In 2021, the highest share of the service sector in the gross domestic product (GDP) of major cities in China had been reached in Beijing, amounting to around **** percent. Many cities in the economically well developed Yangtze River and Pearl River Deltas are still more dependent on the industrial sector, for example Shenzhen, which reached the highest per capita GDP of all major cities in China that year.

Rapid industrialization of China generated a massive quantity of waste, among them industrial solid waste contributed the biggest flow to some 60 gigatonnes (Gt) in the past two decades. A complete tempo-spatial dataset of industrial waste, however, is absent in many areas in China, due to numerous waste producers and insufficient statistical coverage. To fill up the gap, we collected current available data from thousands of sources. We further developed six machine learning models to complete the dataset across all the 337 cities in China for the period 1990–2022. Bayesian optimization was employed to obtain the best estimation model for each city and to enhance its performance and resilience. In addition to the aggregate waste amount, generation of six major subcategories of industrial waste, i.e., metallurgical slags, fly ash, furnace slags, coal gangue, tailings, and desulfurization gypsum, are presented for more than half of the cities in 2022. This dataset can help researchers and policymakers recognize and address challenges brought by industrial waste.

This is the supplementary data to the paper "Large-scale automatic identification of Industrial Vacant Land: An open-source approach using semantic segmentation of remote sensing images and multi-source data", which shows the potential industrial vacant land identification results in Tangshan, Huangshi, and Xinyu, which are 3 representative Chinese resource-based cities.

The files include the shapefile label files of potential industrial vacant land in 3 cities, and the corresponding RS image, which have been segmented into 256px * 256px rasters. The filename formats are as follows: (1) Label: LB (2) Rs image: YX The code is available at https://github.com/Sunyh20/Large-scale-Automatic-Identification-of-Industrial-Vacant-Land. ———————————————————————————————————————————————————— Version 2: we added 106 Labels of the potential industrial vacant land in Wuhai City, Inner Mongolia, a resource-based city in China. The relevant data is located in the folder named: add_Wuhai. These labels can be combined with the data in the "YB" folder for better model training.

Hong Kong SAR (China) PBA: Usable Area: Industrial: Major Submission data was reported at 0.000 sq m th in Jan 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 sq m th for Dec 2024. Hong Kong SAR (China) PBA: Usable Area: Industrial: Major Submission data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 sq m th from Sep 2004 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 245 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 77.900 sq m th in Nov 2019 and a record low of 0.000 sq m th in Jan 2025. Hong Kong SAR (China) PBA: Usable Area: Industrial: Major Submission data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Census and Statistics Department. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR (China) – Table HK.EB111: Building: Private Building: Authorised & Completed.

Antimony (Sb) is a globally concerning pollutant. Sb-containing nanoparticles (Sb NPs) are increasingly being recognized for their human health risks. They can impair erythropoiesis and exhibit potential oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and ferroptosis. To date, there have been no reports on identifying and quantifying industrial sources of Sb NPs, limiting human exposure assessment, and emission control strategy development. Here, we analyzed Sb NP concentrations in industrial fine particulate matter from 113 facilities across 13 sectors, covering 54 cities in over 20 provinces in China. Cement kilns, coke production, and electric arc furnace steelmaking were identified as priority sources, with annual emissions of 6.01 × 1021, 7.87 × 1020, and 6.75 × 1020 Sb NPs, respectively. Sb NP emissions and human exposure were highest in the east of China, followed by the central region, with lower levels in the west and northeast. Industrial clustering exacerbates health disparities between cities and provinces, with people in the eastern regions facing twice the exposure risk of those in western regions. Achieving cobenefits of health protection and industrial development could be realized through capacity regulationincluding capacity reductions of priority sources, decentralization of major industrial hubs, revitalization of traditional industrial cities, and national-scale industrial transferalongside emission monitoring, standard-setting, and technological advancement in pollution control targeting Sb NPs for high-emission sectors. These findings provide data for Sb NP emission control and eliminate disparities of Sb NP-related risks in China, offering insights for global industrial Sb NP management.

The China Office Real Estate Market Report is Segmented by Building Grade (Grade A, Grade B, and More), by Transaction Type (Rental and Sales), by End Use (Information Technology (IT & ITES), BFSI (Banking, Financial Services and Insurance), and More) and by Major Cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and More). The Report Offers Market Size and Forecasts in Value (USD) for all the Above Segments.

“Larger city groups” in China ‘s three major urban agglomerations.

