The yield on China 10Y Bond Yield held steady at 1.83% on December 2, 2025. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.07 points, though it remains 0.16 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. China 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

As of December 2024, Japan held United States treasury securities totaling about 1.06 trillion U.S. dollars. Foreign holders of United States treasury debt According to the Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of the Treasury, foreign countries held a total of 8.5 trillion U.S. dollars in U.S. treasury securities as of December 2024. Of the total held by foreign countries, Japan and Mainland China held the greatest portions, with China holding 759 billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. The U.S. public debt In 2023, the United States had a total public national debt of 33.2 trillion U.S. dollars, an amount that has been rising steadily, particularly since 2008. In 2023, the total interest expense on debt held by the public of the United States reached 678 billion U.S. dollars, while 197 billion U.S. dollars in interest expense were intra governmental debt holdings. Total outlays of the U.S. government were 6.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. By 2029, spending is projected to reach 8.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

The yield on China 30 Year Bond Yield rose to 2.09% on November 17, 2025, marking a 0.01 percentage points increase from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has fallen by 0.15 points and is 0.22 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for China 30Y.

United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data was reported at 14.512 USD bn in Sep 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 18.034 USD bn for Aug 2018. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data is updated monthly, averaging 3.055 USD bn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 501 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 56.126 USD bn in Sep 2011 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Feb 1985. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

China Bond Yield: Treasury Bond: 10 Year data was reported at 1.844 % pa in 02 Dec 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.837 % pa for 01 Dec 2025. China Bond Yield: Treasury Bond: 10 Year data is updated daily, averaging 3.583 % pa from Mar 2006 (Median) to 02 Dec 2025, with 4943 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.722 % pa in 20 Nov 2013 and a record low of 1.596 % pa in 06 Feb 2025. China Bond Yield: Treasury Bond: 10 Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MF: PBC & CCDC: Treasury Bond and Other Bond Yield: Daily.

The outstanding value of China's general government debt securities has shown an upward trend from 2000 to the third quarter of 2024, rising from *** billion U.S. dollars to over ** trillion U.S. dollars. The largest increase occurred between 2019 and 2020, when it went from *** trillion to *** trillion U.S. dollars.

The yield on China 20 Year Bond Yield eased to 2.16% on November 20, 2025, marking a 0.02 percentage points decrease from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has fallen by 0.03 points and is 0.16 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for China 20Y.

In June 2025, the average yield on ten-year government bonds in the United States was **** percent. This was the ******* of the selected developed economies considered in this statistic. Bonds and yields – additional information The bond yield indicates the level of return that the investor can expect from a given type of bond. The government of Italy, for instance, offered the investors **** percent yield on ten-year government bonds for borrowing their money in June 2025. In the United States, government needs are also financed by selling various debt instruments such as Treasury bills, notes, bonds and savings bonds to investors. The largest holders of U.S. debt are the Federal Reserve and Government accounts in the United States. The major foreign holders of the United States treasury securities are Japan, Mainland China, and the United Kingdom.

United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data was reported at 5.552 USD bn in May 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 22.594 USD bn for Apr 2018. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data is updated monthly, averaging 2.563 USD bn from Jan 1977 (Median) to May 2018, with 497 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 66.332 USD bn in Aug 2011 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Feb 1985. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

Prices for China 2Y including live quotes, historical charts and news. China 2Y was last updated by Trading Economics this December 2 of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for United States (IRLTLT01USM156N) from Apr 1953 to Oct 2025 about long-term, 10-year, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

In 2023, China held **** percent of foreign held U.S. securities. Japan held a further **** percent of foreign held securities. The national debt of the United Stated can be found here.

The value of U.S. Treasury securities held by residents of Russia amounted to ** million U.S. dollars in March 2025, marking a stark contrast to ***** billion U.S. dollars held in January 2020. The lowest over the period under consideration was recorded in November 2023 at ** million U.S. dollars. Furthermore, in March 2020, the figure plummeted to **** billion U.S. dollars, down from **** billion U.S. dollars one month prior. Russia’s holdings of U.S. treasury securities have decreased since 2014 following the Western sanctions over the annexation of Crimea and have further dropped in 2022 after more restrictions were imposed over the war in Ukraine. What are U.S. treasury holdings? U.S. treasury holdings are government debt instruments that contribute to the funding of various government projects in the country. The U.S. Department of Treasury allows individuals and organizations to invest in treasury notes, bills, and bonds, which are the main three types of securities. Just under half of the outstanding ** trillion U.S. dollars as of May 2024 were in the form of treasury notes. The notes have varying maturities and coupon payment frequencies, which are different from the maturity periods of treasury bills and bonds. Main foreign holders of U.S. treasury securities Foreign holdings of U.S. treasury debt amounted to ***** trillion U.S. dollars as of January 2024. Japan and China held the largest portions, with China possessing ***** billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. Additionally, other significant foreign holders included oil exporting countries and Caribbean banking centers.

