As of October 2023, the BlackRock SF Emerging Markets Equity Strategies provided the highest one-year return. This equity fund has spread its asset allocation over 102 positions. The vast majority of these holdings are located in China. The fund, Brandes Emerging Market Value, followed in second place, providing a one-year return of almost 30 percent.

The Global Financial Crisis (2007-2008), which began due to the collapse of the U.S. housing market, had a negative effect in many regions across the globe. The global recession which followed the crisis in 2008 and 2009 showed how interdependent and synchronized many of the world's economies had become, with the largest advanced economies showing very similar patterns of negative GDP growth during the crisis. Among the largest emerging economies (commonly referred to as the 'E7'), however, a different pattern emerged, with some countries avoiding a recession altogether. Some commentators have particularly pointed to 2008-2009 as the moment in which China emerged on the world stage as an economic superpower and a key driver of global economic growth. The Great Recession in the developing world While some countries, such as Russia, Mexico, and Turkey, experienced severe recessions due to their connections to the United States and Europe, others such as China, India, and Indonesia managed to record significant economic growth during the period. This can be partly explained by the decoupling from western financial systems which these countries undertook following the Asian financial crises of 1997, making many Asian nations more wary of opening their countries to 'hot money' from other countries. Other likely explanations of this trend are that these countries have large domestic economies which are not entirely reliant on the advanced economies, that their export sectors produce goods which are inelastic (meaning they are still bought during recessions), and that the Chinese economic stimulus worth almost 600 billion U.S. dollars in 2008/2009 increased growth in the region.

Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Net Sales: Bond: Emerging Markets data was reported at -26.683 USD mn in Jan 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of -31.691 USD mn for Dec 2024. Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Net Sales: Bond: Emerging Markets data is updated monthly, averaging -8.577 USD mn from Jan 2023 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 93.351 USD mn in Jul 2023 and a record low of -31.691 USD mn in Dec 2024. Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Net Sales: Bond: Emerging Markets data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Hong Kong Investment Funds Association. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR (China) – Table HK.Z036: HK Investment Funds Association Statistics.

China Exports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Western Hemisphere: Sint Maarten data was reported at 1.205 USD mn in Mar 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.706 USD mn for Feb 2018. China Exports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Western Hemisphere: Sint Maarten data is updated monthly, averaging 0.749 USD mn from Jan 2017 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.099 USD mn in Dec 2017 and a record low of 0.391 USD mn in Feb 2017. China Exports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Western Hemisphere: Sint Maarten data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.IMF.DOT: Exports: fob: by Country: Monthly.

Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Net Sales: Mixed Assets: Emerging Markets data was reported at 10.067 USD mn in Dec 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of -1.489 USD mn for Nov 2024. Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Net Sales: Mixed Assets: Emerging Markets data is updated monthly, averaging -1.881 USD mn from Jan 2023 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.809 USD mn in Sep 2024 and a record low of -13.647 USD mn in Jun 2023. Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Net Sales: Mixed Assets: Emerging Markets data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Hong Kong Investment Funds Association. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR (China) – Table HK.Z036: HK Investment Funds Association Statistics.

The variables, L1 to L10, are the portfolios are created from the deciles of the gross and net debt ratio of non-financial firms in Indian and Chinese markets. MKT represents excess return on the market portfolio (S&P BSE 500 index in India and Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite index in China). SMB (small minus big size portfolio), HML (high minus low B/M portfolio), and HLMLL (high minus low leverage portfolio) factor portfolios. SMB, HML, and HLMLL are obtained from 2x2x2 triple sort of the firms in each market. The firms are subject to sequential sorts of size, B/M, and leverage using median of each variable as the divider. From eight portfolio thus obtained, SMB is constructed as the difference in the returns of four small and four big portfolios, and HML and HLMLL are constructed from the difference in the returns of four high and four low B/M and leverage portfolios, respectively. The data on all variables used in the construction of portfolios was obstained from the Bloomberg Professional Databse.

