As of December 2024, Japan held United States treasury securities totaling about 1.06 trillion U.S. dollars. Foreign holders of United States treasury debt According to the Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of the Treasury, foreign countries held a total of 8.5 trillion U.S. dollars in U.S. treasury securities as of December 2024. Of the total held by foreign countries, Japan and Mainland China held the greatest portions, with China holding 759 billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. The U.S. public debt In 2023, the United States had a total public national debt of 33.2 trillion U.S. dollars, an amount that has been rising steadily, particularly since 2008. In 2023, the total interest expense on debt held by the public of the United States reached 678 billion U.S. dollars, while 197 billion U.S. dollars in interest expense were intra governmental debt holdings. Total outlays of the U.S. government were 6.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. By 2029, spending is projected to reach 8.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data was reported at 14.512 USD bn in Sep 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 18.034 USD bn for Aug 2018. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data is updated monthly, averaging 3.055 USD bn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 501 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 56.126 USD bn in Sep 2011 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Feb 1985. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

The value of U.S. Treasury securities held by residents of Russia amounted to ** million U.S. dollars in March 2025, marking a stark contrast to ***** billion U.S. dollars held in January 2020. The lowest over the period under consideration was recorded in November 2023 at ** million U.S. dollars. Furthermore, in March 2020, the figure plummeted to **** billion U.S. dollars, down from **** billion U.S. dollars one month prior. Russia’s holdings of U.S. treasury securities have decreased since 2014 following the Western sanctions over the annexation of Crimea and have further dropped in 2022 after more restrictions were imposed over the war in Ukraine. What are U.S. treasury holdings? U.S. treasury holdings are government debt instruments that contribute to the funding of various government projects in the country. The U.S. Department of Treasury allows individuals and organizations to invest in treasury notes, bills, and bonds, which are the main three types of securities. Just under half of the outstanding ** trillion U.S. dollars as of May 2024 were in the form of treasury notes. The notes have varying maturities and coupon payment frequencies, which are different from the maturity periods of treasury bills and bonds. Main foreign holders of U.S. treasury securities Foreign holdings of U.S. treasury debt amounted to ***** trillion U.S. dollars as of January 2024. Japan and China held the largest portions, with China possessing ***** billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. Additionally, other significant foreign holders included oil exporting countries and Caribbean banking centers.

The yield on China 10Y Bond Yield held steady at 1.83% on December 2, 2025. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.07 points, though it remains 0.16 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. China 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data was reported at 5.552 USD bn in May 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 22.594 USD bn for Apr 2018. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data is updated monthly, averaging 2.563 USD bn from Jan 1977 (Median) to May 2018, with 497 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 66.332 USD bn in Aug 2011 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Feb 1985. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by Foreign and International Investors (FDHBFIN) from Q1 1970 to Q2 2025 about foreign, debt, federal, and USA.

China Treasury Bond Yield: Interbank: Yield to Maturity: 8 year data was reported at 1.777 % pa in Nov 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.717 % pa for Oct 2025. China Treasury Bond Yield: Interbank: Yield to Maturity: 8 year data is updated monthly, averaging 3.235 % pa from Jul 2008 (Median) to Nov 2025, with 209 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.590 % pa in Dec 2013 and a record low of 1.575 % pa in Jan 2025. China Treasury Bond Yield: Interbank: Yield to Maturity: 8 year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Interbank Funding Center. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MF: NIFC: Treasury Bond Yield: Yield to Maturity.

The yield on China 30 Year Bond Yield rose to 2.09% on November 17, 2025, marking a 0.01 percentage points increase from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has fallen by 0.15 points and is 0.22 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for China 30Y.

