In 2022, there were about 4.15 million Black families in the United States with a single mother. This is an increase from 1990 levels, when there were about 3.4 million Black families with a single mother.

Single parenthood

The typical family is comprised of two parents and at least one child. However, that is not the case in every single situation. A single parent is someone who has a child but no spouse or partner. Single parenthood occurs for different reasons, including divorce, death, abandonment, or single-person adoption. Historically, single parenthood was common due to mortality rates due to war, diseases, and maternal mortality. However, divorce was not as common back then, depending on the culture.

Single parent wellbeing

In countries where social welfare programs are not strong, single parents tend to suffer more financially, emotionally, and mentally. In the United States, most single parents are mothers. The struggles that single parents face are greater than those in two parent households. The number of families with a single mother in the United States has increased since 1990, but the poverty rate of black families with a single mother has significantly decreased since that same year. In comparison, the poverty rate of Asian families with a single mother, and the percentage of white, non-Hispanic families with a single mother who live below the poverty level in the United States have both been fluctuating since 2002.

NOTE: Data based on a sample except in P3, P4, H3, and H4. For.information on confidentiality protection, sampling error,.nonsampling error, definitions, and count corrections see.http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/slds.pdf

In the fiscal year of 2019, 21.39 percent of active-duty enlisted women were of Hispanic origin. The total number of active duty military personnel in 2019 amounted to 1.3 million people.

Ethnicities in the United States The United States is known around the world for the diversity of its population. The Census recognizes six different racial and ethnic categories: White American, Native American and Alaska Native, Asian American, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People of Hispanic or Latino origin are classified as a racially diverse ethnicity.

The largest part of the population, about 61.3 percent, is composed of White Americans. The largest minority in the country are Hispanics with a share of 17.8 percent of the population, followed by Black or African Americans with 13.3 percent. Life in the U.S. and ethnicity However, life in the United States seems to be rather different depending on the race or ethnicity that you belong to. For instance: In 2019, native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders had the highest birth rate of 58 per 1,000 women, while the birth rae of white alone, non Hispanic women was 49 children per 1,000 women.

The Black population living in the United States has the highest poverty rate with of all Census races and ethnicities in the United States. About 19.5 percent of the Black population was living with an income lower than the 2020 poverty threshold. The Asian population has the smallest poverty rate in the United States, with about 8.1 percent living in poverty.

The median annual family income in the United States in 2020 earned by Black families was about 57,476 U.S. dollars, while the average family income earned by the Asian population was about 109,448 U.S. dollars. This is more than 25,000 U.S. dollars higher than the U.S. average family income, which was 84,008 U.S. dollars.

NOTE: Data based on a sample except in P3, P4, H3, and H4. For.information on confidentiality protection, sampling error,.nonsampling error, definitions, and count corrections see.http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf

Note: For information on data collection, confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see the 2020 Island Areas Censuses Technical Documentation..Due to COVID-19 restrictions impacting data collection for the 2020 Census of the U.S. Virgin Islands, data tables reporting social and economic characteristics do not include the group quarters population in the table universe. As a result, impacted 2020 data tables should not be compared to 2010 and other past census data tables reporting the same characteristics. The Census Bureau advises data users to verify table universes are the same before comparing data across census years. For more information about data collection limitations and the impacts on the U.S. Virgin Islands' data products, see the 2020 Island Areas Censuses Technical Documentation..Note: A household that has at least one member of the household related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption is a "family household." "Nonfamily households" consist of people living alone and households which do not have any members related to the householder. "Own children" are biological, step, or adopted children of the householder..Explanation of Symbols: 1.An "-" means the statistic could not be computed because there were an insufficient number of observations. 2. An "-" following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution.3. An "+" following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution.4. An "N" means data are not displayed for the selected geographic area due to concerns with statistical reliability or an insufficient number of cases.5. An "(X)" means not applicable..Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census, U.S. Virgin Islands.

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander women had the highest fertility rate of any ethnicity in the United States in 2022, with about 2,237.5 births per 1,000 women. The fertility rate for all ethnicities in the U.S. was 1,656.5 births per 1,000 women. What is the total fertility rate? The total fertility rate is an estimation of the number of children who would theoretically be born per 1,000 women through their childbearing years (generally considered to be between the ages of 15 and 44) according to age-specific fertility rates. The fertility rate is different from the birth rate, in that the birth rate is the number of births in relation to the population over a specific period of time. Fertility rates around the world Fertility rates around the world differ on a country-by-country basis, and more industrialized countries tend to see lower fertility rates. For example, Niger topped the list of the countries with the highest fertility rates, and Taiwan had the lowest fertility rate.

