.

During the fieldwork, the administrative structure of the CCM Party, which involved the Party Branch Offices and the ten-cell leadership, were utilized in an effort to secure the maximum confidence and cooperation of the people in the areas where the team was working. At the end of the fieldwork, the interviewers and the supervisory team returned to the head office in Dares Salaam for debriefing and discussion of their field experiences, particularly those related to the questionnaires and the logistic problems that were encountered. All these experiences were used to improve upon the final version of the questionnaires and the overall logistic arrangements.

Response rate

Out of the 9282 households selected for interview, 8561 households could be located and 8327 were actually interviewed. The shortfall between selected and interviewed households was largely due to the fact that many dwellings were either vacant or destroyed or no competent respondents were present at the time of the interview. A total of 9647 eligible women (i.e., women age 15-49 who spent the night before the interview in a sampled household) were identified for interview, and 9238 women were actually interviewed (96 percent response rate). The main reason for non-interview was absence from the home or incapacitation.

The Tanzania DHS male survey covered men aged between 15 and 60 years who were living in selected households (every fourth household of the female survey). The results of the survey show that 2392 eligible men were identified and 2114 men were interviewed (88 percent response rate). Men were generally not interviewed because they were either incapacitated or not at home during the time of the survey.

Sampling error estimates

The results from sample surveys are affected by two types of errors, non-sampling error and sampling error. Non-sampling error is due to mistakes made in carrying out field activities, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, errors in the way the questions are asked, misunderstanding on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although efforts were made to minimize this type of error during the design and implementation of the TDHS, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be measured statistically. The sample of women selected in the TDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each one would have yielded results that differed somewhat from the actual sample selected. The sampling error is a measure of the variability between all possible samples; although it is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of standard error of a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which one can be reasonably assured that, apart from non-sampling errors, the true value of the variable for the whole population falls. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that same statistic as measured in 95 percent of all possible samples with the same design (and expected size) will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic.

If the sample of women had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the Tanzania DHS sample designs depended on stratification, stages, and clusters. Consequently, it was necessary to utilize more complex formulas. The computer package

Abstract

The five-yearly Census of Population and Dwellings is a very important item on Tokelau’s agenda. Its results provide the most authoritative data on how many people we have, what the composition of their households is, what education level they have, how they contribute to Tokelau’s economy, and so on. As a non-self- governing territory, Tokelau has a special constitutional relationship with New Zealand. This special relationship is strengthened by connections between the tiny Tokelau National Statistics Office (TNSO) and Statistics NZ. It is the latter organisation that has been largely responsible for the excellent Tokelau Censuses in 2006, 2011, and again in 2016.

Geographic coverage

National coverage. Tokelauan employees of the Tokelau Public Service based in Apia (and their immediate families), were also interviewed in Apia on census day.

Analysis unit

Individuals and Households.

Universe

The Census covers residents of the non-self-governing New Zealand territory of Tokelau and includes Tokelau public servants and their families who are employed in Apia, Samoa. While visitors to Tokelau on Census night are also included, the ultimate aim of the Census is to provide an accurate assessment of the de jure population. This has in the Censusus of 2006, 2011 and 2016 been done to an exact definition who is included. Previous definitions have been less precise which makes long-term time serie less reliable.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

N/A: Census.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Questions matched the previous Censuses' format in Paper Assisted Personal Interview (PAPI) as much as possible. The "skips" in PAPI proved a big time saver, and the internal checks for suitability of answers made quality control much faster.

The questionnaire was published in English with the Tokelauan translation for each question. It was divided into two sections: - Dwelling questions - Individual questions.

Cleaning operations

Thanks to the Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) data collection method, it was possible to quality check census forms on census day as soon as the interviewers uploaded them. Supervisors helped the census management team to quality check every census form and if there were missing answers or errors found, the forms were sent back to the interviewers to fix. The ability to check the quality of answers was one of the major benefits of using tablets for data collection; it made the checking process faster and more thorough. This checking also ensured that the final population counts were able to be released only three weeks after census.

Sampling error estimates

Not applicable: Census.

Data appraisal

Given the small population size, no post-enumeration survey was done.

Abstract

The Integrated Living Conditions Survey (ILCS), conducted annually by the NSS National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia, formed the basis for monitoring living conditions in Armenia. The ILCS is a universally recognized best-practice survey for collecting data to inform about the living standards of households. The ILCS comprises comprehensive and valuable data on the welfare of households and separate individuals which gives the NSS an opportunity to provide the public with up to date information on the population’s income, expenditures, the level of poverty and the other changes in living standards on an annual basis.

Geographic coverage

Urban and rural communities

Analysis unit

• Households;
• Individuals.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

During the 2001-2003 surveys two-stage random sample was used; the first stage covered the selection of settlements - cities and villages, while the second stage was focused on the selection of households in these settlements. The surveys were conducted on the principle of monthly rotation of households by clusters (sample units). In 2002 and 2003 the number of households was 387 with the sample covering 14 cities and 30 villages in 2002 and 17 cities and 20 villages in 2003.

During the 2004-2006 surveys the sampling frame for the ILCS was built using the database of addresses for the 2001 Population Census; the database was developed with the World Bank technical assistance. The database of addresses of all households in Armenia was divided into 48 strata including 12 communities of Yerevan city. The households from other regions (marzes) were grouped according to the following three categories: big towns with 15,000 and more population; villages, and other towns. Big towns formed 16 strata (the only exception was the Vayots Dzor marz where there are no big towns). The villages and other towns formed 10 strata each. According to this division, a random, two-step sample stratified at marz level was developed. All marzes, as well as all urban and rural settlements were included in the sample population according to the share of population residing in those settlements as percent to the total population in the country. In the first step, the settlements, i.e. primary sample units, were selected: 43 towns out of 48 or 90 percent of all towns in Armenia were surveyed during the year; also 216 villages out of 951 or 23 percent of all villages in the country were covered by the survey. In the second step, the respondent households were selected: 6,816 households (5,088 from urban and 1,728 from rural settlements). As a result, for the first time since 1996 survey data were representative at the marz level.

During the 2007-2012 surveys the sampling frame for ILCS was designed according to the database of addresses for the 2001 Population Census, which was developed with the World Bank technical assistance. The sample consisted of two parts: core sample and oversample.

