In 2023, health expenditure in China amounted to about **** percent of the GDP, up from **** percent in the previous year. Rising healthcare expenditure In the past four decades, China's overall healthcare spending has increased consistently. Growing government funding and private investments have led to an expansion of the health system, resulting in more healthcare facilities, more beds, and improved medical technologies. At present, more than ********* of the nation's healthcare expenditures are out-of-pocket costs borne by patients, with the rest covered by government subsidies and medical insurance. The improved medical insurance system At the turn of this century, China introduced a range of statutory medical insurance programs, including the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance, the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme, and the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance. The programs gradually reduced the high out-of-pocket medical bills borne by Chinese patients, while providing a more stable source of income for the healthcare providers. Since around 2017, the basic medical insurance system was simplified, resulting in two insurance schemes covering ** percent of the population.

China GDP: by Expenditure: FCE: HS: Urban: Health Care data was reported at 1,259.066 RMB bn in 2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,004.950 RMB bn for 2010. China GDP: by Expenditure: FCE: HS: Urban: Health Care data is updated yearly, averaging 678.745 RMB bn from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2011, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,259.066 RMB bn in 2011 and a record low of 413.990 RMB bn in 2004. China GDP: by Expenditure: FCE: HS: Urban: Health Care data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s National Accounts – Table CN.AA: Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure.

In 2023, the total expenditure on health care in China reached over ************* yuan. That figure included government spending, collective spending, and private out-of-pocket spending on health care. Health expenditures worldwide The health expenditure in China has soared from under *********** yuan in 2000 to more than ************* in 2023. The reasons behind this growth are multifold. Most important factors are the increasing living standards and the aging of the population. In terms of relative numbers, health expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has also been increasing in general in the last two decades and reached over *** percent in recent years. This indicates the growing importance the government attributed to the health care in the country. However, this is still a relatively low share of GDP when compared to other more developed countries, for example Australia or South Korea. Health care in China The same phenomenon is reflected in the increase in private per capita health expenditure of Chinese households as well, which has nearly tripled in the last decade for Beijing, as the region with the highest private health expenditure in China. Health insurance is voluntary in China, but the share of the population being covered by a basic health insurance has grown quickly in the last ten years. In 2017, the number of people covered by basic health insurance surpassed *********** for the first time. In 2019, more than ** percent of the population enjoyed at least a basic health insurance. Additional commercial health insurances were especially purchased by people working as executives or professionals.

China GDP: by Expenditure: FCE: HS: Rural: Health Care data was reported at 460.986 RMB bn in 2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 364.390 RMB bn for 2010. China GDP: by Expenditure: FCE: HS: Rural: Health Care data is updated yearly, averaging 202.522 RMB bn from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2011, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 460.986 RMB bn in 2011 and a record low of 101.030 RMB bn in 2004. China GDP: by Expenditure: FCE: HS: Rural: Health Care data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s National Accounts – Table CN.AA: Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure.

Hong Kong SNA08: GDP: PCE: DM: Medical Care & Health Expenses data was reported at 87,184.000 HKD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 79,957.000 HKD mn for 2016. Hong Kong SNA08: GDP: PCE: DM: Medical Care & Health Expenses data is updated yearly, averaging 17,762.500 HKD mn from Dec 1966 (Median) to 2017, with 52 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 87,184.000 HKD mn in 2017 and a record low of 320.000 HKD mn in 1966. Hong Kong SNA08: GDP: PCE: DM: Medical Care & Health Expenses data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Census and Statistics Department. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR – Table HK.A125: SNA 2008: GDP: Private Consumption Expenditure: Current Price (Annual).

