The purpose of the Project on Policing Neighborhoods (POPN) was to provide an in-depth description of how the police and the community interact with each other in a community policing (CP) environment. Research was conducted in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1996 and in St. Petersburg, Florida, in 1997. Several research methods were employed: systematic observation of patrol officers (Parts 1-4) and patrol supervisors (Parts 5-14), in-person interviews with patrol officers (Part 15) and supervisors (Parts 16-17), and telephone surveys of residents in selected neighborhoods (Part 18). Field researchers accompanied their assigned patrol or supervising officer during all activities and encounters with the public during the shift. Field researchers noted when various activities and encounters with the public occurred during these "ride-alongs," who was involved, and what happened. In the resulting data files coded observation data are provided at the ride level, the activity level (actions that did not involve interactions with citizens), the encounter level (events in which officers interacted with citizens), and the citizen level. In addition to encounters with citizens, supervisors also engaged in encounters with patrol officers. Patrol officers and patrol supervisors in both Indianapolis and St. Petersburg were interviewed one-on-one in a private interviewing room during their regular work shifts. Citizens in the POPN study beats were randomly selected for telephone surveys to determine their views about problems in their neighborhoods and other community issues. Administrative records were used to create site identification data (Part 19) and data on staffing (Part 20). This data collection also includes data compiled from census records, aggregated to the beat level for each site (Part 21). Census data were also used to produce district populations for both sites (Part 22). Citizen data were aggregated to the encounter level to produce counts of various citizen role categories and characteristics and characteristics of the encounter between the patrol officer and citizens in the various encounters (Part 23). Ride-level data (Parts 1, 5, and 10) contain information about characteristics of the ride, including start and end times, officer identification, type of unit, and beat assignment. Activity data (Parts 2, 6, and 11) include type of activity, where and when the activity took place, who was present, and how the officer was notified. Encounter data (Parts 3, 7, and 12) contain descriptive information on encounters similar to the activity data (i.e., location, initiation of encounter). Citizen data (Parts 4, 8, and 13) provide citizen characteristics, citizen behavior, and police behavior toward citizens. Similarly, officer data from the supervisor observations (Parts 9 and 14) include characteristics of the supervising officer and the nature of the interaction between the officers. Both the patrol officer and supervisor interview data (Parts 15-17) include the officers' demographics, training and knowledge, experience, perceptions of their beats and organizational environment, and beliefs about the police role. The patrol officer data also provide the officers' perceptions of their supervisors while the supervisor data describe supervisors' perceptions of their subordinates, as well as their views about their roles, power, and priorities as supervisors. Data from surveyed citizens (Part 18) provide information about their neighborhoods, including years in the neighborhood, distance to various places in the neighborhood, neighborhood problems and effectiveness of police response to those problems, citizen knowledge of, or interactions with, the police, satisfaction with police services, and friends and relatives in the neighborhood. Citizen demographics and geographic and weight variables are also included. Site identification variables (Part 19) include ride and encounter numbers, site beat (site, district, and beat or community policing areas [CPA]), and sector. Staffing variables (Part 20) include district, shift, and staffing levels for various shifts. Census data (Part 21) include neighborhood, index of socioeconomic distress, total population, and total white population. District population variables (Part 22) include district and population of district. The aggregated citizen data (Part 23) provide the ride and encounter numbers, number of citizens in the encounter, counts of citizens by their various roles, and by sex, age, race, wealth, if known by the police, under the influence of alcohol or drugs, physically injured, had a weapon, or assaulted the police, counts by type of encounter, and counts of police and citizen actions during the encounter.

Abstract

Geostat conducted Census of Agriculture 2014 in accordance with the World Programme of Agricultural Censuses 2006-2015 recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The census was based on the FAO methodology. Statistics experts of FAO and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) were actively engaged at every stage of the census process. At the first stage, in November 2014, together with Population Census there was conducted Census of Agriculture for households. In addition to this, in spring 2015 there was conducted Census of Agriculture for legal entities. As a result, the census covered all agricultural holdings in the country (on the territory controlled by the Government of Georgia) – all households and legal entities, who, as of October 1, 2014, were owning or temporarily operating agricultural land, livestock, poultry, beehive or permanent crop (agricultural), regardless the fact whether there was produced any kind of agricultural product or not during the reference year. The census provided diverse information about agriculture of Georgia such is structure and use of land operated by holdings, livestock, poultry and beehive numbers.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households