1) For the creation of core sample, the sample frame (database of addresses of all households in Armenia) was divided into 48 strata including 12 communities of Yerevan city. The households from other regions (marzes) were grouped according to three categories: large towns (with population of 15000 and higher), villages and other towns. Large towns formed by 16 groups (strata), while the villages and towns formed by 10 strata each. According to that division, a random, two-step sample stratified at the marz level was developed. All marzes, as well as all urban and rural settlements were included in the sample population according to the share of households residing in those settlements as percent to the total households in the country. In the first step, using the PPS method the enumeration units (i.e., primary sample units to be surveyed during the year) were selected. 2007 sample includes 48 urban and 18 rural enumeration areas per month. 2) The oversample was drawn from the list of villages included in MCA-Armenia Rural Roads Rehabilitation Project. The enumeration areas of villages that were already in the core sample were excluded from that list. From the remaining enumeration areas 18 enumeration areas were selected per month. Thus, the rural sample size was doubled. 3) After merging the core sample and oversample, the survey households were selected in the second step. 656 households were surveyed per month, from which 368 from urban and 288 from rural settlements. Each month 82 interviewers had conducted field work, and their workload included 8 households per month. In 2007 number of surveyed households was 7,872 (4,416 from urban and 3,456 from rural areas).

For the survey 2013 the sample frame for ILCS was designed in accordance with the database of addresses of all private households in the country developed on basis of the 2001 Population Census results, with the technical assistance of the World Bank. The method of systematic representative probability sampling was used to frame the sample. For the purpose of drawing the sample, the sample frame was divided into 32 strata including 12 communities of Yerevan City (currently, the administrative districts). According to this division, a two-tier sample was drawn stratified by regions and by Yerevan. All regions and Yerevan, as well as all urban and rural communities were included in the sample in accordance to the shares of their resident households within the total number of households in the country. In the first round, enumeration areas - that is primary sample units to be surveyed during the year - were selected. The ILCS 2013 sample included 32 enumeration areas in urban and 16 enumeration areas in rural communities per month. The households to be surveyed were selected in the second round. A total of 432 households were surveyed per month, of which 279 and 153 households from urban and rural communities, respectively. Every month 48 interviewers went on field work with a workload of 9 households per month.

The sample frame for 2014-2016 was designed in accordance with the database of addresses of all private households in the country developed on basis of the 2011 Population Census results, with the technical assistance of the World Bank. The method of systematic representative probability sampling was used to frame the sample.
For drawing the sample, the sample frame was divided into 32 strata including 12 communities of Yerevan City (currently, the administrative districts). According to this division, a two-tier sample was drawn stratified by regions and by Yerevan. All regions and Yerevan, as well as all urban and rural communities were included in the sample in accordance to the shares of their resident households within the total number of households in the country. In the first round, enumeration areas - that is primary sample units to be surveyed during the year - were selected. The ILCS 2014 sample included 30 enumeration areas in urban and 18 enumeration areas in rural communities per month. The method of representative probability sampling was used to frame the sample. At regional level, all communities were grouped into two categories - towns and villages. According to this division, a two-tier sample was drawn stratified by regions and by Yerevan. All regions and Yerevan, as well as all rural and urban communities were included in the sample in accordance to the shares of their resident households within the total number of households in the country. In the first round, enumeration districts - that is primary sample units to be surveyed during the year - were selected. The ILCS 2015 sample included 30 enumeration districts in urban and 18 enumeration districts in rural communities per month.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Questionnaire is filled in by the interviewer during the least five visits to households per month. During face-to-face interviews with the household head or another knowledgeable adult member, the interviewer collects information on the composition and housing conditions of the household, the employment status, educational level and health condition of the members, availability and use of land, livestock, and agricultural machinery, monetary and commodity flows between households, and other information.

The 2008 survey questionnaire had the following sections: (1) "List of Household Members", (2) "Migration", (3) "Housing and Dwelling Conditions", (4) "Employment", (5) "Education", (6) "Agriculture", (7) "Food Production", (8) "Monetary and Commodity Flows between Households", (9) "Health (General) and Healthcare", (10) "Debts", (11) "Subjective Assessment of Living Conditions", (12) "Provision of Services", (13) "Social Assistance", (14) "Households as Employers for Service Personnel", and (15) "Household Monthly Consumption of Energy Resources".

The Diary is completed directly by the household for one month. Every day the household would record all its expenditures on food, non-food products and services, also giving a detailed description of such purchases; e.g. for food products the name, quantity, cost, and place of purchase of the product is recorded. Besides, the household records its consumption of food products received and used from its own land and livestock, as well as from other sources (e.g. gifts, humanitarian aid). Non-food products and services purchased or received for free are also recorded in the diary. Then, the household records its income received during the month. At the end of the month, information on rarely used food products, durable goods and ceremonies is recorded, as well. The records in the diary are verified by the interviewer in the course of 5