United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Govt Agency Bonds data was reported at 20.635 USD bn in Sep 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 16.126 USD bn for Aug 2018. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Govt Agency Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 238.000 USD mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 501 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 41.624 USD bn in Feb 2017 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Apr 1995. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Govt Agency Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

The national debt of China amounted to 16.65 trillion U.S. dollars in 2024. Following a continuous upward trend, the national debt has risen by 16.46 trillion U.S. dollars since 1995. Between 2024 and 2030, the national debt will rise by 12.97 trillion U.S. dollars, continuing its consistent upward trajectory.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for United States (IRLTLT01USM156N) from Apr 1953 to Oct 2025 about long-term, 10-year, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

United States Net Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data was reported at 40.000 USD mn in May 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 419.000 USD mn for Apr 2018. United States Net Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 3.000 USD mn from Dec 1978 (Median) to May 2018, with 474 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.238 USD bn in May 2008 and a record low of -2.599 USD bn in Sep 2008. United States Net Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data was reported at 7.359 USD bn in Sep 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 8.368 USD bn for Aug 2018. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 132.000 USD mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 501 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.248 USD bn in Aug 2013 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Dec 1983. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data was reported at 1.149 USD bn in Sep 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.096 USD bn for Aug 2018. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 36.000 USD mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 501 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.219 USD bn in May 2008 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Oct 1998. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

United States Net Purchases by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data was reported at 1.093 USD bn in May 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of -479.000 USD mn for Apr 2018. United States Net Purchases by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 53.500 USD mn from Dec 1978 (Median) to May 2018, with 474 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.626 USD bn in Sep 2017 and a record low of -966.000 USD mn in Sep 2013. United States Net Purchases by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

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Securities Exchanges Market Size 2025-2029

The securities exchanges market size is forecast to increase by USD 56.67 billion at a CAGR of 12.5% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for investment opportunities. This trend is fueled by a global economic recovery and a rising interest in various asset classes, particularly in emerging markets. Another key driver is the increasing focus on sustainable and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing. This shift reflects a growing awareness of the importance of long-term value creation and the role of exchanges in facilitating socially responsible investments. This trend is driven by the expanding securities business units, including stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other securities, which cater to the needs of investment firms and individual investors. However, the market is not without challenges. Increasing market volatility poses a significant risk for exchanges and their clients.
Furthermore, the rapid digitization of trading and the emergence of alternative trading platforms are disrupting traditional exchange business models. To navigate these challenges, exchanges must adapt by investing in technology, expanding their product offerings, and building strong regulatory frameworks. Data analytics and big data are also crucial tools for e-brokerage firms to gain insights and make informed decisions. By doing so, they can capitalize on the market's growth potential and maintain their competitive edge. Geopolitical tensions, economic instability, and regulatory changes can all contribute to market fluctuations and uncertainty.

What will be the Size of the Securities Exchanges Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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In the dynamic market, financial instrument classification plays a crucial role in facilitating efficient trade matching through advanced execution quality metrics and order book liquidity. Quantitative trading models leverage options clearing corporation data to optimize portfolio holdings, while trade matching engines utilize high-speed data storage solutions and portfolio optimization algorithms to minimize latency and enhance market depth indicators. Data center infrastructure and network bandwidth capacity are essential components for supporting complex algorithmic trading strategies, including latency reduction and price volatility forecasting. Market impact measurement and risk assessment methodologies are integral to managing market impact and mitigating fraud, ensuring regulatory compliance through transaction reporting standards and regulatory compliance software.

Exchange traded funds (ETFs) have gained popularity, necessitating robust quote dissemination systems and trade surveillance analytics. Server virtualization and cybersecurity threat mitigation strategies further strengthen the market's resilience, enabling seamless integration of data-driven quantitative models and sophisticated fraud detection algorithms. Additionally, users of online trading platforms can easily monitor the performance of their assets thanks to real-time stock data.

How is this Securities Exchanges Industry segmented?

The securities exchanges industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Service

  Market platforms
  Capital access platforms
  Others


Trade Finance Instruments

  Equities
  Derivatives
  Bonds
  Exchange-traded funds
  Others


Type

  Large-cap exchanges
  Mid-cap exchanges
  Small-cap exchanges


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Switzerland
    UK


  APAC

    China
    Hong Kong
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Service Insights

The Market platforms segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market is characterized by advanced technologies and systems that enable efficient price discovery, manage settlement risk, and ensure regulatory compliance. Market platforms, which include trading platforms, order-matching systems, and market data dissemination, hold the largest share of the market. These platforms facilitate the buying and selling of securities, providing market liquidity and transparency. Real-time market surveillance and high-frequency trading infrastructure are crucial components, ensuring fair and orderly markets and enabling efficient trade execution. Financial modeling techniques and algorithmic trading platforms optimize trading strategies, while electronic communication networks and central counterparty clearing minimize r

United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US Govt Agency Bonds data was reported at 7.745 USD bn in May 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.154 USD bn for Apr 2018. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US Govt Agency Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 87.000 USD mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to May 2018, with 497 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 37.886 USD bn in Aug 2016 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Dec 1997. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US Govt Agency Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

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Peer To Peer Lending Market Size 2024-2028

The peer to peer lending market size is forecast to increase by USD 754 billion at a CAGR of 39% between 2023 and 2028.

