Lending Rate in China remained unchanged at 4.35 percent in October from 4.35 percent in September of 2022. This dataset provides - China Prime Lending Rate- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The benchmark interest rate in China was last recorded at 3 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - China Interest Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Key information about China Total Loans

• China Total Loans was reported at 36,006.888 USD bn in Jan 2025
• This records an increase from the previous number of 35,027.718 USD bn for Dec 2024
• China Total Loans data is updated monthly, averaging 7,323.778 USD bn from Jan 1997 to Jan 2025, with 337 observations
• The data reached an all-time high of 36,139.254 USD bn in Sep 2024 and a record low of 775.253 USD bn in Jan 1997
• China Total Loans data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data
• The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Total Loans: USD: Monthly

In June 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In the first half of 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 20 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at 0.1 percent in June 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 9.4 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

Key information about China Policy Rate

• China cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: China: Rediscount Rate) was set at 2.65 % pa in Jun 2023, compared with 2.75 % pa in the previous May 2023.
• China Policy Rate averaged 3.00 % pa and is updated monthly, available from Jan 2016 to Jun 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 3.30 % pa in Oct 2019 and a record low of 2.65 % pa in Jun 2023.

• In the latest reports, China Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: SHIBOR: 3 Months was reported at 2.22 % pa in May 2023.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Treasury Bond Yield: Interbank: Spot Yield: 10 year) was reported at 2.65 % pa in Jun 2023.
• China Exchange Rate against USD averaged 6.99 (USD/RMB) in May 2023.
• Its Real Effective Exchange Rate was 140.85 in Apr 2023.

All currency institutions loans and investments - measured at fair value

Three banks comprise the Policy Banks industry: China Development Bank, Agricultural Development Bank of China and Export-Import Bank of China. These policy banks were established in 1994 to develop and oversee the policy operations of China's state-owned professional banks. These banks were also established to promote exports of mechanical and electrical products. Industry revenue is expected to increase at an annualized 3.9% over the five years through 2024 to $66.5 billion, including 6.7% growth in 2024. The industry has undergone reforms over the past five years to accommodate China's changing economic environment. The Central Bank reduced the deposit reserve ratio seven times, and the cash rate six times. Commercial banks are increasingly involved in medium- and long-term lending operations, while exports of some mechanical and electrical products no longer require policy support. In 2021, as one of the four types of securities with the largest issuance, policy bank bonds accounted for 22% of the total bond issuance. Policy bank bonds issued $779.7 billion, a year-on-year increase of 2.7%. By the end of 2021, the custody amount of policy bank bonds was $3.1 trillion, accounting for a decrease of 0.8% over the previous year. Industry revenue is anticipated to grow by 6.7% in 2024. Industry revenue is forecast to increase at an annualized 4.4% over the five years through 2029, to $82.6 billion. China's steady economic growth and further industry reforms are projected to drive revenue growth over the next five years. All three policy banks will continue to support the government's policies, lend social funds back into society and be a pillar of China's financial system over the period.

CN: External Debt: DIS: PS: Official Creditors data was reported at 1.954 USD bn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.344 USD bn for 2022. CN: External Debt: DIS: PS: Official Creditors data is updated yearly, averaging 3.526 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.074 USD bn in 1995 and a record low of 584.327 USD mn in 1981. CN: External Debt: DIS: PS: Official Creditors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Disbursements and Interest Payment: Annual. Public sector debt from official creditors includes loans from international organizations (multilateral loans) and loans from governments (bilateral loans). Loans from international organization include loans and credits from the World Bank, regional development banks, and other multilateral and intergovernmental agencies. Excluded are loans from funds administered by an international organization on behalf of a single donor government; these are classified as loans from governments. Government loans include loans from governments and their agencies (including central banks), loans from autonomous bodies, and direct loans from official export credit agencies. Disbursements are drawings by the borrower on loan commitments during the year specified. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Country Annual Loan Value by Year

1. CARI LOAN DATA OVERVIEW

In 2007, CARI researchers began collection, cleaning, and analyzing China’s African loans.

• From 2000 to 2017, the Chinese government, banks and contractors extended US $143 billion in loans to African governments and their state-owned enterprises (SOEs).
• Angola is the top recipient of Chinese loans, with $42.8 billion disbursed over 17 years.
• Chinese loan finance is varied. Some government loans qualify as "official development aid." But other Chinese loans are export credits, suppliers' credits, or commercial, not concessional in nature. China is not Africa's largest "donor". That honor still belongs to the United States.

2. WHY CARI DATA?

While CARI does not have access to any special information not available to any other research efforts, CARI’s experienced research team and methodology allows us to compile a more rigorous database.