Abstract

The sample design of the Production Methods and the Environment module survey is based on the sample of the current Survey of Agricultural Holdings, so firstly given the design of the current Survey. The main purpose of the Survey of Agricultural Holdings as well as Production Methods and the Environment module is to produce official indicators in line with agricultural sector. The survey allows the compilation of statistics on crops and animal husbandry, of which information annual and permanent crops, sown area, average yield of annual crops, farming practices and their linkages with the natural environment, crop and livestock production methods, access to and use of information services, infrastructure and communal resources and etc. Statistical tables are accessible through the following link: https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/196/agriculture. Production Methods and the Environment Module is part of main Survey of Agricultural Holdings. One round of the main survey (reference year) includes 5 inquiries: The Inception interview is carried out using the inception questionnaire during the period of January-February of the reference year. During this interview the sampled holdings are identified and situation existing at the holding as of first January is recorded. I, II and III quarter interviews are conducted by means of quarterly questionnaire at the beginning of the following month of the corresponding quarter of the reference year. Based on these surveys, the information about agricultural activities during the corresponding quarter is collected. The final interview is conducted by means of final questionnaire in January of the following year of the reference year. During this interview, the information about agricultural activities at the holding during IV quarter of the reference year and the summery information about agricultural activities at the holding during the whole reference year (from 1 January to 31 December of the previous year) are collected. During all five interviews, the same agricultural holdings (about 12000) are interviewed which are selected by a two-stage stratified cluster random sampling procedure out of about 642 000 agricultural holdings operated in Georgia. On the first stage, clusters (settlements) are selected. On the second stage, holdings are selected within the selected clusters. The survey completely covers the territory of Georgia, excluding the occupied territories of Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region. Each year a new sample is selected based on a rotational design (on a 3-year basis). In particular, every year approximately 4000 holdings out of the 12000 sampled holdings are replaced by new holdings. Sampled holdings participate in the survey for 3 years. Large agricultural holdings are sampled every year with complete coverage. The statistical unit of the survey is the agricultural holding (family holdings and agricultural enterprises) - which is defined as an economic unit of agricultural production under single management comprising all livestock kept and all land used wholly or partly for agricultural production purposes, without regard to title, legal form or size. Agricultural activities are conducted under the supervision of a holder (in case of households - a member of household, in case of agricultural enterprises - director or authorized person), who is responsible for making decisions and takes all economic risks and expenses related to agricultural activities. More than 270 interviewers participate in the survey fieldwork. For the Data collection, computer-assisted personal interviewing method (CAPI) is used in the family holdings. In case of agricultural enterprises, the authorized persons of the enterprises (respondent) fill the electronic (online) questionnaires by themselves (CAWI). Coordination of the interviewers and the primary control of the collected data during the field is carried out by coordinators. Their working area covers several municipalities. The function of the coordinators also includes consultation for agricultural enterprises on methodological and technical issues related to the survey. Production Methods and Environment module field work was carried out from May 5th to May 20th of 2022. 200 field staff participated in the survey, 22 of which were field supervisors. In total 5,880 agricultural holdings were selected for the PME survey. Such are the extra-large farms that are continuously participating in the survey and the third rotation farms that have been participating in the survey since 2019. Currently 943 extra-large farms and 3,899 third rotation farms are participating in the survey. Therefore, we have a total of 4,842 farm data for the last three years. The rest of the holdings will be selected from the first rotation clusters where interviews have been conducted for two years. In particular, using simple random sampling approximately 30% of the working clusters of the first rotation are selected in each stratum. This will give us about 1,038 farms. A total of about 5,880 farms will be selected.

Geographic coverage

Entire country (Georgia), excluding occupied regions (Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region)

Analysis unit

Agricultural holding – economic unit of agricultural production under single management comprising all livestock kept and all land used wholly or partly for agricultural production purposes, without regard to title, legal form or size in which agricultural activities are conducted under the supervision of a holder, who is responsible for making decisions and takes all economic risks and expenses related to agricultural activities.

Universe

Survey sampling frame includes about 642 000 agriculture holdings (households and agricultural enterprises) operated in country. The Agricultural Census 2014 is the main source of the sample frame. Sampling frame is updated on a permanent basis in according to the results of survey of agricultural holdings, business register and different administrative sources.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample design of the Production Methods and the Environment module survey is based on the sample of the current Survey of Agricultural Holdings, so firstly given the design of the current Survey. • Main Source of the sample frame since 2016 - Agricultural Census 2014; • Sample frame contained 642 000 holding - sample size 12 000 (1.9%); • Sample Design: two-stage stratified cluster random sampling; - First stage - selection of cluster (Settlement); - Second stage - Selection of holdings within the selected clusters; • Each year a new sample is selected based on a rotational design; - Every year 1/3 of holdings (4 000) selected a year before are replaced (Sampled holdings participate in the survey during 3 years); • Extremely large agricultural holdings are sampled every year with complete coverage; • Additional Sources for updating sample frame: Sample Survey of Agricultural Holdings, Statistical Business Register, Administrative data existing in MEPA (large agricultural holdings); Sampling error of main indicators do not exceed 5% for a country level and 10% for a regional level; The sample design of the Production Methods and the Environment module survey: • Sample Design:Two-stage cluster sampling was used for the survey. -Sample is formed separately in each stratum. At first, clusters are selected in every stratum, and then holdings from selected clusters are selected for survey. -Extra-large holdings will be in the sample by probability 1. That is, all clusters of extra-large holdings and all extra-large holdings from these clusters fall into sample. -Primary sampling unit in the rest of the strata is the cluster. The same number of holdings will be interviewed in all the selected clusters of a stratum. Specifically, in small holding strata, 12 holdings will be interviewed in each selected cluster. This number is 8 for medium-sized strata and 4 for large strata. -In each stratum the number of clusters that have to be selected is calculated by dividing the number of holdings to be selected in the stratum by the number of holdings to be interviewed in each cluster of the stratum. -In each stratum selection of clusters is done by the PPS method (Probability Proportionally to Size). -The selection of holdings in each selected cluster is made using a random systematic sample. • Rotational design: Survey has a panel design. Holdings, which will get into the sample, will stay there for three years. After this, they will be substituted by holdings from the same stratum. -The database lists 943 extra-large holdings. All of them will constantly participate in the survey. Their rotation group number will be "0". Of the remaining holdings each of them will belong to one of the three rotation groups. Holdings selected from the same cluster will fall in the same rotation group. Each rotation group will have more or less the same number of holdings. Each rotation group represents an independent random sample. -When holdings change by rotation , holding from the sample will be substituted by the new one from the same cluster. If the cluster does not have enough holdings to make the full rotation, then the cluster is deemed exhausted and is substituted by a randomly selected cluster from the same stratum. -Newly introduced holdings will belong to the same rotation group which its predecessor belonged to

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Detailed information on structure, and sections of questionnaires used in the survey of agricultural holdings available in following link:

Abstract

The Government of Sierra Leone, through the Ministry of Health and Sanitation and Statistics Sierra Leone (Stats SL), together with its development partners, conducted the 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey (2019 SLDHS). Data collection took place from 15 May to 31 August 2019.

The primary objective of the 2019 SLDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the survey collected information on fertility, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and children, maternal and child health, adult and childhood mortality, women’s empowerment, domestic violence, female genital cutting, prevalence and awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and other health-related issues such as smoking.

The information collected through the 2019 SLDHS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Household Women Men Children

Universe

the 2019 SLDHS covered all household members, all women aged 15-49, all children 0-59 months and all men aged 15-59 in one-half of the sample households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2019 SLDHS is the Population and Housing Census of the Republic of Sierra Leone, which was conducted in 2015 by Statistics Sierra Leone. Administratively, Sierra Leone is divided into provinces. Each province is subdivided into districts, each district is further divided into chiefdoms/census wards, and each chiefdom/census ward is divided into sections. During the 2015 Population and Housing Census, each locality was subdivided into convenient areas called census enumeration areas (EAs). The primary sampling unit (PSU), referred to as a cluster for the 2019 SLDHS, is defined based on EAs from the 2015 EA census frame. The 2015 Population and Housing Census provided the list of EAs that served as a foundation to estimate the number of households and distinguish EAs as urban or rural for the survey sample frame.