A national sample survey dataset covering a wide variety of issues on American family life beginning in 1987-88 and at two subsequent timepoints1992-93 and 2001-03. Topics covered included detailed household composition, family background, adult family transitions, couple interactions, parent-child interactions, education and work, health, economic and psychological well-being, and family attitudes. The first wave interviewed 13,017 respondents, including a main cross-section sample of 9,643 persons aged 19 and over plus an oversample of minorities and households containing single-parent families, step-families, recently married couples, and cohabiting couples. In each household, a randomly selected adult was interviewed. In addition, a shorter, self-administered questionnaire was filled out by the spouse or cohabiting partner of the primary respondent. Interviews averaged about 100 minutes, although interview length varied considerably with the complexity of the respondent''s family history. In 1992-94, an in-person interview was conducted of all surviving members of the original sample, the current spouse or cohabiting partner, and with the baseline spouse or partner in cases where the relationship had ended. Telephone interviews were conducted with focal children who were aged 5-12 and 13-18 at baseline. Short proxy interviews were conducted with a surviving spouse or other relative in cases where the original respondent died or was too ill to interview. A telephone interview was conducted with one randomly selected parent of the main respondent. In 2001-03, telephone interviews were conducted with: Surviving members of the original respondents who had a focal child age 5 or over at baseline; the baseline spouse/partner of these original respondents, whether or not the couple was still together; the focal children who were in the household and aged 5-18 at baselinemost of whom were interviewed at wave 2; and all other original respondents age 45 or older in 2000, and their baseline spouse/partner. Oversamples: Blacks, 9.2%; Mexican-Americans, 2.4%; Puerto Ricans, 0.7% * Dates of Study: 1987-2003 * Study Features: Longitudinal, Minority Oversampling * Sample Size (original respondents): ** Wave I (1987-88): 13,017 ** Wave II (1992-93): 10,007 ** Wave III (2001-03): 8,990 Links: * Wave I (ICPSR): http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/06041 * Wave II (ICPSR): http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/06906 * Wave III (ICPSR): http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/00171

Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, for 2020, the 2020 Census provides the official counts of the population and housing units for the nation, states, counties, cities, and towns. For 2016 to 2019, the Population Estimates Program provides estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities, and towns and intercensal housing unit estimates for the nation, states, and counties..Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Technical Documentation section.Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section..Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error can be interpreted roughly as providing a 90 percent probability that the interval defined by the estimate minus the margin of error and the estimate plus the margin of error (the lower and upper confidence bounds) contains the true value. In addition to sampling variability, the ACS estimates are subject to nonsampling error (for a discussion of nonsampling variability, see ACS Technical Documentation). The effect of nonsampling error is not represented in these tables..The categories for relationship to householder were revised in 2019. For more information see Revisions to the Relationship to Household item..The Hispanic origin and race codes were updated in 2020. For more information on the Hispanic origin and race code changes, please visit the American Community Survey Technical Documentation website..The 2016-2020 American Community Survey (ACS) data generally reflect the September 2018 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) delineations of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. In certain instances, the names, codes, and boundaries of the principal cities shown in ACS tables may differ from the OMB delineation lists due to differences in the effective dates of the geographic entities..Estimates of urban and rural populations, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on Census 2010 data. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..Explanation of Symbols:- The estimate could not be computed because there were an insufficient number of sample observations. For a ratio of medians estimate, one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or highest interval of an open-ended distribution.N The estimate or margin of error cannot be displayed because there were an insufficient number of sample cases in the selected geographic area. (X) The estimate or margin of error is not applicable or not available.median- The median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution (for example "2,500-")median+ The median falls in the highest interval of an open-ended distribution (for example "250,000+").** The margin of error could not be computed because there were an insufficient number of sample observations.*** The margin of error could not be computed because the median falls in the lowest interval or highest interval of an open-ended distribution.***** A margin of error is not appropriate because the corresponding estimate is controlled to an independent population or housing estimate. Effectively, the corresponding estimate has no sampling error and the margin of error may be treated as zero.

Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, it is the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program that produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities, and towns and estimates of housing units for states and counties..Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Technical Documentation section.Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section..Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error can be interpreted roughly as providing a 90 percent probability that the interval defined by the estimate minus the margin of error and the estimate plus the margin of error (the lower and upper confidence bounds) contains the true value. In addition to sampling variability, the ACS estimates are subject to nonsampling error (for a discussion of nonsampling variability, see ACS Technical Documentation). The effect of nonsampling error is not represented in these tables..The categories for relationship to householder were revised in 2019. For more information see Revisions to the Relationship to Household item..The 2015-2019 American Community Survey (ACS) data generally reflect the September 2018 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) delineations of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. In certain instances, the names, codes, and boundaries of the principal cities shown in ACS tables may differ from the OMB delineation lists due to differences in the effective dates of the geographic entities..Estimates of urban and rural populations, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on Census 2010 data. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..Explanation of Symbols:An "**" entry in the margin of error column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute a standard error and thus the margin of error. A statistical test is not appropriate.An "-" entry in the estimate column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute an estimate, or a ratio of medians cannot be calculated because one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution, or the margin of error associated with a median was larger than the median itself.An "-" following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution.An "+" following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution.An "***" entry in the margin of error column indicates that the median falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution. A statistical test is not appropriate.An "*****" entry in the margin of error column indicates that the estimate is controlled. A statistical test for sampling variability is not appropriate. An "N" entry in the estimate and margin of error columns indicates that data for this geographic area cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small.An "(X)" means that the estimate is not applicable or not available.

Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, the decennial census is the official source of population totals for April 1st of each decennial year. In between censuses, the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities, and towns and estimates of housing units and the group quarters population for states and counties..Information about the American Community Survey (ACS) can be found on the ACS website. Supporting documentation including code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing, and a full list of ACS tables and table shells (without estimates) can be found on the Technical Documentation section of the ACS website.Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section..Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.ACS data generally reflect the geographic boundaries of legal and statistical areas as of January 1 of the estimate year. For more information, see Geography Boundaries by Year..Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error can be interpreted roughly as providing a 90 percent probability that the interval defined by the estimate minus the margin of error and the estimate plus the margin of error (the lower and upper confidence bounds) contains the true value. In addition to sampling variability, the ACS estimates are subject to nonsampling error (for a discussion of nonsampling variability, see ACS Technical Documentation). The effect of nonsampling error is not represented in these tables..Users must consider potential differences in geographic boundaries, questionnaire content or coding, or other methodological issues when comparing ACS data from different years. Statistically significant differences shown in ACS Comparison Profiles, or in data users' own analysis, may be the result of these differences and thus might not necessarily reflect changes to the social, economic, housing, or demographic characteristics being compared. For more information, see Comparing ACS Data..Estimates of urban and rural populations, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on 2020 Census data. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..Explanation of Symbols:- The estimate could not be computed because there were an insufficient number of sample observations. For a ratio of medians estimate, one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or highest interval of an open-ended distribution. For a 5-year median estimate, the margin of error associated with a median was larger than the median itself.N The estimate or margin of error cannot be displayed because there were an insufficient number of sample cases in the selected geographic area. (X) The estimate or margin of error is not applicable or not available.median- The median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution (for example "2,500-")median+ The median falls in the highest interval of an open-ended distribution (for example "250,000+").** The margin of error could not be computed because there were an insufficient number of sample observations.*** The margin of error could not be computed because the median falls in the lowest interval or highest interval of an open-ended distribution.***** A margin of error is not appropriate because the corresponding estimate is controlled to an independent population or housing estimate. Effectively, the corresponding estimate has no sampling error and the margin of error may be treated as zero.

In the United States, more white children died due to abuse or maltreatment than other racial or ethnic groups. In 2023, 540 Black or African-American children died due to abuse or maltreatment, compared to 581 white children. However, the rate of Black or African-American children who died due to abuse stood at 6.04 deaths per 1,000 children, compared to 1.94 deaths per 1,000 children for white children.