Our loan database builds on previous work by Brautigam tracking Chinese aid finance. All data collection and cleaning is done by master’s or Ph.D. students and post-docs. Team members use Chinese, French, Portuguese, and Arabic language skills and follow a rigorous set of steps in triangulating and cross-checking reports of loans, emphasizing official websites of central banks and ministries of finance, Chinese contractors, and our own personal contacts in China and in African countries.

The desk work was supplemented by in-country interviews and meetings with Chinese and African officials. The “forensic internet sleuthing” methods that we employ cannot easily be replicated. The work is more akin to investigative reporting or detective work than accounting. Some sources are more reliable than others. Learning to judge information appropriately takes time, and depends deeply on experience, personal contacts, perseverance and inclination.

3.DATA

3.1 Official Data

There is no official Chinese data on loans. China is not a member of the OECD and they do not participate in the OECD’s Creditor Reporting System, the source for much of the data we have on official flows from the wealthier countries. As is the case with the United States Export Import Bank and other export credit agencies, Chinese banks also rarely publish information regarding specific financing agreements. It is also uncommon for the recipients of such financing to fully disclose the details of the finance they receive. This creates an information gap that CARI is filling.

Real estate market urban land price changes, the concentration of domestic bank loans in residential real estate and commercial real estate loans.

China Car Loan Market size was valued at USD 60.00 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 150.00 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 12.1% from 2026 to 2032.

China Car Loan Market Drivers

Rising Vehicle Ownership Demand: The increasing middle-class population and improving disposable income levels in China are key factors boosting the demand for vehicle ownership. With more people aspiring to own private cars for convenience and status, car loans have become an essential financial tool to bridge the affordability gap. Urbanization and higher living standards are further fueling this demand, making car loans more popular among the younger generation.

Government Policies and Regulations: Supportive government policies are positively influencing the car loan market. The Chinese government has introduced various initiatives to promote automobile consumption, such as tax incentives for electric vehicles (EVs) and subsidized financing programs. Additionally, relaxed credit policies and interest rate cuts by the central bank have made car loans more accessible and affordable to the public.

Growth of Electric Vehicle Market: China is a global leader in the electric vehicle (EV) market, with strong government support for green energy adoption. The increasing sales of EVs have directly impacted the car loan market as more financial institutions are offering special financing options for electric and hybrid vehicles. These green loans often come with lower interest rates and longer repayment terms, further driving the market.

CN: External Debt: DIS: Public Sector (PS): Bilateral data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 54.000 USD mn for 2022. CN: External Debt: DIS: Public Sector (PS): Bilateral data is updated yearly, averaging 1.251 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.227 USD bn in 1995 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2023. CN: External Debt: DIS: Public Sector (PS): Bilateral data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Disbursements and Interest Payment: Annual. Public sector bilateral debt includes loans from governments and their agencies (including central banks), loans from autonomous bodies, and direct loans from official export credit agencies. Disbursements are drawings by the borrower on loan commitments during the year specified. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

The amounts and interest rates for new bank loans from the five major banks (prior to October 97 are Taiwan Bank, Cooperative Bank, First Commercial Bank, Hua Nan Commercial Bank, and Chang Hwa Commercial Bank; as of November 97, Chang Hwa Commercial Bank has been changed to Taiwan Land Bank).

Mortgage interest rates worldwide varied greatly in June 2025, from less than ******percent in many European countries to as high as ***percent in Turkey. The average mortgage rate in a country depends on the central bank's base lending rate and macroeconomic indicators such as inflation and forecast economic growth. Since 2022, inflationary pressures have led to rapid increases in mortgage interest rates. Which are the leading mortgage markets? An easy way to estimate the importance of the mortgage sector in each country is by comparing household debt depth, or the ratio of the debt held by households compared to the county's GDP. In 2024, Switzerland, Australia, and Canada had some of the highest household debt to GDP ratios worldwide. While this indicator shows the size of the sector relative to the country’s economy, the value of mortgages outstanding allows to compare the market size in different countries. In Europe, for instance, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France were the largest mortgage markets by outstanding mortgage lending. Mortgage lending trends in the U.S. In the United States, new mortgage lending soared in 2021. This was largely due to the growth of new refinance loans that allow homeowners to renegotiate their mortgage terms and replace their existing loan with a more favorable one. Following the rise in interest rates, the mortgage market cooled, and refinance loans declined.

In September 2024, the reported value of non-performing loans of the Chinese banking industry amounted to over ************** yuan. The official NPL ratio at the same time was **** percent. The Chinese banking system had been struggling with the quality of its assets for many years. State regulators and the Chinese central bank attempt to reduce the leverage of Chinese banks and limit the overall systematic risk.