In the context of the rapid development of the global digital economy, it is of great significance to explore the greening transformation of the manufacturing industry from the micro-perspective of enterprise digital development. This paper empirically examines the impact and mechanism of enterprise digital development on the greening transformation of the manufacturing industry using the 2010–2020 data of Chinese A-share listed companies in the manufacturing industry as a sample. The study shows that enterprise digital development can significantly promote the greening transformation of China’s manufacturing industry, and this conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests. Technological innovation and financing constraints are important mediating mechanisms. Further research found that the impact of enterprise digital development on the greening transformation of China’s manufacturing industry has a positive nonlinear effect, and its marginal effect shows a weakening trend. Heterogeneity analysis shows that, from the perspective of micro characteristics, digital development is more able to promote the green transformation of state-owned and large enterprises. From a macro-regional perspective, digital development can better promote the green transformation of the manufacturing industry in eastern cities, key city clusters, and high-level cities. The findings of this paper can provide corresponding insights for "revitalizing the manufacturing industry", and also provide decision-making references for countries aiming to make the manufacturing industry bigger and stronger.

This statistic shows the number of fitness studios in major Chinese cities as of 2018, by studio type. As of June 2018, there were ***** personal training studios in Shanghai, whereas ***** personal training studios were located in Beijing.

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Industrial Enclosures Market Size 2025-2029

The industrial enclosures market size is forecast to increase by USD 2.62 billion at a CAGR of 5.5% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing use of electrical and electronic equipment in manufacturing processes and the expansion of the smart cities industry. These trends are fueling the demand for robust and reliable enclosure solutions to protect and house these critical components. However, market growth is not without challenges. Volatile input costs, particularly for raw materials, have intensified price competition among market participants. Furthermore, regulatory hurdles impact adoption, as stricter safety and environmental regulations necessitate higher production costs and more stringent testing procedures. To capitalize on market opportunities and navigate these challenges effectively, companies must focus on innovation, operational efficiency, and strategic partnerships. Furthermore, the expansion of smart cities is leading to increased adoption of industrial automation systems, thereby boosting the market
By investing in research and development to create advanced, cost-effective enclosure solutions that meet evolving regulatory requirements, companies can differentiate themselves and capture market share. Additionally, collaborating with suppliers and industry partners to mitigate the impact of volatile input costs and optimize supply chain operations can help ensure a stable and profitable business. Overall, the market presents significant growth potential for companies that can navigate these challenges and deliver value to customers through innovative, reliable, and cost-effective solutions. The increasing adoption of renewable energy sources and the electrification of industries will continue to drive the demand for industrial enclosures.

What will be the Size of the Industrial Enclosures Market during the forecast period?

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The market is characterized by continuous innovation, with manufacturers focusing on developing enclosures that adhere to stringent regulations while offering optimal deployment solutions. Enclosure support services and warranty are crucial aspects of the market, ensuring seamless integration and maintenance throughout the product lifecycle. Logistics and cost optimization are also key trends, with enclosure manufacturers providing simulation tools and value engineering to streamline the deployment process. Enclosure trends include advanced ergonomics, remote management, and security features, enabling businesses to optimize performance metrics and enhance safety. Standards and certification play a significant role in the market, with enclosure engineering prioritizing sustainability, durability, and integration. The market in the US is experiencing significant growth due to increasing global energy consumption in energy-intensive industries such as manufacturing, oil and gas, and power generation.
Value-added services, such as customization, connectivity, and monitoring, are becoming increasingly important, providing businesses with flexibility and improved operational efficiency. Enclosure materials and finishes are also evolving to meet the demands of various applications, ensuring reliability, aesthetics, and compliance with industry regulations. As the market continues to evolve, enclosure manufacturers are focusing on enhancing enclosure performance metrics and engineering, enabling businesses to make informed decisions and optimize their industrial operations. Lifecycle management and safety remain top priorities, with enclosure manufacturers offering comprehensive solutions to help businesses navigate the complexities of enclosure deployment and maintenance.

How is this Industrial Enclosures Industry segmented?

The industrial enclosures industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

End-user

  Process
  Discrete


Type

  Metallic
  Non-metallic


Product

  Junction boxes
  Control cabinets
  Server racks
  Others


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    UK


  APAC

    Australia
    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  Rest of World (ROW)

By End-user Insights

The process segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market is driven by the need for protecting various types of equipment used in manufacturing processes from environmental hazards. In 2024, the process segment dominated the market, with significant demand coming from power generation, oil and gas, chemical and petrochemical, food and beverages, and pharmaceutical industries. These industries rely heavily on machi

In 2023, Nanjing generated gross domestic product of around **** trillion yuan in tertiary industry. Nanjing is the largest city of Jiangsu province and was designated as capital in several dynasties in Chinese history.