ObjectivesInformation on healthcare costs in low-and-middle-income countries is limited. This study presents a framework to perform healthcare cost estimates for each province in China.MethodsThis study has two aims. Using cervical cancer as an example, the first aim is to use data (including micro-costing data) from one province to derive estimates for other provinces in China. This used provincial and national Chinese-language statistical reports and considered levels of service delivery, hospital-seeking behaviour, and the urban/rural population distribution. The second aim is to characterise the relationship between the reference costs estimated using the method mentioned above and two sets of cost estimates derived using simplified cost-scaling method with per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the Human Development Index (HDI). For simplified methods, regression modelling characterised the relationship between province-specific healthcare costs and macro-economic indicators, then we used the exponential fit to extrapolate costs.ResultsUsing the reference method, the estimated costs were found to vary substantially by urban/rural regions and between provinces; the ratios of highest to lowest provincial costs were 3.5 for visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), 4.4 for cold knife conisation (CKC) and 4.6 for stage II cancer treatment. The HDI-based scaling method generally resulted in a better fit to reference costs than the GDP method.ConclusionsThese reference costs for cervical cancer can inform cost-effectiveness evaluation of cervical screening and HPV vaccination in China. HDI-based methods for cost-scaling-based on social, as well as purely economic, factors-have potential to provide more accurate estimates.

Hong Kong GDP: PC: 1990p: DM: Medical Care & Health Expenses data was reported at 18,261.000 HKD mn in 2000. This records an increase from the previous number of 18,165.000 HKD mn for 1999. Hong Kong GDP: PC: 1990p: DM: Medical Care & Health Expenses data is updated yearly, averaging 14,681.000 HKD mn from Dec 1986 (Median) to 2000, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20,351.000 HKD mn in 1996 and a record low of 10,579.000 HKD mn in 1986. Hong Kong GDP: PC: 1990p: DM: Medical Care & Health Expenses data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Census and Statistics Department. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong – Table HK.A139: GDP: Private Consumption Expenditure: 1990 Price (Annual).

Incremental cases and costs.

These are peer-reviewed supplementary materials for the article 'The economic impact associated with stent retriever selection for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a cost-effectiveness analysis of MASTRO I data from a Chinese healthcare system perspective' published in the Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research.Supplementary Table 1: Transition probabilitiesSupplementary Table 2: Cost and Utility Model InputsSupplementary Table 3: ICERs Associated with Varying Cost of Solitaire and TrevoSupplementary Figure 1: Tornado Diagram for the Pairwise Deterministic One-Way Sensitivity Analysis of EmboTrap Versus SolitaireSupplementary Figure 2: Tornado Diagram for the Pairwise Deterministic One-Way Sensitivity Analysis of Trevo Versus EmboTrapSupplementary Figure 3: Tornado Diagram for the Pairwise Deterministic One-Way Sensitivity Analysis of Trevo Versus SolitaireSupplementary Figure 4: ICERs Associated with Varying Cost of (A) Solitaire and (B) TrevoAim: The aim of this analysis was to assess the cost-effectiveness of the EmboTrap R ? Revascularization Device compared with the Solitaire™ Revascularization Device and Trevo R ? Retriever for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system. Methods: According to MASTRO I, a recent living systematic literature review and meta-analysis, mechanical thrombectomy (MT) with EmboTrap in the treatment of AIS resulted in better functional outcomes compared with the use of Solitaire or Trevo. Based on the proportion of patients that achieved 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores of 0-2, 3-5 and 6 reported in MASTRO I, a combined 90-day short-term decision tree and Markov model with a 10-year time horizon was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of the three devices. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), representing the incremental cost (in 2022 Chinese Yuan [CNY]) per incremental quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). The ICERs were compared against willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds of 1, 1.5 and 3-times the 2022 national gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in China. Results: Treatment with EmboTrap resulted in total QALYs of 3.28 and total costs of 110,058 CNY per patient. Treatment with Trevo resulted in total QALYs of 3.05 and total costs of 116,941 CNY per patient. Treatment with Solitaire resulted in total QALYs of 2.81 and total costs of 99,090 CNY per patient. Trevo was dominated by EmboTrap as it was a more costly and less effective intervention. As such, Trevo was not cost-effective at any WTP threshold. Compared with Solitaire, EmboTrap was more effective and more costly, with an ICER of 23,615 CNY per QALY. This result suggests that EmboTrap is cost-effective when compared with Solitaire since the ICER was lower than all WTP thresholds assessed. Conclusion: EmboTrap dominated Trevo and is cost-effective for the treatment of patients with AIS compared with Solitaire when assessed from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system and based on the devicelevel meta-analysis MASTRO I. Selecting a stent retriever (SR) that optimizes 90-day mRS score is an important consideration from both a clinical and healthcare payer perspective in China as it is associated with reduced long-term costs and increased quality of life.

