This is the replication package for "Centralizing Over-The-Counter Markets?" accepted in 2023 by the Journal of Political Economy. The data are proprietary.

The Laws, centralizing legal texts for better use, a community Dataset.

The Laws Dataset is a comprehensive collection of legal texts from various countries, centralized in a common format. This dataset aims to improve the development of legal AI models by providing a standardized, easily accessible corpus of global legal documents.

Join us in our mission to make AI more accessible and understandable for the legal world, ensuring that the power of language models can be… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/HFforLegal/laws.

The Centralized Workstation Market is estimated to be valued at USD 20579.5 million in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 63348.4 million by 2035, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.9% over the forecast period.

Abstract Centralizing allocation of water can potentially benefit community water service. Water managers need robust data, modeling, and decision support tools to best allocate water. This report studies optimization modeling as a potential solution to reduce the amount of community water service systems (ASADAS) in Alajuela Costa Rica. Currently there are numerous ASADAS, which represents a challenge for management and adequate governmental support. Three systems are used as an example. The objectives of this project are: (a) Create an optimization model to improve water delivery in decentralized community water systems in Alajuela, Costa Rica. (b) Integrate environmental water constraints in optimization model. This model can be used by decision makers to join ASADAS and best allocate water among them, including ways of balancing the environmental and human water requirements. This model identified 5 links between water sources and communities; governmental accompaniment is needed to facilitate the systems joins within communities.

Files: Semester Project Report: written report. GAMS code: script for the optimization model. Data set: excel spreadsheet, data used for the optimization model.

This dataset contains features for 44 centralized and decentralized communication applications. In total, 77 different features identified in these 44 applications.

This paper investigates the role of colonial pressure on state centralization and its relationship with subsequent development, by analyzing the influence of Western colonial threat on Siam (presently Thailand)’s internal political reform. Unlike other countries in the region, Siam remained independent by adopting geographical administrative boundaries and incorporating its traditional governance structures into a new, centralized governance system. We find that the order in which areas were integrated into the centralized system depended on the interaction between pre-centralization political structures and proximity to British and French territorial claims. We then show that areas centralized earlier had higher levels of infrastructure investment and public goods provision at the time the centralization process was completed in 1915. Finally, we show that early centralization during the Western colonial era continues to be strongly associated with higher levels of public goods provision and economic development, and that this relationship continues to persist today.

Centralized Monitoring Market Outlook

The global centralized monitoring market size was valued at approximately USD 1.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 4.2 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.5% during the forecast period. The market growth is driven by the increasing adoption of digital health technologies and the growing need for real-time patient data and efficient clinical trial management. The demand for centralized monitoring systems is soaring as healthcare providers and research organizations strive to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of their monitoring processes.

One of the primary growth factors for the centralized monitoring market is the expanding scope and complexity of clinical trials. As pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device companies pursue novel treatments and therapies, the need for comprehensive data collection and analysis becomes crucial. Centralized monitoring systems facilitate streamlined data management, allowing researchers to track patient progress and detect adverse events promptly. This capability enhances compliance with regulatory requirements and accelerates the development of new medical products, thereby driving market growth.

Another significant driver is the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and the aging global population. These factors contribute to a higher demand for continuous patient monitoring and personalized healthcare solutions. Centralized monitoring platforms enable healthcare providers to monitor patients remotely, reducing the need for frequent hospital visits and improving patient outcomes. The integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) further augments the capabilities of these systems, enabling predictive analytics and early intervention.

Technological advancements in healthcare IT infrastructure are also propelling the market. The rapid adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) and interoperability standards facilitates the seamless exchange of patient data across different healthcare settings. Centralized monitoring systems leverage these advancements to provide a unified platform for data aggregation and analysis. Additionally, the growing trend of telemedicine and remote patient monitoring solutions further boosts the demand for centralized monitoring systems, as they offer a robust framework for managing and analyzing remote patient data.

From a regional perspective, North America dominates the centralized monitoring market, driven by the presence of leading healthcare providers, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and significant investments in research and development. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period. Factors such as increasing healthcare expenditure, rising awareness about digital health solutions, and government initiatives to promote healthcare IT adoption contribute to the region's rapid market expansion. Europe and Latin America are also anticipated to experience substantial growth, supported by favorable regulatory environments and the growing emphasis on patient-centric care.

Component Analysis

The centralized monitoring market is segmented by component into software and services. The software segment encompasses various tools and platforms designed to facilitate data collection, integration, and analysis. These software solutions are pivotal in consolidating patient data from multiple sources, enabling comprehensive monitoring and real-time decision-making. The software segment is anticipated to exhibit robust growth due to the increasing adoption of advanced analytics and AI-driven solutions. These technologies enhance the accuracy and efficiency of centralized monitoring systems, providing valuable insights for clinicians and researchers.