The sample for the 2019 SLDHS was a stratified sample selected in two stages. Stratification was achieved by separating each district into urban and rural areas. In total, 31 sampling strata were created. Samples were selected independently in every stratum via a two-stage selection process. Implicit stratifications were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame before sample selection according to administrative order and by using probability-proportional-to-size selection during the first sampling stage.

In the first stage, 578 EAs were selected with probability proportional to EA size. EA size was the number of households residing in the EA. A household listing operation was carried out in all selected EAs, and the resulting lists of households served as a sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. In the second stage’s selection, a fixed number of 24 households were selected in every cluster through equal probability systematic sampling, resulting in a total sample size of approximately 13,872 selected households. The household listing was carried out using tablets, and random selection of households was carried out through computer programming. The survey interviewers interviewed only the pre-selected households. To prevent bias, no replacements and no changes of the pre-selected households were allowed in the implementing stages.

Due to the non-proportional allocation of the sample to the different districts and the possible differences in response rates, sampling weights were calculated, added to the data file, and applied so that the results would be representative at the national level as well as the domain level. Because the 2019 SLDHS sample was a two-stage stratified cluster sample selected from the sampling frame, sampling weights were calculated based on sampling probabilities separately for each sampling stage and for each cluster.

The 2019 SLDHS included all women age 15-49 in the sample households. Those who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the households the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. The men’s survey was conducted in one-half of the sample households, and all men age 15-59 in these households were included. In this subsample, one eligible woman in each household was randomly selected to be asked additional questions about domestic violence. Similarly, biomarker information was collected only in those households selected for the men’s survey. The biomarkers included in this survey were height and weight for women age 15-49, men age 15-59, and children age 0-59 months; haemoglobin testing for women age 15-49, men age 15-59, and children age 6-59 months; and HIV testing for women age 15-49 and men age 15-59. The survey was successfully carried out in 578 clusters.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Five questionnaires were used for the 2019 SLDHS: The Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, the Biomarker Questionnaire, and the Fieldworker Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s standard Demographic and Health Survey (DHS-7) questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Sierra Leone. Comments were solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. The survey protocol was reviewed and approved by the Sierra Leone Ethics and Scientific Review Committee and the ICF Institutional Review Board. All questionnaires were finalised in English, and the 2019 SLDHS used computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) for data collection.

The Household Questionnaire listed all members of and visitors to selected households. Basic demographic information was collected on each person listed, including age, sex, marital status, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, parents’ survival status was determined. Data on age, sex, and marital status of household members were used to identify women and men who were eligible for individual interviews. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as source of drinking water; type of toilet facilities; materials used for flooring, external walls, and roofing; ownership of various durable goods; and ownership of mosquito nets. In addition, data were gathered on whether iodised salt was present in households.

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all eligible women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics:

• Background characteristics (including age, education, and media exposure)
• Birth history and child mortality
• Knowledge, use, and source of family planning methods
• Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care
• Vaccinations and childhood illnesses
• Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices
• Minimum dietary diversity
• Marriage and sexual activity
• Fertility preferences (including desire for more children and ideal number of children)
• Women’s work and husbands’ background characteristics
• Knowledge, awareness, and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour related to other health issues (e.g., smoking)
• Female genital cutting
• Adult and maternal mortality
• Domestic violence

The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59 in the subsample of households selected for the men’s survey. The Man’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information as the Woman’s Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health.

The Biomarker Questionnaire was used to record the results of anthropometry measurements and other biomarkers for men, women, and children. This questionnaire was administered only to a subsample selected for the men’s survey. All children age 0-59 months, all men age 15-59, and all women age 15-49 were eligible for height and weight measurements. Men age 15-59 and women age 15-49 were also eligible for haemoglobin and HIV testing, and children age 6-59 months were also eligible for haemoglobin testing.

The Fieldworker Questionnaire recorded background information from the interviewers to serve as a tool in conducting analyses of data quality. Each interviewer completed the self-administered questionnaire after the final selection of interviewers and before the fieldworkers entered the field. No personal identifiers were attached to the 2019 SLDHS fieldworkers’ data file.

Cleaning operations

The processing of the 2019 SLDHS data began almost as soon as the fieldwork started. As data collection was completed in each cluster, all electronic data files were transferred via the IFSS to the Stats SL central office in Freetown. These data files were registered and checked for inconsistencies, incompleteness, and outliers. The field teams received alerts on any inconsistencies and errors. Secondary editing, carried out in the central office, involved resolving inconsistencies and coding open-ended questions. The Stats SL data processor coordinated the exercise at the central office. The biomarker

Abstract

The 2019 Nauru mini census was carried out to update statistics on the population and the socio-economic situation of all persons living in private households in Nauru. Furthermore, the data collected in this census will be used as a sampling frame for future surveys that will be conducted in the country.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

Household and Individual.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was developped in English using the World Bank software called Survey Solutions.

The questionnaire is dividied into 4 main sections which are: - Household ID and Building Type: identification of the household; -Person Roster: questions related to household members (=individual characteristics, education, economic activities, disability); -Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock and Aquaculture: questions related to these activities by household members; -Household: questions related to dwelling characteristics (=materials used for the dwelling, water storage).

There are also 3 categories that are for the interviewers' use: -Geographic Information + Photo; -Appendices: interviewer instructions and EA categories; -Legend: legend and structure of information in the questionnaire.

Abstract

The primary objective of the 2006 DHS is to provide to the Department of Health (DOH), Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM) and other relevant institutions and users with updated and reliable data on infant and child mortality, fertility preferences, family planning behavior, maternal mortality, utilization of maternal and child health services, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and behavior, sexually risk behavior and information on the general household amenities. This information contributes to policy planning, monitoring, and program evaluation for development at all levels of government particularly at the national and provincial levels. The information will also be used to assess the performance of government development interventions aimed at addressing the targets set out under the MDG and MTDS. The long-term objective of the survey is to technically strengthen the capacity of the NSO in conducting and analyzing the results of future surveys.

