This data package includes the underlying data and files to replicate the calculations, charts, and tables presented in Central bank policy sets the lower bound on bond yields, PIIE Working Paper 20-2.

If you use the data, please cite as: Gagnon, Joseph E., and Olivier Jeanne. (2020). Central bank policy sets the lower bound on bond yields. PIIE Working Paper 20-2. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

China Bond Issuance: Year to Date: Central Bank Bill data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Sep 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Jun 2024. China Bond Issuance: Year to Date: Central Bank Bill data is updated quarterly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Jun 2003 (Median) to Sep 2024, with 86 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,296,000.000 RMB mn in Dec 2008 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Sep 2024. China Bond Issuance: Year to Date: Central Bank Bill data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: PBC, NDRC, CSRC, CCDC: Bond Issued.

After a period of stagnation between 2014 and 2018, the value of central bank bond holdings in the United Kingdom increased sharply between 2018 and 2022. In the third quarter of 2022, the total outstanding amounts of the Bank of England's sterling-denominated bond holdings amounted to roughly 17.4 billion British pounds.

Indonesia Debt Service Payment: International Classification: Central Bank: Bond's Holders data was reported at 1.691 USD bn in Dec 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.797 USD bn for Nov 2024. Indonesia Debt Service Payment: International Classification: Central Bank: Bond's Holders data is updated monthly, averaging 135.839 USD mn from Mar 2019 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.797 USD bn in Nov 2024 and a record low of 2.166 USD mn in May 2024. Indonesia Debt Service Payment: International Classification: Central Bank: Bond's Holders data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate General of Budget Financing and Risk Management. The data is categorized under Indonesia Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table ID.FA018: Debt Service Payment.

Central Bank of Russian Federation: Assets: Securities: ow Government Bonds data was reported at 171,373.000 RUB mn in Nov 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 170,986.000 RUB mn for Oct 2018. Central Bank of Russian Federation: Assets: Securities: ow Government Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 306,524.000 RUB mn from Jan 1998 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 251 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 520,923.000 RUB mn in Jan 2016 and a record low of 132,901.000 RUB mn in Aug 1998. Central Bank of Russian Federation: Assets: Securities: ow Government Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Russian Federation – Table RU.KAK001: Balance Sheet: Central Bank of Russian Federation.

Central banks allocated 40 percent of their portfolios to government bonds in 2021, down from 67 percent in 2016. Meanwhile, the share of non-traditional asset classes, deposits from commercial banks, and government agencies and multilaterals grew. Non-traditional asset classes accounted for 14 percent of worldwide central banks' portfolios in 2021.

As of September 2024, the Bank of Japan held 52.6 percent of outstanding Japanese Government Bonds (JGBs). While Japan's central bank held the largest share of JGBs, households accounted for 1.3 percent of JGB holders.

Central Bank of Syria: Assets: Foreign: Bonds and Treasury Bills data was reported at 0.000 SYP mn in 2011. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 SYP mn for 2010. Central Bank of Syria: Assets: Foreign: Bonds and Treasury Bills data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 SYP mn from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2011, with 14 observations. Central Bank of Syria: Assets: Foreign: Bonds and Treasury Bills data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Syria . The data is categorized under Global Database’s Syrian Arab Republic – Table SY.KB003: Consolidated Balance Sheet: Central Bank of Syria.

From 2003 to 2025, the central banks of the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union exhibited remarkably similar interest rate patterns, reflecting shared global economic conditions. In the early 2000s, rates were initially low to stimulate growth, then increased as economies showed signs of overheating prior to 2008. The financial crisis that year prompted sharp rate cuts to near-zero levels, which persisted for an extended period to support economic recovery. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to further rate reductions to historic lows, aiming to mitigate economic fallout. However, surging inflation in 2022 triggered a dramatic policy shift, with the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank significantly raising rates to curb price pressures. As inflation stabilized in late 2023 and early 2024, the ECB and Bank of England initiated rate cuts by mid-2024, and the Federal Reserve also implemented its first cut in three years, with forecasts suggesting a gradual decrease in all major interest rates between 2025 and 2026. Divergent approaches within the European Union While the ECB sets a benchmark rate for the Eurozone, individual EU countries have adopted diverse strategies to address their unique economic circumstances. For instance, Hungary set the highest rate in the EU at 13 percent in September 2023, gradually reducing it to 6.5 percent by October 2024. In contrast, Sweden implemented more aggressive cuts, lowering its rate to 2.25 percent by February 2025, the lowest among EU members. These variations highlight the complex economic landscape that European central banks must navigate, balancing inflation control with economic growth support. Global context and future outlook The interest rate changes in major economies have had far-reaching effects on global financial markets. Government bond yields, for example, reflect these policy shifts and investor sentiment. As of June 2024, the United States had the highest 10-year government bond yield among developed economies at 4.09 percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at 0.69 percent. These rates serve as important benchmarks for borrowing costs and economic expectations worldwide.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Outright Repo: Central Bank Bill data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Nov 2024. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Outright Repo: Central Bank Bill data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from May 2004 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 248 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 301,540.000 RMB mn in Feb 2009 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2024. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Outright Repo: Central Bank Bill data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Outright Repo.

