In 2024, around **** million babies were born in China. The number of births has increased slightly from **** million in the previous year, but is much lower than the ***** million births recorded in 2016. Demographic development in China In 2022, the Chinese population decreased for the first time in decades, and population decline is expected to accelerate in the upcoming years. To curb the negative effects of an aging population, the Chinese government decided in 2013 to gradually relax the so called one-child-policy, which had been in effect since 1979. From 2016 onwards, parents in China were allowed to have two children in general. However, as the recent figures of births per year reveal, this policy change had only short-term effects on the general birth rate: the number of births slightly increased from 2014 onwards, but then started to fell again in 2018. In 2024, China was the second most populous country in the world, overtaken by India that year. China’s aging population The Chinese society is aging rapidly and facing a serious demographic shift towards older age groups. The median age of China’s population has increased massively from about ** years in 1970 to **** years in 2020 and is projected to rise continuously until 2080. In 2020, approximately **** percent of the Chinese were 60 years and older, a figure that is forecast to rise as high as ** percent by 2060. This shift in demographic development will increase social and elderly support expenditure of the society as a whole. One measure for this social imbalance is the old-age dependency ratio, measuring the relationship between economic dependent older age groups and the working-age population. The old-age dependency ratio in China is expected to soar to ** percent in 2060, implying that by then three working-age persons will have to support two elderly persons.
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BackgroundThe aims of this study were to determine the association between sibling rank and childhood obesity among children ≤ 5 years of age in rural China, and to investigate the effect of child gender and the obesity status of other siblings on this association.MethodsData from the China Family Panel Studies, a nationally representative survey, was used for the analysis. Sibling rank was defined as the birth order of all children with the same biological mother. A total of 1116 children ≤ 5 years of age were divided into four groups: children without siblings, first-born children, second-born children, and third-born or younger children. For each child, the body mass index and standard deviation (BMI z score) was calculated according to WHO standards; children with BMI z scores > 2 were classified as obese or overweight (ObOw). Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between sibling rank and ObOw status, and the possible influence of gender and ObOw status among other siblings.ResultsThe second and third-born or younger children had a significantly higher risk of becoming ObOw than children without siblings (odds ratio [OR]: 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–1.63 and OR:1.38, 95% CI: 1.17–1.63, respectively). Specifically, female second-born children and male third-born or younger children had a significantly higher risk of ObOw (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.11–2.01 and OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.07–2.32, respectively). Having an ObOw sibling increased the probability of being ObOw and the magnitude of the effect was larger if siblings were younger.ConclusionsSibling rank was shown to be associated with ObOw status among children 0–5 years of age in rural China. Our findings can help healthcare practitioners and authorities to identify children at risk of obesity. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms of this association.
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BackgroundShenzhen has the largest and youngest foreign population among all cities in China. The reproductive health of pregnant women from different backgrounds is a social issue that deserves attention. In the past decade, China has liberalized its population policies to stimulate population growth, and the proportion of multiple births has continued to increase.MethodThis retrospective cohort included 526,654 newborns born in Baoan, Shenzhen, from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2019, including 515,016 singletons and 11,638 twins or triplets. Univariate regression models were used to analyze the effects of maternal sociodemographic characteristics, physiological characteristics, medical history, antenatal care and other factors associated with single vs. multiple births and to elucidate the changing trends of different factors affecting multiple births in the past 11 years. Additionally, fetal development in multiple births was analyzed by generalized linear mixed models.ResultsThe rates of pregnancy complications, preterm birth, and advanced-age pregnancy were significantly higher in the multiple birth mothers than in single birth mothers, and more multiple pregnancies were achieved through assisted reproductive technologies. The rates of adverse outcomes such as stillbirth, malformation, hypoxia, and ultralow body weight in multiple fetuses were significantly higher than that in singleton fetuses. The trend analysis from 2009 to 2019 showed that the socioeconomic status and health level of mothers with multiple births improved over time, and the risk during pregnancy generally decreased. Simultaneously, the development indicators of multiple fetuses have improved year by year, and the proportion of adverse outcomes has also decreased significantly. A low pre-natal care utilization rate was shown to be detrimental to the development of multiple fetuses. Independent risk factors for hypoxia and very low birth weight were also identified. The differences in secular trends between two birth groups were further revealed by time series models.ConclusionThis study presented a comprehensive survey of multiple pregnancies in the area with the largest population inflow in China. This study identified the factors that affect the health of multiple birth mothers and their fetuses, particularly suggesting that preterm birth rates and the use of assisted reproduction remain high. The findings provide a basis for the formulation of individualized pre-natal care, assisted reproductive guidance and healthcare policies for multiple births.