The statistic shows the area of new buildings in ** large and medium-sized cities in China in 2023. In 2023, approximately ** million square meters were constructed in Beijing.

Based on panel data of 108 cities in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2003 to 2019, a multiple mediation model is used in this study to assess the impact and mechanism of financial development on new urbanization. The main conclusions are that financial development can directly promote the improvement of new urbanization and indirectly improve the level of new urbanization by increasing infrastructure investment, optimizing industrial structure, and enhancing human capital. Further, the financial development of middle-upstream cities has a stronger promoting effect on new urbanization. Whereas the financial development of downstream cities mainly promotes the construction of new urbanization through both infrastructure investment and industrial structure optimization, middle-upstream cities rely more solely on infrastructure investment.

As key precursors of tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution, volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution and related studies in China are mainly concentrated in developed regions or metropolises, while there are few studies on VOC pollution in the heavy industrial base in Northeast China. This study conducted a systematic survey of VOCs’ information for the first time in Jilin Province, covering eight prefecture-level cities, ten major industries (e.g., petrochemical, chemical), and 130 major factories, based on cruise monitoring for 2 months. The concentrations and compositions (i.e., 65 species) of VOC were measured in real-time. The emission characteristics of VOC, local source profiles, and the ozone formation potential (OFP) were further analyzed to support O3 pollution control in Northeast China. On the provincial scale, the concentrations of total VOC during the monitoring period ranged from 0.03 to 18321.5 μg/m3, and averaged at 607.9 ± 2051.8 μg/m3. Among the prefecture-level cities, Jilin City had the highest concentration level (1938.0 ± 3811.3 μg/m3) given the largest numbers of petrochemical factories, and the lowest level (85.5 ± 48.9 μg/m3) was found in Liaoyuan City. At the industrial scale, the highest (1915.2 ± 1842.6 μg/m3) was detected in the petrochemical industry with a major species of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. The lowest VOC emission concentration levels were found in the textile industry (57.8 ± 44.6 μg/m3; major species: xylene/ethylbenzene). Local source profiles in various industries were established, and normalized OFP of corresponding species was calculated, which are important parameters to evaluate the contribution of different VOC sources to O3 pollution. Combined with provincial industrial structure and future planning, we suggest two major industries including the chemical industry and petrochemical industry in Changchun City and Jilin City are prior to being optimized to reduce O3 pollution. This study contributes to the knowledge of the characteristics and source profiles of VOC emissions, providing an important reference for the management or control of O3 pollution in Northeast China.

In 2021, among the ** major Chinese cities that received the highest income through land transfers, ** cities’ annual land transfer fee revenue was higher than their local general public budget revenue. As land transfer revenues declined significantly after the property market peaked in 2021, many local governments have been forced to reduce their reliance on land transfer revenues and turn to debt and other funding sources. The 1994 fiscal reform and “Land Finance” The tax-sharing reform of 1994 greatly adjusted China’s tax structure, and the distribution of tax revenue between central and local governments. Since its implementation, local governments in the country have had little tax autonomy and can only receive roughly half of the overall tax revenue generated in the country. The reform forced local administrations to find new sources of income. As land plots in urban areas are government-owned, they were leased to property developers in exchange for land transfer fees, helping local governments to cover their expenditures. As China’s real estate market mostly remained prosperous in before 2022, land transfer revenues also increased significantly. Many local governments had become increasingly dependent on this income, due to a lack of other financial means. Lower dependency in first-tier cities Economic hubs with diverse industries in China, including Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen were generally less dependent on land transfer incomes, despite having the most vibrant real estate market in the country and exceptionally expensive land leases. In contrast, many provincial capitals, such as Guiyang, Wuhan, and Xi’an, were among the cities that were the most dependent on land transfer incomes.