ObjectiveTo compare the cost-effectiveness of undertaking low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening for early detection of lung cancer (LC) with different frequencies within the healthcare system of China, and estimate the additional national healthcare expenditure and five-year LC mortality associated with different screening frequencies.Material and methodsA Markov model was established using national LC epidemiological data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, demographic data from the Chinese Statistical Yearbook, and cost and effectiveness data mainly from the Cancer Screening Program in China. The model included thirty sex-specific screening strategies, which were classified by initial screening age (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50), and screening intervals (intervals at single time point, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 years). The main model outputs were incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), additional national healthcare expenditure and five-year LC mortality.ResultsThe ICERs for LDCT screening strategies vs. non-screening strategy ranged from $16,086 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) to $3,675,491 per QALY in the male cohort, and from $36,624 per QALY to $5,943,556 per QALY in the female cohort. The annual increment national healthcare expenditures related to LDCT screening were varied from $0.25 to $13.39 billion, with the lower cost in the cohort with older screening ages and lower screening frequencies. More frequent screening with LDCT was associated with a greater reduction in LC death: an annual LDCT screening was linked to an estimated reduction in five-year LC death by 27.27–29.07%, while a one-off screening was linked to a reduction by 5.56–5.83%.ConclusionUnder a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of three times the Chinese gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (US $37,654), annual screening with an initiating age at 50 was most cost-effective in both male and female cohorts. By taking into account both the national healthcare expenditures and the effect of LDCT screening, our study results support undertaking LDCT screening annually from 50 years old in general populations.

Total cases and costs with and without a PCV13 program.

Direct and indirect effects for PCV13.

Health is directly linked to SDG 3, “Good Health and Well-being,” which aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all ages. Achieving this goal involves improving health outcomes, including increasing life expectancy (LEX) and reducing mortality rates. Therefore, the current study aims to examine the impact of Air pollution’s on LEX, and the role of education, and health expenditure in achieving the SDG 3 in China from 2000 to 2023. This study utilizes the Auto Regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. We use the Fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic ordinary least squares (FMOLS) methods for robustness analysis. The results show that CO2 emissions and inflation negatively impact LEX, while education, health expenditure, and GDP positively affect LEX. Policymakers should prioritize reducing CO2 emissions through stricter environmental regulations to improve public health. Increased investment in education and healthcare, alongside policies that boost GDP growth, should be emphasized to enhance life expectancy further. Additionally, controlling inflation through sound economic policies will mitigate its negative impact on life expectancy.