Among countries with the highest number of overseas Chinese on each continent, the largest Chinese diaspora community is living in Indonesia, numbering more than ten million people. Most of these people are descendants from migrants born in China, who have moved to Indonesia a long time ago. On the contrary, a large part of overseas Chinese living in Canada and Australia have arrived in these countries only during the last two decades. China as an emigration country Many Chinese people have emigrated from their home country in search of better living conditions and educational chances. The increasing number of Chinese emigrants has benefited from loosened migration policies. On the one hand, the attitude of the Chinese government towards emigration has changed significantly. Overseas Chinese are considered to be strong supporters for the overall strength of Chinese culture and international influence. On the other hand, migration policies in the United States and Canada are changing with time, expanding migration opportunities for non-European immigrants. As a result, China has become one of the world’s largest emigration countries as well as the country with the highest outflows of high net worth individuals. However, the mass emigration is causing a severe loss of homegrown talents and assets. The problem of talent and wealth outflow has raised pressing questions to the Chinese government, and a solution to this issue is yet to be determined. Popular destinations among Chinese emigrants Over the last decades, English speaking developed countries have been popular destinations for Chinese emigrants. In 2022 alone, the number of people from China naturalized as U.S. citizens had amounted to over 27,000 people, while nearly 68,000 had obtained legal permanent resident status as “green card” recipients. Among other popular immigration destinations for Chinese riches are Canada, Australia, Europe, and Singapore.
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ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the association between maternal pesticide exposure during the periconceptional period and birth defects in their offspring.MethodsA survey was conducted among 29,204 women with infants born between 2010 and 2013 in Shaanxi Province, Northwest China. All cases of birth defects were diagnosed using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Given the multistage sampling design, the generalized estimating equation (GEE) binomial regression models with log link and exchangeable correlation structures were used to analyze the association between maternal pesticide exposures and birth defects.ResultsAmong the 29,204 subjects, 562 mothers had children with birth defects, resulting in an incidence rate of 192.44 per 10,000 live births. The incidence of birth defects was higher in the pesticide-exposed group compared to the control group (737.46/10,000 vs. 186.04/10,000). After adjusting for baseline demographic characteristics, fertility status, nutritional factors, and environmental factors in the GEE model, the results indicated that the risk of birth defects and cardiovascular system defects in mothers exposed to pesticides during the periconceptional period was 2.39 times (95% CI: 1.84–3.10) and 3.14 times (95% CI: 1.73–5.71) higher, respectively, compared to the control group.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that maternal exposure to pesticides during the periconceptional period was associated with an increased risk of birth defects, particularly cardiovascular system defects in offspring. Consequently, it would be beneficial to avoid pesticide exposure from three months before pregnancy through the first trimester to lower birth defects in infants.
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The average for 2022 based on 195 countries was 18.38 births per 1000 people. The highest value was in Niger: 45.03 births per 1000 people and the lowest value was in Hong Kong: 4.4 births per 1000 people. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2022. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.