Universe

The main statistical unit was the agricultural holding, defined as an economic unit engaged in agricultural production under single management without regard to size and legal status. An economic unit that operates agricultural land or permanent crop trees, but that during the reference year has no agricultural production, is also considered an agricultural holding. As the AC 2014 data collection for the agricultural holdings in the household sector was carried out jointly with the GPC, the common statistical unit was the agricultural production household. Two types of agricultural holdings were distinguished: family holdings and agricultural enterprises.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

(a) Frame In 2013, Geostat conducted preliminary fieldwork to establish the list of dwellings and households existing in Georgia. The information received from the preliminary fieldwork was used to update and finalize the census frame for data collection. For agricultural enterprises, to ensure full coverage of the list of potential agricultural enterprises, all existing reliable sources in the country were used.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

One questionnaire was used for the AC 2014 data collection, in both paper and electronic format covering:

• Household roster
• Number of Holdings
• Structure of the Land Operated by Holdings
• Agricultural Land and Its Use
• Arable Land
• Permanent Crops
• Orchards
• Vineyards
• Livestock and Poultry

The AC 2014 questionnaire covered 15 of the 16 core items recommended for the WCA 2010 round. The following item was not covered: "Other economic production activities of the holding's enterprise".

Cleaning operations

(a) DATA PROCESSING AND ARCHIVING For several months after the census enumeration, approximately 300 people worked on the digitalization of census data. They were permanently supervised by IT and other technical staff. In parallel, digitized questionnaires were compared with paper questionnaires by editors. Finally, data were cleaned by the appropriate division at the central office of Geostat. The data cleaning process used several methods. Data relating to large holdings were verified by telephone calls. In addition, different reliable sources (registers) were used to fill in missing data. Furthermore, donor imputation was used to fill in the missing values. For tabulation, a special software was prepared by Geostat. Geostat implemented a microdata archiving system to save the census data.

(b) CENSUS DATA QUALITY Geostat conducted a PES to assess the quality of the AC. During the fieldwork, Geostat used a six-level control system, which involved the following categories of census staff: field work coordinator, regional coordinator, municipal supervisor, sector supervisor, instructor-coordinator and enumerator.

Agrcultural Census: Family labour: days worked by spouse who is operation manager. National. Family labour: days worked by spouse who is operation manager.

Abstract

The ancient history of Nepal is assumed to have begun in 750 B.C. and ended in 250 A.D. During that period Kirats ruled the country. But no written record of this is available. Early history of Nepal had witnessed the establishment of a number of beleaguered dynasties and principalities scattered in the fertile valleys of Kathmandu and Pokhara and in the river basins of the Karnali and the Gandaki. Although some others dynasties survived for a short period of time, others ruled for centuries. The Lichhavi dynasty, for instance, lasted over four centuries (464-879 A.D.). Another great dynasty-the Malla-Dynasty-had established itself in Kathmandu valley around the 13th century, and lasted over five hundred years.The divided and hostile principalities and kingdoms were finally consolidated in 1769 under king Prithivi Narayan Shah and his successors to become the modern nation of Nepal. Socially and economically, however, the modern era in Nepal's history has started with the revival of the national aspirations of the poor countries in Asia after the Second World War. These aspirations were mainly concerned with acquiring independence, and emancipation from the perpetual state of ignorance, poverty and political stress. Failing to democratize the regime and to bring about educational, social and economic reforms in the country, the Rana Regime was finally thrown out by the joint efforts of the King and people of Nepal in 1951. Within the frame of the open policy with other nations, Nepal has been able to implement four economic development plans, with the cooperation of several countries and International Agencies. The fifth economic development plan (1975-80) has placed special priority on agricultural development as infrastructure for future industrial development and also has laid emphasis on industrialization of the country than the previous plans.

The objectives of the 1981 Population Census were:

1. to provide data for small administrative areas of the country on population, housing and household facilities,
2. to provide sex disaggregated data of the population and other variables related to households, demographic, social and economic conditions of the country, and
3. to provide detailed information on women, children, the aged and the disabled.
4. to determine the prevailing trends and characteristics of population change, namely, age structure, mortality, fertility, education and labour force.