P2P lending has emerged as a disruptive financing alternative in financial services, offering several advantages over traditional banking methods. The market is driven by factors such as reduced operational costs for P2P lending companies and the increasing adoption of digital loans. 
However, the market also faces challenges, including security and fraud risks. The operational cost savings result from the elimination of intermediaries and automation of processes, leading to faster loan approvals and lower interest rates. The rise in digital adoption is fueled by the convenience and accessibility of P2P platforms, particularly among the millennial population. However, these benefits come with risks, such as the potential for fraudulent activities and data breaches, which require data security to mitigate.

What will be the Size of the Peer To Peer Lending Market During the Forecast Period?

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The peer-to-peer (P2P) lending market represents a non-traditional financing avenue that enables direct transactions between investors and borrowers, bypassing traditional financial intermediaries. This market's growth is driven by increasing internet penetration, investor appetite for alternative investment opportunities, and consumer demand for quicker and more accessible loan origination. P2P platforms offer consumer loans with flexible repayment terms and competitive interest rates, catering to various needs such as debt consolidation, medical expenses, and education. 

How is this Peer To Peer Lending Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The P2P lending industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Business Segment

  Traditional lending
  Marketplace lending


End-user

  Individual consumer
  Small businesses
  Large businesses
  Real estate


Loan Type

  Secured
  Unsecured


Purpose Type

  Repaying Bank Debt
  Credit Card Recycling
  Education
  Home Renovation
  Buying Car
  Family Celebration
  Others


Geography

  APAC

    China


  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    UK


  South America



  Middle East and Africa

By Business Segment Insights

The traditional lending segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The global Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending market experienced significant growth in 2023, with traditional P2P lending holding a substantial market share. This form of money lending, where platforms facilitate transactions between borrowers and investors, offers advantages such as high transparency, simple investment structures, and efficient debt collection. Increasing consumer and business demand for alternative lending options, driven by the need for funds, propels market expansion. Key sectors In the P2P lending landscape include consumer loans, business loans, inventory purchase, and loan structuring. P2P platforms enable loan transactions for various purposes, including debt consolidation, medical expenses, small businesses, microenterprises, student loans, green lending, and home improvement.

Market growth is influenced by factors like Internet penetration, investor appetite, and regulatory compliance. However, challenges persist, including regulatory uncertainties, platform fraud, and cybersecurity threats. To mitigate risks, platforms employ advanced technologies like machine learning for credit assessment, blockchain for transaction security, and mobile technologies for accessibility and platform efficiency. Innovative fintech solutions, such as artificial intelligence and structured environments, aim to streamline borrowing and provide quicker, more competitive loans. Borrower and lender trust are crucial in this market, with education initiatives and fraud prevention measures playing essential roles. The P2P lending market is poised for exponential growth, contributing to economic development.

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The Traditional lending segment was valued at USD 39.50 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

APAC is estimated to contribute 46% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period. Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

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The Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending market In the APAC region held a significant market share in 2023, driven by the increasing adoption of cl

As of December 2024, the countries with the highest 10-year yields are the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia with 4.68, 4.38 and 4.21 percent, respectively. Of the largest economies by GDP, the United States saw the sharpest fall in absolute terms for 10-year government bond yields due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. From a level of 1.51 percent in January 2020, yields on 10-year government bonds fell to 0.65 percent by April 2020, and had further fallen to 0.53 percent by July 2020 before starting to recover towards the end of the year. Conversely, countries that went into 2020 with already low bond yields like Japan, Germany and France actually saw a small increase in March 2020 - although these already low yields mean that these small changes are significant in relative terms.

United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data was reported at 4.946 USD bn in Sep 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.629 USD bn for Aug 2018. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 69.000 USD mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 501 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.931 USD bn in Aug 2013 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Sep 2000. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.