In 2024, the mortality rate in China ranged at approximately 7.76 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. The mortality rate in China displayed an uneven development over the last two decades. This is mainly related to the very uneven sizes of Chinese age groups, improvements in health care, and the occurrence of epidemics. However, an overall growing trend is undisputable and related to China's aging population. As the share of the population aged 60 and above will be growing significantly over the upcoming two decades, the mortality rate will further increase in the years ahead. Population in China China was the second most populous country in the world in 2024. However, due to several mechanisms put into place by the Chinese government as well as changing circumstances in the working and social environment of the Chinese people, population growth has subsided over the past decades and finally turned negative in 2022. The major factor for this development was a set of policies introduced by the Chinese government in 1979, including the so-called one-child policy, which was intended to improve people’s living standards by limiting the population growth. However, with the decreasing birth rate and slower population growth, China nowadays is facing the problems of a rapidly aging population. Birth control in China According to the one-child policy, a married couple was only allowed to have one child. Only under certain circumstances were parents allowed to have a second child. As the performance of family control had long been related to the assessment of local government’s achievements, violations of the rule were severely punished. The birth control in China led to a decreasing birth rate and a more skewed gender ratio of new births due to a widely preference for male children in the Chinese society. Nowadays, since China’s population is aging rapidly, the one-child policy has been re-considered as an obstacle for the country’s further economic development. Since 2014, the one-child policy has been gradually relaxed and fully eliminated at the end of 2015. In May 2021, a new three-child policy has been introduced. However, many young Chinese people today are not willing to have more children due to high costs of raising a child, especially in urban areas.
The World Values Survey (www.worldvaluessurvey.org) is a global network of social scientists studying changing values and their impact on social and political life, led by an international team of scholars, with the WVS association and secretariat headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The survey, which started in 1981, seeks to use the most rigorous, high-quality research designs in each country. The WVS consists of nationally representative surveys conducted in almost 100 countries which contain almost 90 percent of the world’s population, using a common questionnaire. The WVS is the largest non-commercial, cross-national, time series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed, currently including interviews with almost 400,000 respondents. Moreover the WVS is the only academic study covering the full range of global variations, from very poor to very rich countries, in all of the world’s major cultural zones. The WVS seeks to help scientists and policy makers understand changes in the beliefs, values and motivations of people throughout the world. Thousands of political scientists, sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists and economists have used these data to analyze such topics as economic development, democratization, religion, gender equality, social capital, and subjective well-being. These data have also been widely used by government officials, journalists and students, and groups at the World Bank have analyzed the linkages between cultural factors and economic development.
China
Household Individual
National Population, Both sexes,18 and more years
Sample survey data [ssd]
Sample size: 1000
The sample is a representative national sample of China containing 40 county/city sample units to collect individual level data of, from a political cultural perspective, the values and attitudes currently held by Chinese citizens. With considerations of representativeness, feasibility, and budgetary constrains, it was decided this project would draw a subsidiary probability sample out of a master sample that RCCC created based on its previous national survey on environmental awareness of the general public in China conducted in 1998. The Environmental Awareness Survey, which was used as a master sample, was a national survey conducted through out the entire country. The target population was the same as the one defined for this survey. Through the stratification, the proportionally allocated multi-stage PPS (probability proportional to size) technique was employed in order to obtain the self-weighted household samples. There were different stages in the sampling procedure: Counties and county-level cities are taken as primary sampling units (PSUs). Family households are the basic sampling unit. Demographic data at all levels was obtained from The Demographic Data for Chinese Cities and Counties, 1997, published by the State Bureau of Statistics.
Nation wide, there were 2,860 county-level units for the first stage sampling (including 1,689 counties, 436 county-level cities, and 735 urban district--with administrative rank equivalent to county--in large cities). The total households were 337,659,447. This was the base for establishing the sampling frames. Some readjustments: Taking into account of cost and accessibility, only the provincial capitals (Lhasa and Urumchi) and their surrounding areas in Tibet and Sinkiang were included in the sampling frame; in other remote western provinces, a few areas that are extremely hard to access were left out as well. After such readjustment the sampling frame then includes 2,708 county-level units, of which the total households are 322,002,173. Compared to the target population, there was a 5.3% reduction (152 units) in the first stage sampling units. However, since the population density in the remote areas of the western provinces is very low, the reduction counts merely 1.4% of the total households in the sampling frame. Geographical administrative divisions of China were regarded as the primary labels of stratification, that is, each province was treated as an independent stratum. Allocation of target sampling units among the sampling stages was designed as following: 135 PSUs out of the first sampling (county-level) units; 2 secondary sampling (townshiplevel) units in each of the PSUs; then 2 third sampling (village-level) units in each of the SSUs; 25 households in each of the third sampling units, on average. Based on the proportional stratification principle, sample allocation to strata was proportional to the size of each stratum, by an equal probability of f = .0042%. Within each stratum (province), sample sizes were calculated and allocated proportionally to each of the sampling stages. A self-weighted national sample thus was obtained.