The 1981 census contained the following itemsas the content of the census;

Individual Questionnaire : Name of the family members, Relation with household head, Sex, Age, Birth place, Citizenship, Mother tongue, Religion, Educational attainment, Marital Status, Economic activities, Profession

Household Questionnaire : Name of the household head, Number of present members of the households- total, male, female, Number of absentee members of the households- total, male, female, Place of absentee and reason of leaving, Numer of deaths in the households in the past 12 months-male and female, Physical and mental disabalities, Number of radios in the households, Economic activities(agriculture and cottage industries).

Geographic coverage

National Coverage Zone Districts Town/ Village Panchayat

Analysis unit

Individual and Household

Universe

The census covered all de jure household members (usual residents) in private households.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

Not applicable to complete enumeration.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The census questionnaire is the ultimate field document from which all data are compiled. Needless to say that the simpler is the questionnaire designed the greater will be the level of accuracy and easier the counting procedures and coding and editing of the items. The questionnaire used in 1981 census was pre-coded. The purpose of pre-coding was initially to minimize the answers to be written so that further editing and coding processes would also be minimized.

Individual Questionnaire : The individual characteristics questionnaire was more comprehensive in 1981 than in 1971.The items asked in individual schedule in 1981 census are, 1. Zone 2. District 3. Urban/Village Panchyat 4. Ward no. 5. House no. 6. Households serial number 7. Enumerators name 8.Enumeration date 9. Supervisor`s name and signature 10. Name of the family members 11. Relation with household head 12. Sex 13. Age 14. Birth place 15. Citizenship 16.Mother tongue 17.Religion 18. Educational attainment 19. Marital Status 20.Economic activities 21.Profession

Household Questionnaire : The household characteristics questionnaire was aslo more comprehensive in 1981 than in 1971.The items asked in household schedule in 1981 census are, 1. Zone 2. District 3. Urban/Village Panchyat 4. Ward no. 5. House no. 6. Households serial number 7. Enumerators name 8. Enumeration date 9. Supervisor`s name and signature 10. Name of the household head 11. Number of present members of the households- total, male, female 12.Number of absentee members of the households- total, male, female 13. Place of absentee and reason of leaving 14. Numer of deaths in the households in the past 12 months-male and female 15. Physical and mental disabalities 16. Number of radios in the households 17. Economic activities(agriculture and cottage industries) 18. Signature of the respondents

In order to simplify the job of editing and coding many of the items both in household and individual schedules were preceded. But there are some unavoidable problems with preceded answers. First, they make the questionnaires too long and unwieldy. This has what exactly happened with the 1981 questionnaires. One questionnaire is 21" long and 15.5" wide which is certainly too clumsy to carry around and complete. Secondly, in pre-coded questions the respondent is given a limited number of answers from which to choose which can often conceal information. Finally, once a tick has been put on the preceded answer there would be no way to check whether the interviewer did it correctly or not. It is, of course, necessary to have some answers preceded such as, “yes” or “No” type answers and some multiple choice responses but not at the cost of limiting response categories.

Cleaning operations

A primary check on major inconsistencies was done by the field supervisors on the spot in order to tally the household schedule with the census questionnaire. The completed schedules were then returned to the headquarters from the field where Further editing and coding procedures were completed by the supervisors. It was expected that a considerable proportion of unknown category will come about particularly regarding age, economic status, and other items. Regarding age some method was elaborated in pointing out a direct relationship between age and certain major events occurringduring the last six or seven decades from which the enumerator, if the respondent fails to estimate his age, could deduce the respondent 's approximate age. It was thought that this method would ultimately give a better estimate of ages, instead of obtaining a very big category of unknown ages. Admittedly, this procedure had, to some extent given the enumerator, the liberty to estimate the respondent's age within the limits of a wide range, particularly, adult ages.The cedited schedules were then sent for coding operation. For coding 20 supervisors and 200 coders were employed. The job was completed in less than 9 months.

Sampling error estimates

Not applicable to a complete enumeration.