Holders of Long-Term Irish Government Bonds. Published by Central Bank of Ireland. Available under the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY-4.0).This dataset details monthly holdings by sector of all Irish Government bonds that have a maturity of greater than one year....

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for United States (IRLTLT01USM156N) from Apr 1953 to Jan 2025 about long-term, 10-year, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Russia 10Y Bond Yield was 15.01 percent on Wednesday March 26, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Russia 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

The statistic shows holdings of government bonds bought up by the European Central Bank (ECB) within the SMP program from May 2011 to May 2013. The data listed here are calculated monthly averages. The Securities Markets Program is an intervention by the Eurosystem in public and private debt securities markets in the euro area to ensure depth and liquidity in those market segments that are dysfunctional. The objective is to restore an appropriate monetary policy transmission mechanism, and thus the effective conduct of monetary policy orientated towards price stability in the medium term. In 2011, holdings of government bonds bought up by the ECB on the Security Markets Program amounted to 192 billion euros.

Long term government bond yields are calculated as monthly averages (non seasonally adjusted data). They refer to central government bond yields on the secondary market, gross of tax, with a residual maturity of around 10 years. The bond or the bonds of the basket have to be replaced regularly to avoid any maturity drift. This definition is used in the convergence criteria of the Economic and Monetary Union for long-term interest rates, as required under Article 121 of the Treaty of Amsterdam and the Protocol on the convergence criteria. Data are presented in raw form. Source: European Central Bank (ECB) Copyright notice and free re-use of data on: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright

Central Bank of Iceland: Assets: Central Government: Government Bonds data was reported at 24,811.148 ISK mn in Oct 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 25,518.327 ISK mn for Sep 2018. Central Bank of Iceland: Assets: Central Government: Government Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 6,193.780 ISK mn from Jan 1994 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 298 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70,867.295 ISK mn in Mar 2017 and a record low of 0.000 ISK mn in Nov 2011. Central Bank of Iceland: Assets: Central Government: Government Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Iceland . The data is categorized under Global Database’s Iceland – Table IS.KB019: Balance Sheet: Central Bank of Iceland.

Green Bonds are any type of self-labelled fixed income instruments where the proceeds will be exclusively directed to finance or re-finance, in part or in full, new and/or existing green projects. It is regarded as a climate mitigation and adaptation tool. A sustainability linked bond (SLB) is a borrowing instrument where financial and structural characteristics are based on sustainability target.Sources: Refinitiv; Country authorities; IMF staff calculations.Category: Climate FinanceData series: Green Bond IssuancesGreen Bond OutstandingSustainabilty-Linked BondsSovereign Green Bond IssuancesGreen Bond Issuances by CountryGreen Bond Issuances by Type of IssuersCumulative Green Bond Issuances by Use of ProceedsCumulative Green Bond Issuances by Type of Currency

Metadata:

The source dataset is based on Refinitiv and authorities data, which contain bond-by-bond nominal issuances for GB and SLB starting from 1985 and 2019 respectively. The green bonds encompass commercial papers, certificate of deposit, and sukuk.

Methodology:

The data are aggregated by country of incorporations (excluding international organizations), use of proceeds, type of currency and type of issuers (nonfinancial corporations, other financial corporations, banks, state owned entities, sovereign, state and local governments and international organizations). Sovereign green bonds are green bonds issued by central government and central bank.

Concept: Total volume of credit of credit unions for individuals - discounted bonds - on the last day of December Source: Credit Information System 25524-balance-of-credit-of-credit-unions-for-individuals---discounted-bonds 25524-balance-of-credit-of-credit-unions-for-individuals---discounted-bonds

The average yield for long-term government bond in Bulgaria reached almost four percent as in October 2024. Bond yields were as low as 0.19 percent in 2021, but started increasing following the interest rates hikes implemented by central banks in the last three years.

Japan 10Y Bond Yield was 1.59 percent on Thursday March 27, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Japan 10 Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.