Multi-stage PPS: -The first stage: equidistance PPS was employed to draw the county sample. -The second stage: in each of the chosen county-level units, a sampling frame was created based on the data of townships/ward and size measurement; then the equidistance PPS is employed to choose the township/streets sample. -The third stage: a third sampling frame was obtained from each of the chosen township-level units (neighbourhoods, villages and size measurement), and, again, the equidistance PPS is employed to choose the village/neighbourhood sample. -The fourth stage: in each of the chosen village/neighbourhood units, the official list of households registration was obtained; using the size measurement of this unit and the desired number of households to count the sampling distance, then households were selected according to the sampling interval. Since the household registration also listed all family members of each of the household, respondents were drawn randomly immediately after the household drawing. The WVS-China sample was drawn out of the above described master sample.
Some readjustments: Primarily because of the budgetary constrains of the WVS project, six remote provinces in the master sample were excluded. They were: Hainan, Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Sinkiang. These provinces are all with very low population density, and all together they count 5.1% of the total population and 4.6% of total households of the country. After the adjustments, seven of the 139 county-level units of the master sample were removed. Therefore, the target 40 PSUs were to be drawn out of the remaining 132 units.
Sampling Stages: -The first stage: 40 units were drawn from 132 county-level units of the master sample were removed. Therefore, the 40 PSUs were to be drawn out of the remaining 132 units. -The second stage: one unit was chosen randomly out of the 2 original township-level units (SSUs) in each of the 40 selected PSUs. -The third stage: one unit was chosen randomly out of the 2 original village-level units in each of the selected SSUs. -The fourth stage: from each of the chosen village-level units, 35 households were drawn out of the household registration list with equidistance, along with one respondent in each selected household.
Remarks about sampling: -Sample unit from office sampling: Housing
Face-to-face [f2f]
As a participating country-team of the World Values Survey (WVS), the Research Center of Contemporary China (RCCC) at Peking University implemented the WVS-China survey in 2001. The target population covers those who are between 18 and 65 of age (born between July 2, 1935 and July 1, 1982), formally registered and actually reside in dowelings within the households in China when the survey is conducted.