Abstract

The PHC 2006 provides a population count of all people that resided in Samoa on the 6th of November, 2006. It collected a range of socio-economic and demographic information pertaining to household members and their associated housing facilities and household status. The information were used to develop statistical indicators to support national plannning and policy-making and also to monitor MDG indicators and all other related conventions. This included population growth rates, educational attainment, employment rates, fertility rates, mortality rates, internal movements, household access to water supply, electricity, sanitation, and many other information. The full report is available at SBS website: http://www.sbs.gov.ws under the section on Publications and Reports.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Private households Institution households Individuals Women 15-49 Housing facilities

Universe

The PHC covered all de facto household members, institutional households such as boarding schools, hospitals, prison inmates, expatriats residing in Samoa for more than 3 months and also all women 15-49 years .The PHC excluded tourists visiting Samoa and Samoans living overseas.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

Not applicable to census-undertaking

Sampling deviation

Not applicable to census-undertaking

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The PHC 2006 questionnaire was developed on the basis of the PHC 2001 with some modifications and additions. The Questionnaire has separate A-3 page for the Population questionnaire and a separate A4 page for the Housing questionnaire.

A Population questionnaire was administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including age, sex, citizenship, ethnicity, orphanhood, marital status, matai status, disability, language of communication, residence (birth, usual, previous), religion, education and employment.

In the Population questionnaire, a special section was administered in each household for women age 15-49, which also asked information on their children ever born still living, died or living somewhere else. Mothers of children under one year were also asked whether they have immunized their babies for measles and rubella.

The Housing questionnaire was also administered in each household which collected information on the types of building the household lived, floor materials, wall materials, roof materials, land tenure, house tenure, water supply, drinking water, lighting, cooking fuel, waste disposal, toilet facility, telephone, computer, internet, cell phones, homezone phone, refrigerator, radio, television, play-station or kidz video games, vehicle, and also the household three main sources of income.

In the Housing questionnaire, a special section was designed to capture household deaths and maternal deaths between November 2004-2006 including the deceased's sex, age at death, and ,the main cause of death.

Cleaning operations

how to edit on field and in the office to data processing

Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including: a) Office editing and coding b) During data entry c) Structure checking and completeness d) Secondary editing e) Structural checking of SPSS data files Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the "Data processing guidelines" document provided as an external resource.

At SBS, a team of Office editors was responsible for reviewing each completed questionnaire that came into the office and checking for missed questions, skip errors, fields incorrectly completed, and checking for inconsistencies in the data. In problematic EA, the Office editors liased with the ACEO:Census-Survey and recommended re-enumeration in areas where coverage was not good or quality of the questionnaire was poor. In 2006, the re-enumeration was carried out in some of the villages in the Apia urban region and some areas of Vaitele mainly due to the unavailability of household members during the allocated enumeration period, and, also due to poor quality of data collection.

On the other hand, the good completed questionnaires were passed on by the Office editors to the Office coders who then performed their coding processes of all the questionnaires in a sequential order. After each questionnaire is coded, the Office coders recorded their dates of completion and then passed on the coded questionnaires to the Data processing team for their controls and data entry processes.

The Data processing team is lead by the Computer Manager and Programmer who also works closely with the ACEO Census-Surveys in monitoring the flow of work. The Computer Manager/Programmer designed the data entry and editing programs, conducted the data entry training and then monitored the data entry and made progress reports. Any problems relating to coding at the data entry will be reported to the ACEO Census-Surveys for improvement.

The Computer Manager/Programmer ran data structural checkings and monitored completeness of data entries. Data verfication had also been closely monitored and double data entry was made at 50%. The ACEO Census-Surveys produced the Tabulation plan in which the Computer Programmer also used to monitor structural checks and data quality.

Any detalied information can be asked directly to the Computer Progammer/Manager of SBS or check into our website at http://www.sbs.gov.ws

Response rate

Not applicable to census-undertaking

Sampling error estimates

Not applicable to census-undertaking

Abstract

The National Statistical Office conducted the Fifth Agricultural Census in 2003 in order to collect the data on structure of agriculture obtained from the agricultural holdings throughout the country.