On the other hand, the services segment includes a range of professional services such as implementation, training, support, and maintenance. These services are essential for the successful deployment and operation of centralized monitoring systems. The services segment is expected to grow steadily, driven by the ongoing need for technical support and regular system updates. Additionally, the increasing complexity of monitoring requirements necessitates specialized services to tailor solutions to specific organizational needs. Service providers play a crucial role in ensuring the seamless int

This dataset encompassing OECD countries, underscores a direct correlation between the stringency of government-imposed measures on individuals during crises and the level of vertical centralization within the state (the division of powers between central and sub-national authorities).

The purpose of this study was to collect and code data on union organizations, employers, and labor market institutions in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in the postwar era. The data include information on union membership, density, and concentration, as well as on the centralization of bargaining in 20 OECD nations between 1950 and 2000. Countries included are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand. The file includes information about confederal and governmental involvement in wage-setting and union concentrations, as well as authority data and affiliate authority data about union associations and employer associations. Other key variables include adjusted and unadjusted coverage rate, total union density, net union density, and names of union members.

Much recent work has debated the effect of decentralization on service provision, its underlying mechanisms, and the tradeoff between responsiveness and elite capture. This study contributes to that debate by investigating a rare partial rollout of institutional change that reversed administrative, fiscal, and political decentralization in Taiwan. Utilizing a difference-in-differences design, I find that centralization decreases public goods provision and that such a negative effect is stronger and more robust on those public goods that involve greater local government activity. Additional evidence related to mechanisms suggests that the loss of proximity and accountability in service delivery after centralization can be critical. The effect heterogeneity results do not constitute strong evidence that centralization significantly improves service provision in areas with higher levels of local elite capture. These findings highlight the importance of decentralization's responsiveness advantages in improving local service provision and advance the policy debate on local institutional choice.

This dataset tracks annual distribution of students across grade levels in Centralized Kindergarten-south Elementary School

The data and programs replicate tables and figures from "Grasping De(centralized) Fi(nance) through the Lens of Economic Theory" by Chiu, Kahn, and Koeppl. Please see the ReadMe file for additional details.

This dataset accompanies an article submission and a code repository.

In swarm robotics, decentralized control is often proposed as a more scalable and fault-tolerant alternative to centralized control. However, centralized behaviors are often faster and more efficient than their decentralized counterparts. In any given application, the goals and constraints of the task being solved should guide the choice to use centralized control, decentralized control, or a combination of the two. Currently, the exact trade-offs that exist between centralization and decentralization are not well defined. In this paper, we study comparative performance assessment between centralization and decentralization in the example task of sweep coverage, across five different types of multi-robot control structures: random walk, decentralized with beacons, hybrid formation control using self-organizing hierarchy, centralized formation control, and predetermined. In all five approaches, the coverage task is completed by a group of ground robots. In each approach, except for the random walk, the ground robots are assisted by UAVs, acting as supervisors or beacons. We compare the approaches in terms of three performance metrics for which centralized approaches are expected to have an advantage — coverage completeness, coverage uniformity, and sweep completion time — and two metrics for which decentralized approaches are expected to have an advantage — scalability (4, 8, or 16 ground robots) and fault tolerance (0%, 25%, 50%, or 75% ground robot failure). As expected, the results showed that the more centralized approaches greatly outperformed the decentralized ones in terms of coverage completeness, coverage uniformity, and sweep completion time. The decentralized approaches were less affected by robot failures and had better performance gains when the number of robots increased, but unexpectedly, these advantages only made their performance comparable to that of the more centralized approaches, not better than. Finally, we discuss future work on investigating additional conditions (e.g., bottlenecks, supervisor failures, and more complex environments), and on combining the advantages of both centralization and decentralization into one system.

Historical Dataset of Centralized Kindergarten-south Elementary School is provided by PublicSchoolReview and contain statistics on metrics:Total Students Trends Over Years (1996-2006),Total Classroom Teachers Trends Over Years (1996-2006),Distribution of Students By Grade Trends,Student-Teacher Ratio Comparison Over Years (1996-2006),Asian Student Percentage Comparison Over Years (1996-2006),Hispanic Student Percentage Comparison Over Years (1996-2006),Black Student Percentage Comparison Over Years (1996-2006),White Student Percentage Comparison Over Years (1996-2006),Diversity Score Comparison Over Years (1996-2006),Free Lunch Eligibility Comparison Over Years (2003-2006),Reduced-Price Lunch Eligibility Comparison Over Years (2003-2006)

org change dataset and do file.

This dataset tracks annual total classroom teachers amount from 1996 to 2006 for Centralized Kindergarten-south Elementary School

The global centralized workstations market size reached USD 11.68 Billion in 2020 and is expected to reach USD 23.81 Billion in 2028 registering a CAGR of 9.5%. Centralized workstations industry report classifies global market by share, trend, growth and on the basis of component, type, organization...