The yield on China 3 Year Bond Yield held steady at 1.42% on December 2, 2025. Over the past month, the yield has fallen by 0.01 points, though it remains 0.03 points higher than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for China 3Y.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by Foreign and International Investors (FDHBFIN) from Q1 1970 to Q2 2025 about foreign, debt, federal, and USA.

Government bond spreads as of April 15, 2025, varied widely among the largest economies when compared to German Bunds and U.S. Treasury notes. The United Kingdom's bond spread was the higest against both, with ***** basis points (bps) over Germany and **** bps over the U.S. In contrast, China and Japan display negative spreads, with Japan having the lowest spread at ****** bps against U.S. Treasuries. Italy, the United Kingdom, and Canada showed moderate spreads. Positive bond spreads indicate that a country’s government bonds have higher yields compared to the benchmark bonds - in this case, the German Bunds and U.S. Treasury notes. Higher spreads often signal perceived higher risk or economic uncertainty, as investors demand greater returns for holding these bonds. expectations. Conversely, negative spreads mean that these bonds offer lower yields than the benchmark. Negative spreads often indicate strong investor confidence, safe-haven status, or lower inflation expectations, as investors are willing to accept lower returns for the perceived stability of these bonds.

In 2023, ***** issued ** billion worth of green bonds, making it the largest issuer worldwide before ******* and *****************, which issued ** billion and ** billion U.S. dollars, respectively. China's issuance of green bonds increased steadily since 2014, slowing down only in 2020.

Actual value and historical data chart for China Ppg Bonds Nfl Us Dollar

As of December 2024, the countries with the highest 10-year yields are the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia with 4.68, 4.38 and 4.21 percent, respectively. Of the largest economies by GDP, the United States saw the sharpest fall in absolute terms for 10-year government bond yields due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. From a level of 1.51 percent in January 2020, yields on 10-year government bonds fell to 0.65 percent by April 2020, and had further fallen to 0.53 percent by July 2020 before starting to recover towards the end of the year. Conversely, countries that went into 2020 with already low bond yields like Japan, Germany and France actually saw a small increase in March 2020 - although these already low yields mean that these small changes are significant in relative terms.

*** READ ME ***

This note describes code and data for the paper "Does innovative disruption impact credit markets: Evidence from China".

This dataset combines U.S. bond market data (1970-2019) from Mergent FISD, Compustat and WRDS with VC/IPO data from Becker and Ivashina (2023), alongside Chinese market data from iFind (bonds), CSMAR (IPOs) and Zero2IPO (VC). All data sources are described in detail in Section 2.1 of the paper.

All the code is in a single do file which runs on StataMP 18.

* The Data
There are several data files, whose names end in .dta.

For the Chinese market:

Bond rating (at issue).dta: Contains bond issuer credit ratings at issuance for Chinese firms.

Bonds 2000-2024.dta: Provides bond characteristics from the iFind database (2000–2024).

Default Table Variable.dta: Includes bond default records.

IPO share.dta: Reports industry-level IPO activity from CSMAR.

TVPI.dta: Contains industry-level Total Value to Paid-In (TVPI) metrics.

VC.dta: Captures industry-level venture capital flows from Zero2IPO.

For the U.S. market:

Bond rating (at issue).dta: Records bond issuer credit ratings at issuance for U.S. firms.

Burgiss.dta: Provides Burgiss-sourced VC data by industry (from Becker and Ivashina 2023).

compustat panel data.dta: Includes firm-level fundamentals from Compustat.

Default Table Variable.dta: Lists bond default events.

ff30 encode.dta: Maps Fama-French 30 industry classifications.

FF30 industry.dta: Converts SIC codes to Fama-French 30 industries.

ipo count by ff30 year CSTAT.dta: Tracks IPO activity by Fama-French 30 industry.

Mergent Bonds 1950-2020.dta: Contains bond characteristics from Mergent FISD (1950–2020).

ratings panel.dta: Reports Standard & Poor’s issuer credit ratings.

VC by ff30 year.dta/VC by sector year.dta: Detail VC investments by Fama-French 30/sector-year.

* The Code
Two Stata do file called "code China.do" and "code US.do" contains the code for the paper.