The objectives of the Agricultural Census were as follows: 1. To collect data on agricultural structures such as number and area of holdings, land use, land tenure, planted area of crops, number of inland fishery establishments, water area under fresh water culture, number of livestock, the use of fertilizer and pesticide, machinery and equipment, etc. 2. To provide data for small administrative units. 3. To provide a frame for other agricultural surveys. 4. To study changes of agricultural structures in 10 years.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Agricultural household (holder)
• Agricultural holding

1. Holding: A holding is an economic unit of agricultural production (cultivating crops, rearing livestock and culturing fresh water) under single management comprising all livestock kept and all land used wholly or partly for agricultural production purposes, without regard to title or legal form. The holding's land may consist of one or more parcels, located in one or more separate areas of the same province. The holding area includes farmyard, land occupied by farm buildings and holder's house located on the holding.
2. Holder: A holder refers to a civil or juridical person who exercises management control and takes major decisions over the agricultural holding operation. The holder has technical and economic responsibility for the holding and may undertake all responsibilities directly, or delegate responsibilities to a hired manager. A hired manager participating in economic and financial responsibilities in addition to managing the holding is considered a holder.
3. Area of Holding: Area of holding is the combined area of all the holding's parcels in the province, including land owned by the holder, rented from others and land under other tenure forms. (Land owned by the holder but rented to others are excluded).

Universe

The census covered the whole country: all holdings cultivating crops, rearing livestock and culturing fresh waters, were covered.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

A Stratified Two - Stage Sampling was adopted for the advanced report. Regions were constituted strata. The primary and secondary sampling units were enumeration districts and holdings respectively. 1) Stratification Group of provinces in each region were constituted strata. There were altogether 4 strata, i.e., Central, North, Northeast and South .

2) Selection of Primary Sampling Unit A number of sample enumeration districts were selected systematically in each stratum with a sampling fraction of 1 in 5. The total number of sample enumeration districts was 4,581 from 22,950

3) Selection of Secondary Sampling Unit Holdings were ultimate sampling units. Data of every holdings enumerated with the long form in every sample enumeration district were proceeded. Then these sample holdings were selected systematically with a sampling fraction of 1 in 5.

The overall sampling fraction was 1 in 100 .

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Agricultural Census data was collected using a questionnaire that consists of 15 sections.

Agrcultural Census: Family labour: days worked by the owner who is the operation manager. National. Family labour: days worked by the owner who is the operation manager.

Abstract

1. As well as in the implementation of the 1980 population census, has gathered data on potential village. So along with the implementation of the Agricultural Census (ST '83), will be collected also data 1983 Village Potential. Given the growth potential of the data in the field of Agriculture and Rural Agro Industries, the creative potential of the Village 1983 checklist in some ways changes and additions, especially in the matter relating to the Agricultural Census of 1983 so the results can be used as a correction factor results of the Census of Agriculture 1983. On the other hand, the data collected Village Potential will be very useful for development planning at the village level / village and for the national interest.

2. Potential structural information than the village that will be collected includes the status of Village / Village, Classification Village / Village, and Geographic Location of Rural / Village, General Remarks Village / Village, Education Facilities, Health Facilities, Recreation, Social Work, Tenure and Land Use, Resources in the field of Agriculture, Agriculture Business, Agriculture and Fisheries, Agriculture and Infrastructure Tool Marketing, Warehousing and Industrial Business Household / Crafts, Business Transportation and other business outside of the Agriculture and Industry, and Information and Communications Facilities Finance and Rural Development / wards.

3. 1983 Village Potential enumeration conducted in conjunction with the implementation of the Agricultural Census 1983 and for The next census will be done again every three years in accordance with the program of activities that have been carried out by the Central Bureau of Statistics.

4. Keteranga-value information generated from the Village Potential Enumeration will be highly dependent on the skills and determination of the officers Agricultural Census 1983 (including counter, inspector, supervisor and coordinator of field operators). This shows how important the role of the enumerator to the final value of the data. It is expected the census officers do their best to collect information in accordance with the actual situation.

5. To be doing a fine job, then every officer is required to pay attention, follow, and comply with the instructions given in the exercise and are listed in the guidebook that has been provided for this purpose.

Geographic coverage

Coverage of national, representative to the level of villages / wards.