The sample size was determined to be approximately 1,000 -- eligible individuals are to be drawn out of the above defined target population in China. Based on previous experience of response rate, it was decided to increase the target sample to 1,400 in order to reach a satisfied response rate. The final results are summarized as follows: - Target sample size: 1,400 - Sample drawn in the field: 1,385 - Completed, valid interviews: 1,000 - Response rate: 72.2% Summary of Non-Responses Types of Non-Responses (missing cases) % - Be away/not seen for several times: 145-37.7% - Be away for long time/be on a business trip/go abroad/travel:138-35.8% - The interviewer didnt write the reason: 23-6.0% - Rejection: 19-4.9% - Move/investigation reveals no this person: 15-3.9% - Impediments in body or language/at variance with qualification: 12-3.1% - Useless: 11-2.9% - Address is nor clear/cant find the address: 10-2.6% - A vacant house: 6-1.6% - Tenant: 6-1.6% - Total: 385-100%
Estimated Error: 3,2
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ObjectiveTo conduct a comparative analysis of the complications and outcomes in pregnant women with and without congenital heart disease (CHD) in Beijing, China.MethodsWe compared pregnancy-related complications and outcomes experienced by women with and without CHD throughout 19,424 deliveries in Beijing Anzhen Hospital between 2010 and 2019, including cardiovascular and obstetric factors, fetal events, delivery methods, and other complications over a mean 5-years post-delivery follow-up period.ResultsThere were 1,040 women with CHD (5.35% of all deliveries). Compared to women without CHD, these women had longer hospital stays (7.83 ± 4.65 vs. 4.93 ± 3.26 days) and a higher death rate (1.92 vs. 0.02%). They also had a greater risk of comorbidities, including pre-term delivery (odds ratio: 13.65 vs. 6.71), heart failure (odds ratio: 4.90 vs. 0.40), and arrhythmia (odds ratio 12.69 vs. 4.69). Pulmonary hypertension, New York Heart Association functional class III~IV, and no congenital heart disease surgery prior to pregnancy were associated with adverse events such as cesarean section, pre-term delivery, and heart failure. The fetuses of mothers with CHD were more likely to be born pre-term (odds ratio: 13.65 vs. 6.71) and have low birth weight (odds ratio: 8.56 vs. 4.36). Eleven infants (1.82%) born to mothers with CHD and four infants (0.64%) born to mothers without CHD were diagnosed with CHD.ConclusionsWomen with CHD generally increase maternal and infant risk during pregnancy and the perinatal period. Pulmonary hypertension, decrease in cardiac function, and no previous CHD surgery increase the risk in women with CHD. Greater attention should be paid to pregnant women with CHD and their fetuses, newborns.
Global life expectancy at birth has risen significantly since the mid-1900s, from roughly 46 years in 1950 to 73.2 years in 2023. Post-COVID-19 projections There was a drop of 1.7 years during the COVID-19 pandemic, between 2019 and 2021, however, figures resumed upon their previous trajectory the following year due to the implementation of vaccination campaigns and the lower severity of later strains of the virus. By the end of the century it is believed that global life expectancy from birth will reach 82 years, although growth will slow in the coming decades as many of the more-populous Asian countries reach demographic maturity. However, there is still expected to be a wide gap between various regions at the end of the 2100s, with the Europe and North America expected to have life expectancies around 90 years, whereas Sub-Saharan Africa is predicted to be in the low-70s. The Great Leap Forward While a decrease of one year during the COVID-19 pandemic may appear insignificant, this is the largest decline in life expectancy since the "Great Leap Forward" in China in 1958, which caused global life expectancy to fall by almost four years between by 1960. The "Great Leap Forward" was a series of modernizing reforms, which sought to rapidly transition China's agrarian economy into an industrial economy, but mismanagement led to tens of millions of deaths through famine and disease.
This graph shows the population of the U.S. by race and ethnic group from 2000 to 2023. In 2023, there were around 21.39 million people of Asian origin living in the United States. A ranking of the most spoken languages across the world can be accessed here. U.S. populationCurrently, the white population makes up the vast majority of the United States’ population, accounting for some 252.07 million people in 2023. This ethnicity group contributes to the highest share of the population in every region, but is especially noticeable in the Midwestern region. The Black or African American resident population totaled 45.76 million people in the same year. The overall population in the United States is expected to increase annually from 2022, with the 320.92 million people in 2015 expected to rise to 341.69 million people by 2027. Thus, population densities have also increased, totaling 36.3 inhabitants per square kilometer as of 2021. Despite being one of the most populous countries in the world, following China and India, the United States is not even among the top 150 most densely populated countries due to its large land mass. Monaco is the most densely populated country in the world and has a population density of 24,621.5 inhabitants per square kilometer as of 2021. As population numbers in the U.S. continues to grow, the Hispanic population has also seen a similar trend from 35.7 million inhabitants in the country in 2000 to some 62.65 million inhabitants in 2021. This growing population group is a significant source of population growth in the country due to both high immigration and birth rates. The United States is one of the most racially diverse countries in the world.