ObjectivesFrom the perspective of Chinese healthcare system, this study compared the cost-utility of aripiprazole once-monthly (AOM) and paliperidone palmitate once-monthly injectable (PP1M) in the treatment of adult patients with schizophrenia in China.MethodsA 5-state Markov model was developed to evaluate the cost-utility of 10 years of long-acting injections (LAI) treatment for schizophrenia. The long-term costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were estimated, with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) as the primary outcome. The annual discount rate was set at 5%. A cost-effectiveness threshold (CET) of 0.51 times China’s 2023 gross domestic product (GDP) (US$ 6,394.536) was used to judge the economics of intervention.ResultsThe current price of AOM in China is relatively high (US$418.140). To assess its cost-effectiveness in the context of potential price negotiations with China Healthcare Security Administration (CHS) for inclusion in the National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL), we simulated a 40% price reduction (US$257.619). At a CET of 0.51 times GDP per capita (US$6,394.536), the base-case analysis showed that the incremental costs of AOM relative to PP1M after 10 years of treatment were US$1,926.373 with an incremental gain of 0.306 QALYs. The ICER for AOM was US$6,285.303 per QALY, which is below the CET, indicating that AOM is cost-effective. One-way sensitivity analysis identified AOM’s drug cost as the parameter with the greatest impact on results. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis revealed that with a 40% price reduction, the probability of AOM being cost-effective is only 41.70%. However, with a 60% price reduction, AOM became dominantly cost-effective, with the probability increasing to 100%. When the CET was relaxed to 0.90 times GDP per capita (US$11,284.476), the probability of cost-effectiveness for AOM after a 40% price reduction rose to 85.10%. Scenario analyses conducted over a time horizon extending from 10 to 30 years showed that the ICER decreased significantly with longer follow-up, gradually approaching the 0.51GDP threshold and remaining below the 0.90 GDP threshold throughout the analysis.ConclusionsThe cost-effectiveness of AOM relative to PP1M is highly influenced by its price and the CET. Healthcare decision makers or clinical users need to balance innovation incentives and accessibility.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness of two available options for inhaled antibiotic treatment for patients with Bronchiectasis (BE) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections from the perspective of China’s healthcare system.MethodsA four-state Markov model was developed over a one-year horizon to simulate the cost-effectiveness of two inhaled antibiotic strategies: Tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS) versus nebulized colistimethate sodium (CMS). The inputs for the model were derived from phase III clinical trials and published literature, with cost data were sourced from public and real-world databases, etc. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was assessed, setting the willingness-to-pay threshold at one times the per capita GDP of China. Scenario and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore the impact of uncertainties in input parameters.ResultsOver a one-year period, TIS was found to dominate CMS, resulting in a cost saving of CNY 41,109.53 (USD 5,689.27) and an increase of 0.0048 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) per patient. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings, which remained consistent under various scenarios.ConclusionsTIS reduces healthcare costs and improves clinical outcomes compared to CMS in managing BE with PA infections in China. This study supports the inclusion of TIS in clinical guidelines for managing BE with PA infections, considering both economic benefits and health outcomes.

Silver Economy Market Outlook

The global market size of the Silver Economy was valued at approximately USD 5.5 trillion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 8.5 trillion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.0% from 2024 to 2032. The growth of this market is driven by a variety of factors, including the increasing elderly population worldwide, advancements in healthcare, and growing disposable income among seniors.

One of the primary growth factors of the Silver Economy market is the rapidly aging global population. According to the United Nations, the number of people aged 60 years or older is expected to more than double by 2050, reaching over 2.1 billion. This demographic shift is creating significant demand for products and services tailored to meet the unique needs of older adults. This trend is particularly pronounced in developed countries, where life expectancy is higher, and birth rates are lower, leading to an increasing proportion of elderly individuals.

Advancements in healthcare technology and services are another key driver of the Silver Economy market. Innovations in medical devices, telemedicine, and personalized healthcare solutions are improving the quality of life for older adults, enabling them to live healthier and longer lives. Moreover, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases among the elderly population necessitates continuous medical care, thus fueling the demand for healthcare products and services designed for seniors.

Economic factors also play a crucial role in the growth of the Silver Economy market. Many older adults today have higher disposable incomes compared to previous generations, thanks to better retirement plans, savings, and investments. This financial stability allows them to spend more on healthcare, leisure, and other services that enhance their quality of life. Additionally, the growing trend of active aging, where seniors seek to remain physically and socially active, is driving demand for various leisure and entertainment options.