Purpose: This study explores whether communicative function (CF: reasons for communicating) use differs by socioeconomic status (SES), race/ethnicity, or gender among preschoolers and their mothers.Method: Mother–preschooler dyads (N = 95) from the National Center for Early Development and Learning’s (2005) study of family and social environments were observed during 1 structured learning and free-play interaction. CFs were coded by trained independent raters.Results: Children used all CFs at similar rates, but those from low SES homes produced fewer utterances and less reasoning, whereas boys used less self-maintaining and more predicting. African American mothers produced more directing and less responding than European American and Latino American mothers, and Latino American mothers produced more utterances than European American mothers. Mothers from low SES homes did more directing and less responding.Conclusions: Mothers exhibited more sociocultural differences in CFs than children; this suggests that maternal demographic characteristics may influence CF production more than child demographics at school entry. Children from low SES homes talking less and boys producing less self-maintaining coincided with patterns previously detected in pragmatic literature. Overall, preschoolers from racial/ethnic minority and low SES homes were not less deft with CF usage, which may inform how their pragmatic skills are described.Supplemental Material S1. Descriptives of proportion of child communicative functions by race/ethnicity, poverty, and gender.Supplemental Material S2. Descriptives of proportion of mother communicative functions by race/ethnicity and poverty.Kasambira Fannin, D., Barbarin, O. A., & Crais, E. R. (2018). Communicative function use of preschoolers and mothers from differing racial and socioeconomic groups. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_LSHSS-17-0004

The purpose of this study was to examine family members' perceptions of their own and other family members' childrearing involvement in diverse African-American family types. Special attention was given to the role of the grandmother in family life and to the nature of extended African-American families. Sixty-four African-American families residing in a southern university community were selected for participation in the study on the basis of family structure (e.g. single-parent or dual-parent families) and grandmother residence (e.g. grandmother living with the family or grandmother living in the local community). Participants were interviewed in their homes by two African-American researchers. Grandparents, parents, and children were all interviewed. Measures included a structured interview designed for the purpose of the study, the Bronfenbrenner Parental Behavior Scale, Moos' Family Environment Scale, the Household Task List, and the Performance of Childcare Duties Form. Variables assessed in this study were family structure; grandmother domicile; perceptions of family members' involvement in childcare, including parenting styles and participation in household responsibilities; attitudes towards family members' perceived involvement; attitudes about self and children's school performance; and family environment.

The Census Bureau determines that a person is living in poverty when his or her total household income compared with the size and composition of the household is below the poverty threshold. The Census Bureau uses the federal government's official definition of poverty to determine the poverty threshold. Beginning in 2000, individuals were presented with the option to select one or more races. In addition, the Census asked individuals to identify their race separately from identifying their Hispanic origin. The Census has published individual tables for the races and ethnicities provided as supplemental information to the main table that does not dissaggregate by race or ethnicity. Race categories include the following - White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Some other race, and Two or more races. We are not including specific combinations of two or more races as the counts of these combinations are small. Ethnic categories include - Hispanic or Latino and White Non-Hispanic. This data comes from the American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year estimates, table B17001. The ACS collects these data from a sample of households on a rolling monthly basis. ACS aggregates samples into one-, three-, or five-year periods. CTdata.org generally carries the five-year datasets, as they are considered to be the most accurate, especially for geographic areas that are the size of a county or smaller.Poverty status determined is the denominator for the poverty rate. It is the population for which poverty status was determined so when poverty is calculated they exclude institutionalized people, people in military group quarters, people in college dormitories, and unrelated individuals under 15 years of age.Below poverty level are households as determined by the thresholds based on the criteria of looking at household size, Below poverty level are households as determined by the thresholds based on the criteria of looking at household size, number of children, and age of householder.number of children, and age of householder.

Title SNAP Households by Household Types and Demographics 2016-2020 ACS - SNAP_HH_2020

Summary SNAP Households by type and demographics from 2016-2020 5-year period in NM Census tracts

Notes

Source US CENSUS TABLE FOOD STAMPS/SUPPLEMENTAL NUTRITION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (SNAP) S2201 2020 ACS 5-YEAR ESTIMATE

Prepared by EMcRae_NMCDC

Feature Service https://nmcdc.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=8c3e62b5050f4bcc8853ecf0130f976d

Alias Definition

ID id

GeoName Geographic Area Name

ETH_1 Estimate Total Households

ETH_2 Estimate Total Households With one or more people in the household 60 years and over

ETH_3 Estimate Total Households No people in the household 60 years and over

ETH_4 Estimate Total Households Married-couple family

ETH_5 Estimate Total Households Other family:

ETH_6 Estimate Total Households Other family: Male householder, no spouse present

ETH_7 Estimate Total Households Other family: Female householder, no spouse present

ETH_8 Estimate Total Households Nonfamily households

ETH_9 Estimate Total Households With children under 18 years

ETH_10 Estimate Total Households With children under 18 years Married-couple family