Analysis unit

Village

Universe

Village

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data

Sampling procedure

Enumeration method is a method Village Potential Census / complete enumeration of all villages / urban, by visiting villages / urban or give penjelasa the village chief / headman or village staff / Sub that can represent the village chief / headman of data in order to provide data for the Village Potential can immediately fill the Village Potential Entry List and sesai well with the actual situation.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

This data collection provides information on the characteristics of a national sample of housing units, including apartments, single-family homes, mobile homes, and vacant housing units in 2009. The data are presented in eight separate parts: Part 1, Home Improvement Record, Part 2, Journey to Work Record, Part 3, Mortgages Recorded, Part 4, Housing Unit Record (Main Record), Recodes (One Record per Housing Unit), and Weights, Part 5, Manager and Owner of Rental Units Record, Part 6, Person Record, Part 7, High Burden Unit Record, and Part 8, Recent Mover Groups Record. Part 1 data include questions about upgrades and remodeling, cost of alterations and repairs, as well as the household member who performed the alteration/repair. Part 2 data include journey to work or commuting information, such as method of transportation to work, length of trip, and miles traveled to work. Additional information collected covers number of hours worked at home, number of days worked at home, average time respondent leaves for work in the morning or evening, whether respondent drives to work alone or with others, and a few other questions pertaining to self-employment and work schedule. Part 3 data include mortgage information, such as type of mortgage obtained by respondent, amount and term of mortgages, as well as years needed to pay them off. Other items asked include monthly payment amount, reason mortgage was taken out, and who provided the mortgage. Part 4 data include household-level information, including demographic information, such as age, sex, race, marital status, income, and relationship to householder. The following topics are also included: data recodes, unit characteristics, and weighting information. Part 5 data include information pertaining to owners of rental properties and whether the owner/resident manager lives on-site. Part 6 data include individual person level information, in which respondents were queried on basic demographic information (i.e. age, sex, race, marital status, income, and relationship to householder), as well as if they worked at all last week, month and year moved into residence, and their ability to perform everyday tasks and whether they have difficulty hearing, seeing, and concentrating or remembering things. Part 7 data include verification of income to cost when the ratio of income to cost is outside of certain tolerances. Respondents were asked whether they receive help or assistance with grocery bills, clothing and transportation expenses, child care payments, medical and utility bills, as well as with rent payments. Part 8 data include recent mover information, such as how many people were living in last unit before move, whether last residence was a condo or a co-op, as well as whether this residence was outside of the United States.

Agrcultural Census: 011201.px. National. Agricultural qualification of the operation manager.

Agrcultural Census: 010908.px. National. Family labour: days worked by owner who is operation manager.

Agrcultural Census: 010908.px. National. Family labour: days worked by the owner that is the operation manager.

Agrcultural Census: 010908.px. National. Family labour: days worked by the owner who is the operation manager.

Agrcultural Census: 010910.px. National. Family labour: days worked by another member of the family, op. manager.

Agrcultural Census: Operation manager's annual labour units (ALU). National. Operation manager's annual labour units (ALU).

Average age of operator identified as the principal operator for their farm – a person primarily responsible for the on-site, day-to-day operation of the farm or ranch business. This person may be a hired manager or business manager.

Data source: United States Department of Agriculture, Census of Agriculture

Date: 2012

Abstract

The ancient history of Nepal is assumed to have begun in 750 B.C. and ended in 250 A.D. During that period Kirats ruled the country. But no written record of this is available. Early history of Nepal had witnessed the establishment of a number of beleaguered dynasties and principalities scattered in the fertile valleys of Kathmandu and Pokhara and in the river basins of the Karnali and the Gandaki. Although some others dynasties survived for a short period of time, others ruled for centuries. The Lichhavi dynasty, for instance, lasted over four centuries (464-879 A.D.). Another great dynasty-the Malla-Dynasty-had established itself in Kathmandu valley around the 13th century, and lasted over five hundred years.The divided and hostile principalities and kingdoms were finally consolidated in 1769 under king Prithivi Narayan Shah and his successors to become the modern nation of Nepal. Socially and economically, however, the modern era in Nepal's history has started with the revival of the national aspirations of the poor countries in Asia after the Second World War. These aspirations were mainly concerned with acquiring independence, and emancipation from the perpetual state of ignorance, poverty and political stress. Failing to democratize the regime and to bring about educational, social and economic reforms in the country, the Rana Regime was finally thrown out by the joint efforts of the King and people of Nepal in 1951. Within the frame of the open policy with other nations, Nepal has been able to implement four economic development plans, with the cooperation of several countries and International Agencies. The fifth economic development plan (1975-80) has placed special priority on agricultural development as infrastructure for future industrial development and also has laid emphasis on industrialization of the country than the previous plans.