The successful conduct and completion of this survey is a result of the combined effort of individuals and institutions particularly in their participation and cooperation in the Users Advisory Committee (UAC) and the National Steering Committee (NSC) in the different phases of the survey.

The survey was conducted by the Population and Social Statistics Division of the National Statistical Office of PNG. The 2006 DHS was jointly funded by the Government of PNG and Donor Partners through ADB while technical assistance was provided by International Consultants and NSO Philippines.

Geographic coverage

National level Regional level Urban and Rural

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women and men aged 15-50 years resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary focus of the 2006 DHS is to provide estimates of key population and health indicators at the national level. A secondary but important priority is to also provide estimates at the regional level, and for urban and rural areas respectively. The 2006 DHS employed the same survey methodology used in the 1996 DHS. The 2006 DHS sample was a two stage self-weighting systematic cluster sample of regions with the first stage being at the census unit level and the second stage at the household level. The 2000 Census frame comprised of a list of census units was used to select the sample of 10,000 households for the 2006 DHS.

A total of 667 clusters were selected from the four regions. All census units were listed in a geographic order within their districts, and districts within each province and the sample was selected accordingly through the use of appropriate sampling fraction. The distribution of households according to urban-rural sectors was as follows:

8,000 households were allocated to the rural areas of PNG. The proportional allocation was used to allocate the first 4,000 households to regions based on projected citizen household population in 2006. The other 4,000 households were allocated equally across all four regions to ensure that each region have sufficient sample for regional level analysis.

2,000 households were allocated to the urban areas of PNG using proportional allocation based on the 2006 projected urban citizen population. This allocation was to ensure that the most accurate estimates for urban areas are obtained at the national level.

All households in the selected census units were listed in a separate field operation from June to July 2006. From the list of households, 16 households were selected in the rural census units and 12 in the urban census units using systematic sampling. All women and men age 15-50 years who were either usual residents of the selected households or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Further information on the survey design is contained in Appendix A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used in the 2006 DHS namely; the Household Questionnaire (HHQ), the Female Individual Questionnaire (FIQ) and the Male Individual Questionnaire (MIQ). The planning and development of these questionnaires involved close consultation with the UAC members comprising of the following line departments and agencies namely; Department of Health (DOH), Department of Education (DOE), Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM), National Aids Council Secretariat (NACS), Department of Agriculture and Livestock (DAL), Department of Labour and Employment (DLE), University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG), National Research Institute (NRI) and representatives from Development partners.

The HHQ was designed to collect background information for all members of the selected households. This information was used to identify eligible female and male respondents for the respective individual questionnaires. Additional information on household amenities and services, and malaria prevention was also collected.

The FIQ contains questions on respondents background, including marriage and polygyny; birth history, maternal and child health, knowledge and use of contraception, fertility preferences, HIV/AIDS including new modules on sexual risk behaviour and attitudes to issues of well being. All females age 15-50 years identified from the HHQ were eligible for interview using this questionnaire.

The MIQ collected almost the same information as in the FIQ except for birth history. All males age 15-50 years identified from the HHQ were eligible to be interviewed using the MIQ.

Two pre-tests were carried out aimed at testing the flow of the existing and new questions and the administering of the MIQ between March and April 2006. The final questionnaires contained all the modules used in the 1996 DHS including new modules on malaria prevention, sexual risk behaviour and attitudes to issues of well being.

Cleaning operations

All questionnaires from the field were sent to the NSO headquarters in Port Moresby in February 2007 for editing and coding, data entry and data cleaning. Editing was done in 3 stages to enable the creation of clean data files for each province from which the tabulations were generated. Data entry and processing were done using the CSPro software and was completed by October 2008.

Response rate

Table A.2 of the survey report provides a summary of the sample implementation of the 2006 DHS. Despite the recency of the household listing, approximately 7 per cent of households could not be contacted due to prolonged absence or because their dwellings were vacant or had been destroyed. Among the households contacted, a response rate of 97 per cent was achieved. Within the 9,017 households successfully interviewed, a total of 11, 456 women and 11, 463 of men age 15-49 years were eligible to be interviewed. Successful interviews were conducted with 90 per cent of eligible women (10, 353) and 88 per cent of eligible men (10,077). The most common cause of non-response was absence (5 per cent). Among the regions, the rate of success among women was highest in all the regions (92 per cent each) except for Momase region at 86 per cent. The rate of success among men was highest in Highlands and Islands region and lowest in Momase region. The overall response rate, calculated as the product of the household and female individual response rate (.97*.90) was 87 per cent.

Sampling error estimates

Appendix B of the survey report describes the general procedure in the computation of sampling errors of the sample survey estimates generated. It basically follows the procedure adopted in most Demographic and Health Surveys.

Data appraisal

Appendix C explains to the data users the quality of the 2006 DHS. Non-sampling errors are those that occur in surveys and censuses through the following causes: a) Failure to locate the selected household b) Mistakes in the way questions were asked c) Misunderstanding by the interviewer or respondent d) Coding errors e) Data entry errors, etc.

Total eradication of non-sampling errors is impossible however great measures were taken to minimize them as much as possible. These measures included: a) Careful questionnaire design b) Pretesting of survey instruments to guarantee their functionality c) A month of interviewers’ and supervisors’ training d) Careful fieldwork supervision including field visits by NSOHQ personnel e) A swift data processing prior to data entry f ) The use of interactive data entry software to minimize errors

Abstract

The Household Integrated Survey (HIS) in Georgia has been conducted regularly from 1996 and has served to assess the level of consumption-based poverty since then. The HIS represents quarterly panel data. The survey covers 13,404 households over the year. Each month 1/12 of the sample is refreshed (about 228 households are changed in 25 census units).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households;
• Individuals.

Universe

The survey covers all household members, excluding persons fully supported by the state, for example persons staying in homes for the elderly and the disabled, children in public care institutions, prisoners, etc.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The survey consists in quarterly interviewing households in Tbilisi and nine regions of Georgia: 1. Kakheti; 2. Tbilisi; 3. Shida Kartli, including Mtskheta-Mtianeti1; 4. Kvemo Kartli; 5. Mtskheta-Mtianeti; 6. Samtskhe-Javakheti; 7. Adjara; 8. Guria; 9. Samegrelo; 10. Imereti, including Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti.