In 2024, about 943.5 million people lived in urban regions in China and 464.8 million in rural. That year, the country had a total population of approximately 1.41 billion people. As of 2024, China was the second most populous country in the world. Urbanization in China Urbanization refers to the process by which people move from rural to urban areas and how a society adapts to the population shift. It is usually seen as a driving force in economic growth, accompanied by industrialization, modernization and the spread of education. Urbanization levels tend to be higher in industrial countries, whereas the degree of urbanization in developing countries remains relatively low. According to World Bank, a mere 19.4 percent of the Chinese population had been living in urban areas in 1980. Since then, China’s urban population has skyrocketed. By 2024, about 67 percent of the Chinese population lived in urban areas. Regional urbanization rates In the last decades, urbanization has progressed greatly in every region of China. Even in most of the more remote Chinese provinces, the urbanization rate surpassed 50 percent in recent years. However, the most urbanized areas are still to be found in the coastal eastern and southern regions of China. The population of Shanghai, the largest city in China and the world’s seventh largest city ranged at around 24 million people in 2023. China’s urban areas are characterized by a developing middle class. Per capita disposable income of Chinese urban households has more than doubled between 2010 and 2020. The emerging middle class is expected to become a significant driver for the continuing growth of the Chinese economy.

The per capita GDP contribution of Shanghai amounted to around ******* yuan in 2024, up from ******* yuan in the previous year. Shanghai is one of the largest cities in China. In terms of GDP, it was also the Chinese city with the largest GDP contribution, followed by Beijing and Shenzhen. Shanghai's economic development Shanghai’s GDP growth rate ranged at *** percent in 2024, the same as Chinese national GDP growth. As the leading city in the Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, Shanghai is one of the most active cities for business and trade in China. While the share of the industrial sector in Shanghai’s GDP continues to shrink, the city’s economy is becoming increasingly reliant on the service sector. In 2013, the first free-trade zone in Mainland China was launched in Shanghai, making Shanghai play an essential role in China’s economic reforms. A friendlier investment environment, less tax burdens and a more open financial market for foreign companies were expected to be promoted there. Living in Shanghai Shanghai became world famous when it was recognized by the Europeans in the 19th century for its economic potential as an important harbor city. Today, it is still one of the most open and active cities in China. Migration from across China and other countries makes Shanghai a melting pot of different cultures, which can also be found in its diverse catering industry. In terms of housing prices, it’s one of the most expensive cities in China. Still, the colorful life and plentiful opportunities are attracting numerous young people to come to the city for study and work.

The trade fair market in China has been experiencing a steady growth in the past few years. The direct value added from the exhibition industry was estimated at *** billion yuan in 2018. It is expected to exceed ************ yuan by 2022, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of ***** percent.

The treasure box is opened Trade shows and conventions bring considerable economic benefits to the host city in terms of bringing new visitors and attracting investments. Along with the support from Chinese government, the exhibition industry has been growing steadily. In 2018, there were over *** exhibition venues nationwide organizing over ************* trade fairs. Jiangsu was the leading region that year, holding about ****** percent of exhibitions in the country. In terms of exhibition space, Shanghai was the top host in China with a total hall area of almost ** million square meters. Guangdong and Shandong were the other big contributors to the market that year.

Entering a new phase In fact, the achievement of exhibition infrastructure in China is significant. In 2015, the National Exhibition and Convention Center (NECC) was opened in Shanghai. As the second-largest exhibition hall in the world, the NECC offers about *** thousand square meter exhibition space with ********* of its area dedicated for outdoor space. In 2019, China constructed the largest exhibition venue in the world - the Shenzhen World Exhibition and Convention Center. Clearly, the exhibition infrastructure in China has evolved, while other logistical development, such as exhibition operation and venue management, would be the industry’s next focus.

In 2025, the minimum hourly wage in Beijing was the highest in China at 26.4 yuan per hour. In the past decade, China has been shifting from a cheap labor driven economy to more matured, service-oriented markets and industries. While the economy continues to grow, prices and wages keep on increasing as well. How do wages differ across the country? China’s provinces and municipalities are divided into districts of different levels. Most provinces set different minimum wages for different districts depending on the cost of living and level of development. Usually, provincial capitals and major cities enjoy higher hourly wages than smaller towns and rural areas of the same province. In 2025, the highest minimum hourly wages in China were to be found in Beijing and Tianjin municipalities with 26.4 and 24.4 yuan respectively, whereas employees in Hainan province who received a minimum wage were paid the least – between 16.3 and 17.9 yuan per hour. Minimum monthly wages that year were the highest in Shanghai and the lowest in Qinghai province. The average annual salary in urban China was around 120,700 yuan in 2023. What are the prospects? Regional governments in China are required to update their minimum wages at least every few years. Hebei, Fujian, and Guangdong – provinces that have not adjusted minimum wages in the past two years – are likely to do so in 2025. Along with economic development, increasing living standards, increasing prices and a shrinking labor force, overall minimum wages will likely continue growing in China.

Large private shareholders, industrial policies and industrial loans of city commercial banks.