The statistic shows the total population of India from 2019 to 2029. In 2023, the estimated total population in India amounted to approximately 1.43 billion people.
Total population in India
India currently has the second-largest population in the world and is projected to overtake top-ranking China within forty years. Its residents comprise more than one-seventh of the entire world’s population, and despite a slowly decreasing fertility rate (which still exceeds the replacement rate and keeps the median age of the population relatively low), an increasing life expectancy adds to an expanding population. In comparison with other countries whose populations are decreasing, such as Japan, India has a relatively small share of aged population, which indicates the probability of lower death rates and higher retention of the existing population.
With a land mass of less than half that of the United States and a population almost four times greater, India has recognized potential problems of its growing population. Government attempts to implement family planning programs have achieved varying degrees of success. Initiatives such as sterilization programs in the 1970s have been blamed for creating general antipathy to family planning, but the combined efforts of various family planning and contraception programs have helped halve fertility rates since the 1960s. The population growth rate has correspondingly shrunk as well, but has not yet reached less than one percent growth per year.
As home to thousands of ethnic groups, hundreds of languages, and numerous religions, a cohesive and broadly-supported effort to reduce population growth is difficult to create. Despite that, India is one country to watch in coming years. It is also a growing economic power; among other measures, its GDP per capita was expected to triple between 2003 and 2013 and was listed as the third-ranked country for its share of the global gross domestic product.
The statistic shows the life expectancy at birth in India from 2013 to 2023. The average life expectancy at birth in India in 2023 was 72 years. Standard of living in India India is one of the so-called BRIC countries, an acronym which stands for Brazil, Russia, India and China, the four states considered the major emerging market countries. They are all in a similar advanced economic state and are expected to advance even further. India is also among the twenty leading countries with the largest gross domestic product / GDP, and the twenty countries with the largest proportion of global gross domestic product / GDP based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). Its unemployment rate has been stable over the past few years; India is also among the leading import and export countries worldwide. This alone should put India in a relatively comfortable position economically speaking, however, parts of the population of India are struggling with poverty and health problems. When looking at a comparison of the median age of the population in selected countries – i.e. one half of the population is older and the other half is younger –, it can be seen that the median age of the Indian population is about twenty years less than that of the Germans or Japanese. In fact, the median age in India is significantly lower than the median age of the population of the other emerging BRIC countries – Russia, China and Brazil. Additionally, the total population of India has been steadily increasing. Regarding life expectancy, India is neither among the countries with the highest, nor among those with the lowest life expectancy at birth. The majority of the Indian population is aged between 15 and 64 years, with only about 5 percent being older than 64.
A global phenomenon, known as the demographic transition, has seen life expectancy from birth increase rapidly over the past two centuries. In pre-industrial societies, the average life expectancy was around 24 years, and it is believed that this was the case throughout most of history, and in all regions. The demographic transition then began in the industrial societies of Europe, North America, and the West Pacific around the turn of the 19th century, and life expectancy rose accordingly. Latin America was the next region to follow, before Africa and most Asian populations saw their life expectancy rise throughout the 20th century.