The 1989 Population Census served as a sampling frame of the household survey untill 2002. A new census was conducted in early 2002, which enabled development of new sampling design. Transiton to the new sampling design began in April 2002.

In the new design of the survey, stratification of each reagion was mainly carried out by settlement type and settlement altitude. Three types of settled areas according to the structure of employment and incomes were identified: (a) large cities (with population over 50,000); (b) small cities (with population under 50,000); and (c) villages. By altitude, the settlements can be divided into two groups: (1) highland settled areas; and (2) lowland settled areas.

The households are selected according to the same principle as in the old design, but using information from 2002 Population Census.

1. In each stratum, census units are selected with probability proportional to the number of households in census units.
2. The selected census units are actualized. Namely, the household list in a selected census unit is given to an interviewer who determines the changes that have occurred since the last population census (by visiting all households in the unit) and records the existing situation (i.e., whether the address indicated in the list exists or not, whether the dwelling on the indicated address is being used for living, who lives in the indicated address; he/she also enumerates all new dwellings built in the census unit territory from the last census).
3. Households are selected from actualized list according to systematic random sampling method.
4. After the selected households are interviewed four times (once in quarter), they are replaced by households which are next in the list.
5. After all households in census unit participate in the survey, this census unit is replaced by another census unit selected randomly from the same stratum.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire consists of eight sections:

• Shinda01: general information about living conditions, housing, durables, etc. This section remained unchanged since the household survey was introduced in 1996.

• Shinda02: household composition. This section also remained unchanged since the survey inception.

• Shinda03: diary expenditure form. This section includes all diary expenditures during one week and it is filled out four times during the households' period of survey.

• Shinda04: quarterly expenditures and agricultural activity form. This section covers quarterly expenditures on durables, energy supplies, health care, education, and other services. The questionnaire also collects information about harvest and processing of agricultural products produced by the household, sale and income from selling these products. The questionnaire is filled out four times, simultaneously with diary expenditures form. This section also features "reminder questions", which help households remember their expenditures.

• Shinda05: Information about public and private transfers, as well as on changes in household financial and demographic conditions is collected in the section. The substance of the questions was not changed; however their phrasing was adjusted to make them more understandable for respondents.

• Shinda05-1: includes information on employment and incomes from employment of adult household members.

• Shinda07: refusal form. This section covers information on non-response or non-eligibility. This form helps correct the weights before data processing.

• Shinda09: monitoring of poverty in Georgia.

"Shinda" is a Georgian abbreviation for "observation of households."

Abstract

The 2018 Tonga National Disabiltiy Survey was conducted jointly by the Tonga Department of Statistics (TDS) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Social Protection and Disability. It is the first population-based comprehensive disability survey in the country. Funding was provided through number of bodies including UNICEF, DFAT and Tonga Government. The Pacific Community provided technical supports through out different stages of the survey.

The main purpose of the survey is to desctibe demographic, social and economic characteristics of persons with disabilities and detemine the prevalence by type of disability in Tonga, and thus help the government and decision makers in formulating more suitable national plans and policies relevant to persons with disabilities.

The other objectives of the Disability survey were collect data that would determine but not limited to the following: a. Disability prevalence rate at the national, urban and rural based on the Washington Group recommendations; b. degree of activity limitations and participation restrictions and societal activities for persons with disability: c. ascertain the specific vulnerabilities that children and adults with disability face in Tonga d. establish the accessibility of health and social services for persons with disability in Tonga e. generate data that guides the development of policies and strategies that ensure equity and opportunities for children and adults with disabilities.

An additional module was included to collect information on people's perception/experiences of service delivery of Goverment to the public.

Geographic coverage

National and island division coverage.

There are six statistical regions known as Divisions in Tonga namely Tongatapu urban area, Tongatapu rural area, Vava'u, Ha'apai, Eua and the Niuas.Tongatapu Urban refers to the capital Nuku'alofa is the urban area while the other five divisions are rural areas. Each Division is subdivided into political districts, each district into villages and each village into census enumeration areas known as Census Blocks.

Analysis unit

• Individuals
• Households.

Universe

The survey covers all usual residents of selected households, all children 2-17 years and adults 18 years and above and undertake comparisons between persons with and without disability.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLE SIZE: the total number of households to interview approximates 5,500 households based on the budget allocation available

SELECTION PROCESS: the selection of the sample is based on different steps (see previous section)

Stratification: this sample design is a stratified multi stage random survey. Stratification happened based on the disability status of the households and their geographical residence.

STAGES OF SELECTION: - the first stage of selection focussed on the selection of Enumeration Areas or Census Blocks as Primary Sampling Unit for households with disability. In total 334 PSUs have to be selected in order to cover the expected sample size. - the stage 2 of the selection concerns only the households with no disability as all households with disability from the selected EA are selected for interview

Level of representation: The survey will provide a comparison of the status between households with and without disability at the island group level.

REPLACEMENT: All non-response have been replaced according to the disability status of the household. Disable households that had to be replaced were replaced by another household with disability from the closest block.

SAMPLING FRAME: The sampling frame used was the 2016 population census. No additional listing were conducted.

The Sampling strategy is designed consistently with the purpose of the survey. The purpose of the 2018 Tonga Disability Survey is not to estimate the prevalence of disability in Tonga, which has been done on a very accurate way in the 2016 Population Census, but to compare the situation of the household with disability with the situation of households with not disability across the 6 geographical zones of Tonga.

The sampling strategy of the 2018 Tonga Disability Survey is based on 2 stages stratified random sample.

The stratification carried out in this survey is based on the disability status of the household: - strata 1: households who declared at least 1 member in disability (according to Washington Group list of question) - strata 2: households who did not report any disability member

The sampling frame used in this survey is the 2016 National Population Census that included the set of question on disability (from the Washington Group). In addition to the first set of stratification, the geographical breakdown of Tonga (by 6 island groups) has to be taken into consideration.

The overall idea is to equally split the total sample in both strata (1 & 2), which has been allocated to approximatively 5,500 households.

A replacement procedure is implemented in case of non -response.

The first step is to identify the households with disability from the population census. Households with disability are the households who reported at least 1 member as disable according to the 6functionning domains recommended by the Washington Group (see, hear, walk, remember, self-care, communicate).