Developing and emerging market economies have increased their debt exposure to China in recent years. Despite its initial promise, many borrowers of Chinese loans face difficulties in meeting these loan obligations. Under what circumstances do Chinese borrowers in debt distress turn to the International Monetary Fund? Our starting point is that Chinese loans are tied into projects that promise to generate sufficient revenue to repay these loans. We expect that governments turn to the IMF for bailout funding when a severe shock erodes the value of the underlying loan collateral, requiring mobilizing revenues and implementing austerity measures. Without alternative financing options, the IMF becomes the most viable option to weather financial distress. We expect governments to accept a `whatever-it-takes' number of loan conditions. Using cross-country time series analysis for up to 162 countries between 2000 and 2018, we show that defaults on Chinese debt trigger IMF programs only when a country experiences a severe adverse shock. Countries tapping the IMF also accept a greater number of loan conditions. From a policy perspective, current financial distress in borrowing countries underscores the urgency to design and deploy targeted governance reform measures beyond program safeguards and loan conditions to mitigate the built-up of macro-financial vulnerabilities, independent of where the money is coming from.

The graph shows per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in China until 2023, with forecasts until 2029. In 2023, per capita GDP reached around 12,600 U.S. dollars in China. That year, the overall GDP of China had amounted to 17.8 trillion U.S. dollars. Per capita GDP in China Gross domestic product is a commonly-used economic indicator for measuring the state of a country's economy. GDP is the total market value of goods and services produced in a country within a given period of time, usually a year. Per capita GDP is defined as the GDP divided by the total number of people in the country. This indicator is generally used to compare the economic prosperity of countries with varying population sizes.In 2010, China overtook Japan and became the world’s second-largest economy. As of 2023, it was the largest exporter and the second largest importer in the world. However, one reason behind its economic strength lies within its population size. China has to distribute its wealth among 1.4 billion people. By 2023, China's per capita GDP was only about one fourth as large as that of main industrialized countries. When compared to other emerging markets, China ranked second among BRIC countries in terms of GDP per capita. Future development According to projections by the IMF, per capita GDP in China will escalate from around 12,600 U.S. dollars in 2022 to 17,700 U.S. dollars in 2029. Major reasons for this are comparatively high economic growth rates combined with negative population growth. China's economic structure is also undergoing changes. A major trend lies in the shift from an industry-based to a service-based economy.

S&P Global developed and patented solution that provides daily and quantifiable time series sentiment on the China market.

Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Gross Sales: Bond: Emerging Markets data was reported at 4.529 USD mn in Dec 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.382 USD mn for Nov 2024. Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Gross Sales: Bond: Emerging Markets data is updated monthly, averaging 30.352 USD mn from Jan 2023 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 133.820 USD mn in Jul 2023 and a record low of 4.529 USD mn in Dec 2024. Hong Kong SAR (China) HK Investment Fund: Gross Sales: Bond: Emerging Markets data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Hong Kong Investment Funds Association. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR (China) – Table HK.Z036: HK Investment Funds Association Statistics.

Vietnam has become the most potential market for China's traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In 2019, China's TCM export to Vietnam registered over 69 percent year-on-year growth. That year, the total TCM export value from China exceeded four billion U.S. dollars.

Hong Kong HK Investment Fund: Net Invt: EF: Global Emerging Markets data was reported at -210.970 USD mn in May 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of -65.520 USD mn for Apr 2018. Hong Kong HK Investment Fund: Net Invt: EF: Global Emerging Markets data is updated monthly, averaging -17.440 USD mn from May 2012 (Median) to May 2018, with 73 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 940.230 USD mn in Jan 2018 and a record low of -210.970 USD mn in May 2018. Hong Kong HK Investment Fund: Net Invt: EF: Global Emerging Markets data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Hong Kong Investment Funds Association. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong – Table HK.Z038: HK Investment Funds Association Statistics. Global Emerging Markets - including BRIC and Global Emerging Markets. Any fund invests in at least two of the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries, it is categorized under 'Global Emerging Markets'. However, funds that only invest in Asia Emerging markets would be grouped under the Asian categories.

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in East Asia & Pacific (% of total merchandise imports) in China was reported at 13.4 % in 2020, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. China - Merchandise imports from developing economies in East Asia & Pacific (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on March of 2025.