The centralization of locomotor control from weak and local coupling to strong and global is hard to assess outside of particular modeling frameworks. We developed an empirical, model-free measure of centralization that compares information between control signals and both global and local states. A second measure, co-information, quantifies the net redundancy in global and local control. We first validate that our measures predict centralization in simulations of phase-coupled oscillators. We then test how centralization changes with speed in a freely running cockroach. Surprisingly, across all speeds centralization is constant and muscle activity is more informative of the global kinematic state (the averages of all legs) than the local state of that muscle’s leg. Finally we use a legged robot to show that mechanical coupling alone can change the centralization of legged locomotion. The results of these systems span a design space of centralization and co-information for biological ...

The phenomenon of centralization or decentralization has been widely observed in archaeological research. Studies are usually related to the evolution and dynamics of culture or civilization, but less pertinent to the temporal–spatial pattern and variation of human settlement, especially the insufficient applications of statistics and spatial analyses; also, their relationship with climate change is unclear. In this study, using the one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and standard deviational ellipse (SDE) with its parameters and frequency histogram, with thousands (>4,000) of document-based data on archaeological sites (the indicator of human settlement), two pairs of successive cultural types, i.e., Majiayao–Qijia cultures and Longshan–Yueshi cultures in both ends of northern China were compared as cross-regional cases to uncover whether the locations of prehistoric settlements with ended or started ages were (de-) centralized under the impacts of climate cooling and aridification during the well-known “4.2 ka BP event” (4200–3900 BP). The results illustrate that the “inherited” sites become more decentralized. Such a pattern embodies human resilience (including adaptation and migration) for pursuing better living conditions under the circumstances of climatic and environmental deterioration over the mid–late Holocene cultural transition, which provides some implications for the response to contemporary climate change.

Centralized Workstation Market Outlook

As of 2023, the global centralized workstation market size is estimated to be around USD 15.4 billion and is projected to reach approximately USD 30.2 billion by 2032, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.6% during the forecast period. This market is witnessing robust growth due to factors such as the increasing demand for high-performance computing solutions, advancements in digital technologies, and the rising trend of remote working.

The growth of the centralized workstation market is significantly driven by the necessity for enhanced computational capabilities in various industries. With the rapid evolution of data-intensive applications and sophisticated software, industries such as media and entertainment, healthcare, and manufacturing are increasingly relying on centralized workstations to handle complex tasks efficiently. These workstations offer powerful processing capabilities, high storage capacity, and improved graphical performance, which are essential for running advanced applications like 3D rendering, simulations, and big data analytics.

Another critical growth factor is the surge in digital transformation initiatives across various sectors. Organizations are prioritizing the adoption of centralized workstations to streamline their operations and boost productivity. The ability of centralized workstations to support multiple users and facilitate seamless collaboration makes them an appealing choice for enterprises looking to optimize their IT infrastructure. Moreover, the growing popularity of cloud-based solutions is also fueling the demand for centralized workstations, as they provide the flexibility and scalability required by modern enterprises.

Additionally, the rise of remote working and the need for secure, accessible computing environments contribute to the market's expansion. With more employees working from home, companies are investing in centralized workstations to ensure their workforce has access to high-performance computing resources regardless of their location. This trend is particularly pronounced in sectors like IT and telecommunications, where remote work has become a standard practice. Furthermore, the advent of new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is driving the need for more sophisticated workstation solutions capable of handling complex computational tasks.

The integration of a Host Computer within centralized workstation environments is becoming increasingly vital as organizations aim to enhance their computational capabilities. A Host Computer acts as the central hub that manages and processes data, ensuring seamless operation across various connected devices. This setup is particularly beneficial for enterprises that require robust data handling and processing power, as it allows for efficient resource allocation and management. By utilizing a Host Computer, businesses can optimize their IT infrastructure, reduce latency, and improve overall system performance, which is crucial in today's fast-paced digital landscape.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the centralized workstation market, driven by the presence of major industry players and the early adoption of advanced technologies. However, the Asia Pacific region is poised to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period, due to the rapid industrialization, increasing investments in IT infrastructure, and the growing adoption of digital solutions in countries like China and India. Europe and Latin America are also witnessing steady growth, with enterprises in these regions increasingly recognizing the benefits of centralized workstations.

Component Analysis

The centralized workstation market can be segmented by components into hardware, software, and services. The hardware segment, which includes high-performance processors, advanced graphics cards, and ample storage solutions, represents the largest share of the market. As industries demand greater computational power and efficiency, the need for robust hardware solutions continues to grow. Innovations in processor technologies, such as multi-core and parallel processing capabilities, are further propelling the demand for high-performance workstation hardware.

Software is another critical component driving the centralized workstation market. The software segment encompasses operating systems, productivity tools, and specialize