The objectives of the 1981 Population Census were:

1. to provide data for small administrative areas of the country on population, housing and household facilities,
2. to provide sex disaggregated data of the population and other variables related to households, demographic, social and economic conditions of the country, and
3. to provide detailed information on women, children, the aged and the disabled.
4. to determine the prevailing trends and characteristics of population change, namely, age structure, mortality, fertility, education and labour force.

The 1981 census contained the following items as the content of the census;

Individual Questionnaire Name of the family members, Relation with household head, Sex, Age, Birth place, Citizenship, Mother tongue, Religion, Educational attainment, Marital Status, Economic activities, Profession

Household Questionnaire Name of the household head, Number of present members of the households- total, male, female, Number of absentee members of the households- total, male, female, Place of absentee and reason of leaving, Number of deaths in the households in the past 12 months-male and female, Physical and mental disabilities, Number of radios in the households, Economic activities (agriculture and cottage industries).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Individual, household

Universe

The census covered all de jure household members (usual residents) in private households.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The census questionnaire is the ultimate field document from which all data are compiled. Needless to say that the simpler is the questionnaire designed the greater will be the level of accuracy and easier the counting procedures and coding and editing of the items. The questionnaire used in 1981 census was pre-coded. The purpose of pre-coding was initially to minimize the answers to be written so that further editing and coding processes would also be minimized.

Individual Questionnaire The individual characteristics questionnaire was more comprehensive in 1981 than in 1971.The items asked in individual schedule in 1981 census are:

1. Zone
2. District
3. Urban/Village Panchyat
4. Ward no.
5. House no.
6. Households serial number
7. Enumerators name
8. Enumeration date
9. Supervisor`s name and signature
10. Name of the family members
11. Relation with household head
12. Sex
13. Age
14. Birth place
15. Citizenship
16. Mother tongue
17. Religion
18. Educational attainment
19. Marital Status
20. Economic activities
21. Profession

Household Questionnaire The household characteristics questionnaire was also more comprehensive in 1981 than in 1971.The items asked in household schedule in 1981 census are, 1. Zone 2. District 3. Urban/Village Panchyat 4. Ward no. 5. House no. 6. Households serial number 7. Enumerators name 8. Enumeration date 9. Supervisor`s name and signature 10. Name of the household head 11. Number of present members of the households- total, male, female 12. Number of absentee members of the households- total, male, female 13. Place of absentee and reason of leaving 14. Number of deaths in the households in the past 12 months-male and female 15. Physical and mental disabilities 16. Number of radios in the households 17. Economic activities (agriculture and cottage industries) 18. Signature of the respondents

In order to simplify the job of editing and coding many of the items both in household and individual schedules were preceded. But there are some unavoidable problems with preceded answers. First, they make the questionnaires too long and unwieldy. This has what exactly happened with the 1981 questionnaires. One questionnaire is 21" long and 15.5" wide which is certainly too clumsy to carry around and complete. Secondly, in pre-coded questions the respondent is given a limited number of answers from which to choose which can often conceal information. Finally, once a tick has been put on the preceded answer there would be no way to check whether the interviewer did it correctly or not. It is, of course, necessary to have some answers preceded such as, “yes” or “No” type answers and some multiple choice responses but not at the cost of limiting response categories.

Cleaning operations

A primary check on major inconsistencies was done by the field supervisors on the spot in order to tally the household schedule with the census questionnaire. The completed schedules were then returned to the headquarters from the field where further editing and coding procedures were completed by the supervisors. It was expected that a considerable proportion of unknown category will come about particularly regarding age, economic status, and other items. Regarding age some method was elaborated in pointing out a direct relationship between age and certain major events occurring during the last six or seven decades from which the enumerator, if the respondent fails to estimate his age, could deduce the respondent 's approximate age. It was thought that this method would ultimately give a better estimate of ages, instead of obtaining a very big category of unknown ages. Admittedly, this procedure had, to some extent given the enumerator, the liberty to estimate the respondent's age within the limits of a wide range, particularly, adult ages. The edited schedules were then sent for coding operation. For coding 20 supervisors and 200 coders were employed. The job was completed in less than 9 months.