In the strata 1, the sample distribution of approximatively 2,750 households was allocated using the square roots distribution of households across the 6 island groups. The next step consists in determining the number of blocks (Enumeration Areas) to select as Primary Sampling Unit. Again, by getting from the census frame the average number of households with disability in each block by island group will generate the number of blocks to select as PSU. Within each selected block, all households with disability will be selected for interview.

The strategy for strata 2 (non disable households) is to use the same blocks that have been selected for households in strata 1 and interview within those blocks the same number of households as strata 1.

Here is the final sample - after selection: Tongatapu urban: 1336
Tongatapu rural: 1884
Vava'u: 1060
Ha'apai: 550
Eua: 352
Niua: 54
TOTAL: 334

EA SELECTION (Primary Sampling Units labelled as blocks in the 2016 Tonga census): The EA were selected using probability proportional to size (size means number of households with disability within the EA). Within all selected EAs, all households with disability are selected for interview, and the same number of household with no disability. Households with no disability to interview in the EA were randomly selected, using uniform probability of selection.

Sampling deviation

Deviation from the original sampling plan was observed due to challenges in the field: The main fieldwork challenge was to trace the selected households (that were selected from the 2016 census frame) especially after cyclone Gita that hit Tonga before the field operation. Geography and composition of households have changed (and the household listing was not updated).

Under those circumstances, the total number of households interviewed has changed. Here is the percentage of modification between the original sampling plan and the survey achievements for each of the 2 stratas:

-STRATA 1: Tongatapu urban: 5% Tongatapu rural: 3% Vava'u: 6% Ha'apai: 0% Eua: -10% Niua: 103% Total: 4%

-STRATA 2 Tongatapu urban: 6% Tongatapu rural: 5% Vava'u: 2% Ha'apai: 1% Eua: 1% Niua: 133% Total: 5%.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Tonga Disability Survey 2018 used the CAPI system for the interview. However, the questionnaire was developed manually using excel and word software. The questionnaire was then converted to the CAPI using the Survey Solutions software. The questionnaire has two parts - the household and personal questions.

The Household questionnaire containing questions asking about characteristics of all household members of and about the household characteristics. It contains the following parts: · Household schedule/roster - listing all members and recording other social and economic information · Household characteristics - ask about household structure, characteristics, goods, assets and income.

The Personal questionnaire contains questions asking about child functioning among young children (aged 2-4 years) and older children (aged 5-17 years). Questions on adult functioning are also asked of adult aged 18 years and above. The personal questionnaire includes the following sections: · Young Child functioning for children aged 2-4 years old · Older child functioning for children aged 5-17 years old · Adult functioning for persons aged 18 years and older · Tools and service (2 years and above) · Needs and availability (2 years and above) · Transport (2 years and above) · Health care and support (5 years and above) · Education (5 years and above) · Employment and income (15 years and above) · Participation and accessibility (15 years and above) · Other social issues (18 years and above).

The development of the questionnaire went through several consultations and review from key partners and stakeholders within and outside Tonga including Tonga National Statistics Office, Non disability and disability offices in Tonga, UNICEF, WG, PDF, UNESCAP and SPC. Though the questionnaire was originally developped in English, it was also translated to Tongan local language. The first draft of the questionnaire was tested during the Pilot training and fieldwork. The questionnaire is provided as an external resource.

The draft questionnaire was pre-tested during

Abstract

The conceptual framework used in this second labour force survey in Samoa aligns closely with the standards and guidelines set out in Resolutions of International Conferences of Labour Statistician

The 2017 Samoa Labour Force Survey was conducted as a joint exercise between the Samoa Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour and was co-funded by the International Labour Organization and the Trade, Commerce and Manufacturing (TCM) Sector Coordinating Unit of MCIL. Furthermore, the 2017 Samoa Labour Force Survey was implemented simultaneously with the 2017 Samoa School to Work Transition Survey as the two surveys are closely inter-related.

This is the first time ever that the Samoa Bureau of Statistics has used CAPI (computer aided personal interview) where tablets were used to record answers out on the field

Geographic coverage

National

There are four statistical regions in SAMOA namely Apia urban area (AUA), North West Upolu (NWU), Rest of Upolu (RoU) and Savaii. AUA is the urban area while the other three regions are rural areas. Each region is subdivided into political districts, each district into villages and each village into census enumeration areas (EA). The sample for the 2017 Labour Force Survey (LFS) was designed to cover at least 3000 employed population aged 15years and over from all the four regions. This was made mainly to have sufficient cases to provide information on the employed population.

Analysis unit

Individual. Households were targeted during the actual field work where all those aged 15 years and above were interviewed.

Universe

Households were targeted during the actual field work where all those aged 15 years and above were interviewed therefore, information recorded were collected at the household level.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2017 Labour Force Survey (LFS) sample was drawn from the master sample frame of Household Listing from the most recent Population and Housing Census, 2016. In the 2017 LFS, a representative probability sample of households was selected in two stages. The first stage involved the selection of clusters or primary sampling units using probability proportional to size (PPS) resulting in a total of 259 clusters of which 67 clusters were selected from AUA, 95 in NWU, 49 in ROU and 48 in Savaii. In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 10 households were selected systematically from the AUA clusters and a fixed number of 12 households were selected from the NWU region and 15 for the other two rural regions namely RoU and Savaii, due to the higher transportation costs in those regions. This resulted in a total of 670 selected households in AUA, 1140 in NWU, 735 in ROU and 720 in Savaii.

During the LFS, in each of the selected households, all persons in the household were interviewed hence the weighting was based on the responding households in the sample (household weights).

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The 2017 Samoa Labour Force Survey questionnaire was similar to the one used in the 2012 Labour Force Survey, with some changes to the questionnaire provided by the ILO. To maintain international comparability, most of the questions were retained such as current activities, characteristics of the main activity and hours of work. However, some questions were modified and altered so that they fit into the local context, such as the classification of education and the participation in the production of goods used by own household.

The twelve sections of the LFS questionnaire were divided into two parts where the first part was designed to obtain data on household characteristics and composition. The following ten sections were designed to collect data on those aged 15 years and above on literacy and education, training, employment, characteristics of the main job/ activity, hours of work, job search, previous work experience, occupational injuries, main activity and own use production. The last section was designed to obtain information on youth school-to-work transition, which was designed in a separate questionnaire in 2012.