Regionally, the Silver Economy market is witnessing significant growth across various parts of the world. North America and Europe are currently leading the market due to their advanced healthcare systems, high life expectancy, and substantial elderly population. However, Asia Pacific is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, driven by countries like Japan and China, which have rapidly aging populations and are investing heavily in elder care infrastructure.

Product Type Analysis

The Silver Economy market is segmented by product type into Healthcare, Financial Services, Housing, Transportation, Leisure and Entertainment, and Others. The Healthcare segment holds the largest market share due to the increasing need for medical care and services among the elderly population. This segment includes pharmaceuticals, medical devices, telehealth services, and elderly care facilities. The advancements in medical technology and the rising incidence of age-related diseases are further propelling the growth of this segment.

Financial Services is another significant segment within the Silver Economy market. As seniors seek to manage their retirement funds, estate planning, and investments, the demand for specialized financial products and services tailored to their unique needs is increasing. This segment includes retirement planning services, insurance products, and financial advisory services. The growing financial literacy among the elderly population and the need for secure and reliable financial solutions are key factors driving this segment.

Housing is also a critical component of the Silver Economy market. There is a growing demand for age-friendly housing solutions, including retirement communities, assisted living facilities, and modifications to existing homes to enhance accessibility and safety. This segment is witnessing growth due to the increasing preference of older adults to age in place and the need for specialized housing solutions that cater to their mobility and health requirements.

The Transportation segment is gaining traction as well, driven by the need for accessible and senior-friendly transportation options. This includes specialized public transport services, ride-sharing options tailored for seniors, and mobility aids such as scooters and wheelchairs. The focus on improving the independence and mobility of older adults is a significant factor contributing to the growth of this segment.

Leisure and Entertainment is an emer

In 2023, the United States had a real gross domestic product of about 22 trillion U.S. dollars (2017 chained). See the U.S. GDP for further information. Real Gross Domestic Product is an inflation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced in a given year, expressed in base-year prices.

Real GDP in the U.S.

The real GDP of the U.S. has increased from 9.37 trillion U.S. dollars (2012 chained) in 1990 to 22 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. Like many of the worlds major economies, the United States has experienced a steady growth in GDP over the last few years. The Indian economy was expected to experienced growth of 9.4 percent between 2020 and 2021, while China’s GDP was expected to grow 8.1 percent in the same period. One of the defining qualities of the United States’ economy is its diversity and advanced technological advancements. Industries such as finance, real estate, health care, and business and education services are large contributors to the economy, while the manufacturing sector accounts for about 11 percent of the country’s wealth.

The GDP generated by each state can also vary widely based on principal industries and production. In 2021, California had the highest state GDP in the United States, reaching 3.35 trillion U.S. dollars; comparatively, Vermont generated a GDP of 36.17 billion U.S. dollars in that year.

The current healthcare spending ranking is led by the United States with 5 trillion U.S. dollars, while China is following with 1.1 trillion U.S. dollars. In contrast, Gambia is at the bottom of the ranking with 83.51 million U.S. dollars, showing a difference of 5 trillion U.S. dollars to the United States. According to Worldbank health spending includes expenditures with regards to healthcare services and goods. The spending refers to current spending of both governments and consumers.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in up to 150 countries and regions worldwide. All indicators are sourced from international and national statistical offices, trade associations and the trade press and they are processed to generate comparable data sets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).

The result of the Tobit regression.

• All guideline strategies affect adults not previously treated for hypertension only, i.e., “aware/treated/uncontrolled” population not treated.† To convert cost input to Chinese currency, multiply by PPP rate (in this case, 3.52). To convert to $US using the current official exchange rate, multiply by (PPP/exchange rate), for example, 3.52/6.20, or by 5.68.§ Less than 2 x China’s GDP per capita.Each successive strategy is compared with the prior strategy. Results are in 2015 international dollars and 2015 Chinese RMB. All results reported as cost-saving describe strategies projected to be less costly and more effective than the prior strategy. Ninety-five percent uncertainty intervals were calculated from the results of 1,000 probabilistic simulations.