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BackgroundChina implemented a partial two-child policy (2013) followed by a universal two-child policy (2015), replacing the former one-child policy mandated by the government. The changes affect many aspects of China’s population as well as maternal and infant health, but their potential impact on birth defects (BDs) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the associations of these policy changes with BDs in Zhejiang Province, China.Methods and findingsWe used data from the BD surveillance system in Zhejiang Province, China, which covers 90 hospitals in 30 urban districts and rural counties, capturing one-third of the total births in this province. To fully consider the time interval between conception and delivery, we defined the one-child policy period as data from 2013 (births from October 2012 to September 2013), the partial two-child policy period as data from 2015 (births from October 2014 to September 2015), and the universal two-child policy period as data from 2017 (births from October 2016 to September 2017). Data from 2009 and 2011 were also used to show the changes in the proportion of births to women with advanced maternal age (35 years and older) prior to the policy changes. Main outcome measures were changes in the proportion of mothers with advanced maternal age, prevalence of BDs, rankings of BD subtypes by prevalence, prenatal diagnosis rate, and live birth rate of BDs over time. A total of 1,260,684 births (including live births, early fetal losses, stillbirths, and early neonatal deaths) were included in the analyses. Of these, 644,973 (51.16%) births were to women from urban areas, and 615,711 (48.84%) births were to women from rural areas. In total, 135,543 (10.75%) births were to women with advanced maternal age. The proportion increased by 85.68%, from 8.52% in 2013 to 15.82% in 2017. However, it had remained stable prior to policy changes. Overall, 23,095 BDs were identified over the policy changes (2013–2017). The prevalence of BDs during 2013, 2015, and 2017 was 245.95, 264.86, and 304.36 per 10,000 births, respectively. Trisomy 21 and other chromosomal defects increased in both risk and ranking from 2013 to 2017 (crude odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 2.13 [1.75–2.60], from ranking 10th to 5th, and 3.63 [2.84–4.69], from ranking 16th to 6th, respectively). The prenatal diagnosis rate increased by 3.63 (2.2–5.1) percentage points (P < 0.001), from 31.10% to 34.72%, and identification of BDs occurred 1.88 (1.81–1.95) weeks earlier (P < 0.001). The live birth rate for infants with BDs born before 28 gestational weeks increased from 1.29% to 11.45%. The major limitations of this observational study include an inability to establish causality and the possible existence of unknown confounding factors, some of which could contribute to BDs.ConclusionsIn this study, we observed significant increases in maternal age and the prevalence of total and age-related anomalies following China’s new two-child policy. Increases in live birth rate for infants with BDs born before 28 gestational weeks suggest that healthcare for very preterm births with BDs may be warranted in the future, as well as updating the definition of perinatal period.
This statistic depicts the age distribution of India from 2013 to 2023. In 2023, about 25.06 percent of the Indian population fell into the 0-14 year category, 68.02 percent into the 15-64 age group and 6.92 percent were over 65 years of age. Age distribution in India India is one of the largest countries in the world and its population is constantly increasing. India’s society is categorized into a hierarchically organized caste system, encompassing certain rights and values for each caste. Indians are born into a caste, and those belonging to a lower echelon often face discrimination and hardship. The median age (which means that one half of the population is younger and the other one is older) of India’s population has been increasing constantly after a slump in the 1970s, and is expected to increase further over the next few years. However, in international comparison, it is fairly low; in other countries the average inhabitant is about 20 years older. But India seems to be on the rise, not only is it a member of the BRIC states – an association of emerging economies, the other members being Brazil, Russia and China –, life expectancy of Indians has also increased significantly over the past decade, which is an indicator of access to better health care and nutrition. Gender equality is still non-existant in India, even though most Indians believe that the quality of life is about equal for men and women in their country. India is patriarchal and women still often face forced marriages, domestic violence, dowry killings or rape. As of late, India has come to be considered one of the least safe places for women worldwide. Additionally, infanticide and selective abortion of female fetuses attribute to the inequality of women in India. It is believed that this has led to the fact that the vast majority of Indian children aged 0 to 6 years are male.
In the middle of 2023, about 60 percent of the global population was living in Asia.The total world population amounted to 8.1 billion people on the planet. In other words 4.7 billion people were living in Asia as of 2023. Global populationDue to medical advances, better living conditions and the increase of agricultural productivity, the world population increased rapidly over the past century, and is expected to continue to grow. After reaching eight billion in 2023, the global population is estimated to pass 10 billion by 2060. Africa expected to drive population increase Most of the future population increase is expected to happen in Africa. The countries with the highest population growth rate in 2024 were mostly African countries. While around 1.47 billion people live on the continent as of 2024, this is forecast to grow to 3.9 billion by 2100. This is underlined by the fact that most of the countries wit the highest population growth rate are found in Africa. The growing population, in combination with climate change, puts increasing pressure on the world's resources.