The draft questionnaire was pre tested during the supervisors training and during the enumerators training and it was finally tested during the pilot test. The questionnaire was revised rigorously in accordance to the feedback received from each test. At the same time, a field operations manual for supervisors and enumerators was prepared and modified accordingly for field operators to use as a reference during the field work.

Abstract

The 2007 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey (LDHS) was carried out from late December 2006 to April 2007, using a nationally representative sample of over 7,000 households. All women and men age 15-49 years in these households were eligible to be individually interviewed and were asked to provide a blood sample for HIV testing. The blood samples were dried and carried to the National Laboratory of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW) on the JFK Hospital compound in Monrovia where they were tested for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

The 2007 LDHS was designed to provide data to monitor the population and health situation in Liberia. Specifically, the LDHS collected information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, domestic violence, and awareness and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The LDHS sample was designed to produce most of the key indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for Monrovia and each of five regions that were formed by grouping the 15 counties. The regional groups are as follows: 1 Greater Monrovia
2 North Western: Bomi, Grand Cape Mount, Gbarpolu
3 South Central: Montserrado (outside Monrovia), Margibi, Grand Bassa
4 Southeastern A: River Cess, Sinoe, Grand Gedeh
5 Southeastern B: Rivergee, Grand Kru, Maryland
6 North Central: Bong, Nimba, Lofa

Thus the sample was not spread geographically in proportion to the population, but rather more or less equally across the regions. As a result, the LDHS sample is not self-weighting at the national level and sample weighting factors have been applied to the survey records in order to bring them into proportion.

The survey utilised a two-stage sample design. The first stage involved selecting 300 sample points or clusters from the list of 4,602 enumeration areas (EAs) covered in the 1984 Population Census. This sampling 'frame' is more than 20 years old and in the intervening years Liberia has experienced a civil war and considerable population change. Many people left the country altogether, others lost their lives, while others moved within the country. For example, some households in rural areas relocated into larger villages in order to be better protected. New communities were established, while existing ones had expanded or contracted or even disappeared. Furthermore, as urban areas-especially Monrovia-expanded, some EAs that were previously considered rural may have become urban, but this will not be reflected in the sample frame. Taking all these factors into account, it is obvious that the 1984 census frame is not ideal to be used as sampling frame; however, it is still the only national frame which covers the whole country.

LISGIS conducted a fresh listing of the households residing in the selected sample points, along with identifying the geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the center of each cluster (GPS coding). The listing was conducted from March to May 2006. The second stage of selection involved the systematic sampling of 25 of the households listed in each cluster. It later turned out that there was a problem with the sample frame for Monrovia that resulted in two areas being erroneously oversampled. To correct this error, two clusters were dropped altogether, while five others were replaced in order to provide more balance in the selection. Thus the survey covered a total of 298 clusters-114 urban and 184 rural.

All women and men aged 15-49 years who were either permanent residents of the households in the sample or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed in the survey and to give a few drops of blood for HIV testing.

Note: See detailed description of the sample design in Appendix A of the survey final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three questionnaires—a Household Questionnaire, a Women’s Questionnaire, and a Men’s Questionnaire—were used in the survey. The contents of these questionnaires were based on model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS program.

In consultation with a group of stakeholders, LISGIS and Macro staff modified the DHS model questionnaires to reflect relevant issues in population, family planning, HIV/AIDS, and other health issues in Liberia. Given that there are dozens of local languages in Liberia, most of which have no accepted written script and are not taught in the schools, and given that English is widely spoken, it was decided not to attempt to translate the questionnaires into vernaculars. However, many of the questions were broken down into a simpler form of Liberian English that interviewers could use with respondents.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor and roof of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets. In addition, this questionnaire was also used to record height and weight measurements of women age 15-49 years and of children under the age of 5 years and women’s and men’s consent to volunteer to give blood samples. The HIV testing procedures are described in detail in the next section.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49 years and covered the following topics: - Background characteristics (education, residential history, media exposure, etc.) - Reproductive history and child mortality - Knowledge and use of family planning methods - Fertility preferences - Prenatal and delivery care - Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices - Vaccinations and childhood illnesses - Marriage and sexual activity - Woman’s work and husband’s background characteristics - Infant and child feeding practices - Awareness and behavior about HIV/AIDS and other STIs - Adult mortality including maternal mortality.

The Women’s Questionnaire also included a series of questions to obtain information on women’s experience of domestic violence. These questions were administered to one woman per household. In households with two or more eligible women, special procedures were followed in order to ensure that there was random selection of the woman to be interviewed and that these questions were administered in privacy.

The Men’s Questionnaire collected similar information contained in the Woman’s Questionnaire, but was shorter because it did not contain questions on reproductive history, maternal and child health, nutrition, maternal mortality, or domestic violence.

All aspects of the LDHS data collection were pretested in July 2006. For the pretest, LISGIS recruited 19 people to attend the training, most of whom were LISGIS staff with a few from other organizations involved in the survey, e.g., the NACP. Training was held at the Liberia Bible Society for 11 days from June 20 through July 1. Twelve of the 19 participants were selected to implement the pretest interviewing. Two teams were formed for the pretest, each with one supervisor, three female interviewers. and two male interviewers. Each team covered one rural and one urban EA. Because the work was being done during the period of heavy rainfall, the rural areas selected were off a main paved road, about 1-2 hours’ drive from Monrovia, and the urban areas were both in Monrovia itself. Pretest interviewing took six days, from July 4 through July 9. In total, the teams completed interviews with 95 households, 82 women and 60 men, and collected 118 blood samples. The pretest resulted in deleting some questions and making modifications in others.

Response rate

A total of 7,471 households were selected in the sample, of which 7,021 were found occupied at the time of the fieldwork. The shortfall is largely due to households that were away for an extended period of time and structures that were found to be vacant or destroyed. Of the existing households, 6,824 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 97 percent.

In the households interviewed in the survey, a total of 7,448 eligible women were identified, of whom 7,092 were successfully interviewed yielding a response rate of 95 percent. With regard to the male survey results, 6,476 eligible men were identified, of whom 6,009 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 93 percent. The response rates are lower in the urban than rural sample, especially for men.

The principal reason for non-response among both eligible men and women was the failure to find individuals at home despite repeated visits to the household, followed by refusal to be interviewed. The substantially lower response rate for men reflects the more frequent and longer absence of men from the