In 2024, the gross government debt of China amounted to an estimated 89 percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), compared to 21 percent for Russia. For China, this was an increase over 2001 levels, when the gross government debt amounted to 25 percent of the country's GDP. Russia, on the other hand, has reduced this figure from 2001 levels, when gross government debt was 44 percent of the country's GDP.

This statistic shows the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in the main industrialized and emerging countries in current prices in 2023. All figures are estimates. This year, the gross domestic product per capita in China amounted to approximately 12,597.31 U.S. dollars.

In 2024, the industrial sector generated around 30.1 percent of China's GDP. It was by far the largest contributor, followed by the wholesale and retail industry that was responsible for 10.2 percent and the financial sector that produced 7.3 percent of the country's economic output. Since China is the second-largest economy in the world, the industrial sector’s output alone exceeded the entire economy of Germany. China’s export and investment-driven economy China economic development of the early 2000s was mainly driven by investments and exports. A country's gross domestic product (GDP) consists of three parts: Consumption, investments, and net exports. Typically, emerging economies rely mainly on investments and exports for growing their economy and China was no exception. By the end of the 2010s, investments fueled more than 40 percent of China's GDP and exports were responsible for almost another 20 percent. In comparison to that, in most developed economies, investments make up only 20 percent of the economic output. Instead, the main economic driver is consumption. The economic structure in China created a huge industrial sector. For instance, China was the biggest steel exporter, the leading merchandise exporter, and exported more than a third of global household goods. Great push towards transformation In early 2018, the Chinese government proclaimed that the country's economy had reached a new development stage where consumption and services replaced investment and manufacturing as the main driver of economic growth. The fear of the middle-income trap and changing demographics were the main reasons for Beijing's emphasis on economic transformation. Although incomes in China had not stagnated, policymakers attempted to preempt “getting stuck” by steering the economy towards high-quality growth and consumption-focus. Furthermore, a society that was older and had a higher share of middle-class population had different requirements to the economy. In the case of a successful transformation, China's economy would become more similar to those of developed nations. For instance, the financial sector was the largest contributor to the United States economy. In the case of Germany, the service sector generates the largest share of gross domestic product.

In 2022, China’s level of total investment reached around 43.5 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). This value is expected to decrease gradually to 41.7 percent until 2028. Final consumption accounted for only 53.2 percent in 2022.

International comparison of total investments

The GDP of a country can be calculated by the expenditure approach, which sums up final consumption (private and public), total investment, and net exports. The ratio of consumption to investment may vary greatly between different countries.

Matured economies normally consume a larger share of their economic output. In the U.S. and many European countries, total investment ranges roughly at only 20 to 25 percent of the GDP. In comparison, some emerging economies reached levels of 30 to 40 percent of investment during times of rapid economic development.

Level of total investment in China

China is among the countries that spend the highest share of their GDP on investments. Between 1980 and 2000, 30 to 40 percent of its economic output were invested, roughly on par with South Korea or Japan. While the latter’s investment spending ratio decreased in later years, China’s even grew, especially after the global financial crisis, peaking at staggering 47 percent of GDP in 2011.

However, returns on those investments declined year by year, indicated by lower GDP growth rates. This resulted in a quickly growing debt burden, which reached nearly 300 percent of the GDP in 2022, up from only 139 percent in 2008. The Chinese government defined the goal to shift to consumption driven growth, but the transformation takes longer than expected.

China Exports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Western Hemisphere: Curacao data was reported at 3.204 USD mn in Mar 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.948 USD mn for Feb 2018. China Exports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Western Hemisphere: Curacao data is updated monthly, averaging 2.672 USD mn from Oct 2016 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 18 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.948 USD mn in Feb 2018 and a record low of 1.124 USD mn in Feb 2017. China Exports: fob: Emerging and Developing Economies: Western Hemisphere: Curacao data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.IMF.DOT: Exports: fob: by Country: Monthly.

This statistic shows share of the main industrialized and emerging countries in the gross domestic product (GDP), adjusted for purchasing power, in 2023. That year, the share of China in the global gross domestic product (GDP) was about 18.73 percent.

From 2012 to 2023, China was the largest emerging market for green bonds issued, with an issuance of nearly 300 billion U.S. dollars. India, Brazil, Chile, and the United Arab Emirates were the largest issuers after China.