ETH_11 Estimate Total Households With children under 18 years Other family:

ETH_12 Estimate Total Households With children under 18 years Other family: Male householder, no spouse present

ETH_13 Estimate Total Households With children under 18 years Other family: Female householder, no spouse present

ETH_14 Estimate Total Households With children under 18 years Nonfamily households

ETH_15 Estimate Total Households No children under 18 years

ETH_16 Estimate Total Households No children under 18 years Married-couple family

ETH_17 Estimate Total Households No children under 18 years Other family:

ETH_18 Estimate Total Households No children under 18 years Other family: Male householder, no spouse present

ETH_19 Estimate Total Households No children under 18 years Other family: Female householder, no spouse present

ETH_20 Estimate Total Households No children under 18 years Nonfamily households

ETH_POV_1 Estimate Total Households POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Below poverty level

ETH_POV_2 Estimate Total Households POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS At or above poverty level

ETH_DIS_1 Estimate Total Households DISABILITY STATUS With one or more people with a disability

ETH_DIS_2 Estimate Total Households DISABILITY STATUS With no persons with a disability

ETH_RHO_1 Estimate Total Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER White alone

ETH_RHO_2 Estimate Total Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER Black or African American alone

ETH_RHO_3 Estimate Total Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER American Indian and Alaska Native alone

ETH_RHO_4 Estimate Total Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER Asian alone

ETH_RHO_5 Estimate Total Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone

ETH_RHO_6 Estimate Total Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER Some other race alone

ETH_RHO_7 Estimate Total Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER Two or more races

ETH_RHO_8 Estimate Total Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race)

ETH_RHO_9 Estimate Total Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER White alone, not Hispanic or Latino

ETH_INC_1 Estimate Total Households HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) Median income (dollars)

ETH_WS_1 Estimate Total WORK STATUS Families

ETH_WS_2 Estimate Total WORK STATUS Families No workers in past 12 months

ETH_WS_3 Estimate Total WORK STATUS Families 1 worker in past 12 months

ETH_WS_4 Estimate Total WORK STATUS Families 2 or more workers in past 12 months

EPH_2 Estimate Percent Households With one or more people in the household 60 years and over

EPH_3 Estimate Percent Households No people in the household 60 years and over

EPH_4 Estimate Percent Households Married-couple family

EPH_5 Estimate Percent Households Other family:

EPH_6 Estimate Percent Households Other family: Male householder, no spouse present

EPH_7 Estimate Percent Households Other family: Female householder, no spouse present

EPH_8 Estimate Percent Households Nonfamily households

EPH_9 Estimate Percent Households With children under 18 years

EPH_10 Estimate Percent Households With children under 18 years Married-couple family

EPH_11 Estimate Percent Households With children under 18 years Other family:

EPH_12 Estimate Percent Households With children under 18 years Other family: Male householder, no spouse present

EPH_13 Estimate Percent Households With children under 18 years Other family: Female householder, no spouse present

EPH_14 Estimate Percent Households With children under 18 years Nonfamily households

EPH_15 Estimate Percent Households No children under 18 years

EPH_16 Estimate Percent Households No children under 18 years Married-couple family

EPH_17 Estimate Percent Households No children under 18 years Other family:

EPH_18 Estimate Percent Households No children under 18 years Other family: Male householder, no spouse present

EPH_19 Estimate Percent Households No children under 18 years Other family: Female householder, no spouse present

EPH_20 Estimate Percent Households No children under 18 years Nonfamily households

EPH_POV_1 Estimate Percent Households POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Below poverty level

EPH_POV_2 Estimate Percent Households POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS At or above poverty level

EPH_DIS_1 Estimate Percent Households DISABILITY STATUS With one or more people with a disability

EPH_DIS_2 Estimate Percent Households DISABILITY STATUS With no persons with a disability

EPH_RHO_1 Estimate Percent Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER White alone

EPH_RHO_2 Estimate Percent Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER Black or African American alone

EPH_RHO_3 Estimate Percent Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER American Indian and Alaska Native alone

EPH_RHO_4 Estimate Percent Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER Asian alone

EPH_RHO_5 Estimate Percent Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone

EPH_RHO_6 Estimate Percent Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER Some other race alone

EPH_RHO_7 Estimate Percent Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER Two or more races

EPH_RHO_8 Estimate Percent Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race)