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Amidst rapid social transformation, the marriage behavior of young people in China are continuously changing toward marriage postponement and decline. What are the factors contributing to the collective changes in marital behavior among Chinese young people? This study used the 2003–2021 China General Social Survey cross-sectional data and hierarchical age-period-cohort cross-classified random-effects model to investigate factors influencing marriage behaviors. The results show: women’s education levels and social class were positively correlated with age at first marriage and negatively correlated with marriage probability. The period effect suggests that macroeconomic growth was positively correlated with age at first marriage; Yet the wage growth rate was negatively correlated with age at first marriage in lower social classes and positively with marriage probability among farmers and individuals with low education levels. Differences between cohorts were also observed: individuals born during the one-child policy era (between 1980 and 1990) showed a significant decrease in the marriage rate at age 30 compared to those born in the 1960s and 1970s. Delayed marriage and reduced marriage rates were highly correlated with the social determinants of gender, educational level, and social class. Cohort and period effects reveal deep socioeconomic and policy impacts on individual marriage behaviors in China.
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ObjectiveTo describe the rate of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) among mothers of very preterm infants (VPIs) admitted to Chinese neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), and to investigate the relationship between HDP and the outcomes of VPIs.Study designCohort study of all VPIs born at a gestational age of 24+0–31+6 weeks and admitted to 57 tertiary NICUs of the Chinese Neonatal Network (CHNN) in 2019. Infants with severe congenital anomalies or missing maternal HDP information were excluded. Two multivariate logistic regression models were generated to assess the relationship between HDP and neonatal outcomes.ResultsAmong 9,262 infants enrolled, 1,744 (18.8%) infants were born to mothers with HDP, with an increasing incidence with increasing gestational age. VPIs born to mothers with HDP had higher gestational age but lower birth weight and were more likely to be small for gestational age. Mothers with HDP were more likely to receive antenatal steroids, MgSO4 and cesarean section. Infants in the HDP group showed higher observed rates of mortality or any morbidity than infants in the non-HDP group (50.2% vs. 47.2%, crude odds ratio (OR) 1.13, 95% CI 1.02–1.26). However, the associations between HDP and adverse outcomes were not significant after adjustment. In the HDP group, mothers of 1,324/1,688 (78.4%) infants were diagnosed with preeclampsia/eclampsia. Infants born to mothers with preeclampsia/eclampsia had significantly lower odds of early death and severe retinopathy of prematurity.ConclusionsNearly one-fifth of VPIs were born to mothers with HDP in Chinese NICUs. No significant association was identified between HDP and adverse neonatal short-term outcomes of VPIs, while long-term follow-up of these infants is needed.
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Healthcare access and utilization by country of birth, California 2014–2017.
In 2024, around **** million babies were born in China. The number of births has increased slightly from **** million in the previous year, but is much lower than the ***** million births recorded in 2016. Demographic development in China In 2022, the Chinese population decreased for the first time in decades, and population decline is expected to accelerate in the upcoming years. To curb the negative effects of an aging population, the Chinese government decided in 2013 to gradually relax the so called one-child-policy, which had been in effect since 1979. From 2016 onwards, parents in China were allowed to have two children in general. However, as the recent figures of births per year reveal, this policy change had only short-term effects on the general birth rate: the number of births slightly increased from 2014 onwards, but then started to fell again in 2018. In 2024, China was the second most populous country in the world, overtaken by India that year. China’s aging population The Chinese society is aging rapidly and facing a serious demographic shift towards older age groups. The median age of China’s population has increased massively from about ** years in 1970 to **** years in 2020 and is projected to rise continuously until 2080. In 2020, approximately **** percent of the Chinese were 60 years and older, a figure that is forecast to rise as high as ** percent by 2060. This shift in demographic development will increase social and elderly support expenditure of the society as a whole. One measure for this social imbalance is the old-age dependency ratio, measuring the relationship between economic dependent older age groups and the working-age population. The old-age dependency ratio in China is expected to soar to ** percent in 2060, implying that by then three working-age persons will have to support two elderly persons.