EPH_RHO_9 Estimate Percent Households RACE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER White alone, not Hispanic or Latino

EPH_WS_2 Estimate Percent WORK STATUS Families No workers in past 12 months

EPH_WS_3 Estimate Percent WORK STATUS Families 1 worker in past 12 months

EPH_WS_4 Estimate Percent WORK STATUS Families 2 or more workers in past 12 months

SNAP_1 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households

SNAP_2 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households With one or more people in the household 60 years and over

SNAP_3 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households No people in the household 60 years and over

SNAP_4 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households Married-couple family

SNAP_5 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households Other family:

SNAP_6 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households Other family: Male householder, no spouse present

SNAP_7 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households Other family: Female householder, no spouse present

SNAP_8 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households Nonfamily households

SNAP_9 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households With children under 18 years

SNAP_10 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households With children under 18 years Married-couple family

SNAP_11 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households With children under 18 years Other family:

SNAP_12 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households With children under 18 years Other family: Male householder, no spouse present

SNAP_13 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households With children under 18 years Other family: Female householder, no spouse present

SNAP_14 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households With children under 18 years Nonfamily households

SNAP_15 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households No children under 18 years

SNAP_16 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households No children under 18 years Married-couple family

SNAP_17 Estimate Households receiving food stamps/SNAP Households No children under 18 years Other family:

SNAP_18 Estimate Households

Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Data and Documentation section...Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section..Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, it is the Census Bureau''s Population Estimates Program that produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities and towns and estimates of housing units for states and counties..Explanation of Symbols:An ''**'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute a standard error and thus the margin of error. A statistical test is not appropriate..An ''-'' entry in the estimate column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute an estimate, or a ratio of medians cannot be calculated because one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''-'' following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''+'' following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''***'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that the median falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution. A statistical test is not appropriate..An ''*****'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that the estimate is controlled. A statistical test for sampling variability is not appropriate. .An ''N'' entry in the estimate and margin of error columns indicates that data for this geographic area cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small..An ''(X)'' means that the estimate is not applicable or not available..Estimates of urban and rural population, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on Census 2000 data. Boundaries for urban areas have not been updated since Census 2000. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..While the 2008-2012 American Community Survey (ACS) data generally reflect the December 2009 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definitions of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas; in certain instances the names, codes, and boundaries of the principal cities shown in ACS tables may differ from the OMB definitions due to differences in the effective dates of the geographic entities..Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error can be interpreted roughly as providing a 90 percent probability that the interval defined by the estimate minus the margin of error and the estimate plus the margin of error (the lower and upper confidence bounds) contains the true value. In addition to sampling variability, the ACS estimates are subject to nonsampling error (for a discussion of nonsampling variability, see Accuracy of the Data). The effect of nonsampling error is not represented in these tables..Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2008-2012 American Community Survey

In 2023, **** percent of Black people living in the United States were living below the poverty line, compared to *** percent of white people. That year, the total poverty rate in the U.S. across all races and ethnicities was **** percent. Poverty in the United States Single people in the United States making less than ****** U.S. dollars a year and families of four making less than ****** U.S. dollars a year are considered to be below the poverty line. Women and children are more likely to suffer from poverty, due to women staying home more often than men to take care of children, and women suffering from the gender wage gap. Not only are women and children more likely to be affected, racial minorities are as well due to the discrimination they face. Poverty data Despite being one of the wealthiest nations in the world, the United States had the third highest poverty rate out of all OECD countries in 2019. However, the United States' poverty rate has been fluctuating since 1990, but has been decreasing since 2014. The average median household income in the U.S. has remained somewhat consistent since 1990, but has recently increased since 2014 until a slight decrease in 2020, potentially due to the pandemic. The state that had the highest number of people living below the poverty line in 2020 was California.

Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Technical Documentation section...Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section..Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, it is the Census Bureau''s Population Estimates Program that produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities, and towns and estimates of housing units for states and counties..Explanation of Symbols:An ''**'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute a standard error and thus the margin of error. A statistical test is not appropriate..An ''-'' entry in the estimate column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute an estimate, or a ratio of medians cannot be calculated because one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''-'' following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''+'' following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''***'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that the median falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution. A statistical test is not appropriate..An ''*****'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that the estimate is controlled. A statistical test for sampling variability is not appropriate. .An ''N'' entry in the estimate and margin of error columns indicates that data for this geographic area cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small..An ''(X)'' means that the estimate is not applicable or not available..Estimates of urban and rural populations, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on Census 2010 data. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..While the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) data generally reflect the July 2015 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) delineations of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, in certain instances the names, codes, and boundaries of the principal cities shown in ACS tables may differ from the OMB delineations due to differences in the effective dates of the geographic entities..Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error can be interpreted roughly as providing a 90 percent probability that the interval defined by the estimate minus the margin of error and the estimate plus the margin of error (the lower and upper confidence bounds) contains the true value. In addition to sampling variability, the ACS estimates are subject to nonsampling error (for a discussion of nonsampling variability, see Accuracy of the Data). The effect of nonsampling error is not represented in these tables..Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of early head start programs in response to the 1994 Head Start reauthorization which established a special initiative for services to families with infants and toddlers. The study was a program evaluation with 1500 families in Early Head Start programs and 1500 in a control group with no program participation. The participants included 3000 low-income and poor families (child, mother, and some fathers). The participants were 34% African American, 24% Latino (a), 37% White, and 5% other ethnicities. The children were between 0-12 months at the time of enrollment. The mothers averaged 23 years of age, with over 1/3 of the mothers under the age of 18. Assessments with children and interviews with parents were conducted when children were 14, 24, and 36 months. Parents and children were also assessed at 6, 15, and 24 months after enrollment to ensure that information for comparison group families was comparable to program data on Early Head Start families. Early Head Start program directors and key staff working with children and families were also interviewed. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of early head start programs in response to the 1994 Head Start authorization which established a special initiative for services to families with infants and toddlers. The study was a program evaluation with 1500 families in Early Head Start programs and 1500 in a control group with no program participation. The participants included 3000 low-income and poor families (child, mother, and some fathers). The participants were 34% African American, 24% Latino (a), 37% White, and 5% other ethnicities. The children were between 0-12 months at the time of enrollment. The mothers averaged 23 years of age, with over 1/3 of the mothers under the age of 18. Assessments with children and interviews with parents were conducted when children were 14, 24, and 36 months. Parents and children were also assessed at 6, 15, and 24 months after enrollment to ensure that information for comparison group families was comparable to program data on Early Head Start families. Early Head Start program directors and key staff working with children and families were also interviewed. Program evaluations occurred at 17 sites with matching numbers of participating and control families at each site. The study encompassed five major components: 1) An implementation study which examined service needs and use for low-income families with infants and toddlers, including assessment of program implementation, illuminating pathways to achieving quality, examining program contributions to community change, and identifying and exploring variations across sites; 2) An impact evaluation to analyze the effects of Early Head Start programs on children, parents and families in depth, while assessing outcomes for program staff and communities; 3) Local research studies by researchers to learn more about the pathways to desired outcomes for everyone involved in Early Head Start; 4) Policy studies to respond to information needs in areas of emerging policy-relevant issues, including welfare reform, fatherhood, child care, and children with disabilities; and 5) Formats for continuous program improvements. Multiple data collection method were employed including intensive site visits to the research programs, program documents, parent services follow-up interviews, child care observations, staff surveys, parent reports, direct assessment of children, observations by trained observers, and coding of videotaped parent-child interactions in problem solving and free-play situations. Variable assessed include variations across the programs, pathways to service quality, service needs and use for low income families with infants and toddlers, program contributions to community change, child and family outcomes, differential effects for families with certain characteristics living in particular contexts, differential impacts related to differences in program implementation, professional development, continuity, and health of staff, relationship building among families and service providers and building collaborative service networks, child-care arrangements available to low-income families over the entire period of the study, children's environments and their relationship with caregivers, child's socioemotional functioning, child's cognitive and language development, parenting and the home environment, parental characteristics, and relationships with fathers and other adults. The Murray Research Archive also holds video and audiotape data for this study. The Murray also holds consortium use only files that are restricted to Early Head Start consortium members.

This dataset consists of survey responses from 57 African American parents/caregivers whose child was receiving care for ADHD in a university-affiliated pediatric primary care unit. The 47 item questionnaire entitled Attitudes, Satisfaction, Knowledge, and Medication Experiences (ASK-ME) was developed by the primary author to assess views of stimulant medication for ADHD. In addition to demographic information, the dataset includes treatment characteristics, whether or not the child received counseling, and responses to 7 items specifically related to attitude toward medication. A copy of the survey is available from Dr. Susan dosReis upon request.