CN: External Debt: NTR: GG: Official Creditors data was reported at -2.834 USD bn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of -1.211 USD bn for 2022. CN: External Debt: NTR: GG: Official Creditors data is updated yearly, averaging 203.016 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.159 USD bn in 1995 and a record low of -3.759 USD bn in 2003. CN: External Debt: NTR: GG: Official Creditors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Net Flows and Net Transfers: Annual. General government debt from official creditors includes loans from international organizations (multilateral loans) and loans from governments (bilateral loans). Loans from international organization include loans and credits from the World Bank, regional development banks, and other multilateral and intergovernmental agencies. Excluded are loans from funds administered by an international organization on behalf of a single donor government; these are classified as loans from governments. Government loans include loans from governments and their agencies (including central banks), loans from autonomous bodies, and direct loans from official export credit agencies. Net transfers are net flows minus interest payments during the year; negative transfers show net transfers made by the borrower to the creditor during the year. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Brazil Lending Rate: Per Month: Post-Fixed: Individuals: Mortgages with Regulated Rates: Banco da China Brasil S.A. data was reported at 0.000 % per Month in 03 Jul 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % per Month for 02 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: Per Month: Post-Fixed: Individuals: Mortgages with Regulated Rates: Banco da China Brasil S.A. data is updated daily, averaging 0.000 % per Month from Jan 2012 (Median) to 03 Jul 2019, with 1867 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 % per Month in 03 Jul 2019 and a record low of 0.000 % per Month in 03 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: Per Month: Post-Fixed: Individuals: Mortgages with Regulated Rates: Banco da China Brasil S.A. data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Interest and Foreign Exchange Rates – Table BR.MB022: Lending Rate: per Month: by Banks: Post-Fixed: Individuals: Mortgages with Regulated Rates. Lending Rate: Daily: Interest rates disclosed represent the total cost of the transaction to the client, also including taxes and operating. These rates correspond to the average fees in the period indicated in the tables. There are presented only institutions that had granted during the period determined. In general, institutions practicing different rates within the same type of credit. Thus, the rate charged to a customer may differ from the average. Several factors such as the time and volume of the transaction, as well as the guarantees offered, explain the differences between interest rates. Certain institutions grant allowance of the use of the term overdraft. However, this is not considered in the calculation of rates of this type. It should be noted that the overdraft is a modality that has high interest rates. Thus, its use should be restricted to short periods. If the customer needs resources for a longer period, should find ways to offer lower rates. The Brazilian Central Bank publishes these data with a delay about 20 days with relation to the reference period, thus allowing sufficient time for all Financial Institutions to deliver the relevant information. Interest rates presented in this set of tables correspond to averages weighted by the values of transactions conducted in the five working days specified in each table. These rates represent the average effective cost of loans to customers, consisting of the interest rates actually charged by financial institutions in their lending operations, increased tax burdens and operational incidents on the operations. The interest rates shown are the average of the rates charged in the various operations performed by financial institutions, in each modality. In one discipline, interest rates may differ between customers of the same financial institution. Interest rates vary according to several factors, such as the value and quality of collateral provided in the operation, the proportion of down payment operation, the history and the registration status of each client, the term of the transaction, among others . Institutions with “zero” did not operate on modalities for those periods or did not provide information to the Central Bank of Brazil. The Central Bank of Brazil assumes no responsibility for delay, error or other deficiency of information provided for purposes of calculating average rates presented in this

Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Pre-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Overdraft: Banco da China Brasil S.A. data was reported at 0.000 % pa in 03 Jul 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % pa for 02 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Pre-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Overdraft: Banco da China Brasil S.A. data is updated daily, averaging 0.000 % pa from Jan 2012 (Median) to 03 Jul 2019, with 1866 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 % pa in 03 Jul 2019 and a record low of 0.000 % pa in 03 Jul 2019. Brazil Lending Rate: per Annum: Pre-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Overdraft: Banco da China Brasil S.A. data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Interest and Foreign Exchange Rates – Table BR.MB041: Lending Rate: per Annum: by Banks: Pre-Fixed: Corporate Entities: Overdraft. Lending Rate: Daily: Interest rates disclosed represent the total cost of the transaction to the client, also including taxes and operating. These rates correspond to the average fees in the period indicated in the tables. There are presented only institutions that had granted during the period determined. In general, institutions practicing different rates within the same type of credit. Thus, the rate charged to a customer may differ from the average. Several factors such as the time and volume of the transaction, as well as the guarantees offered, explain the differences between interest rates. Certain institutions grant allowance of the use of the term overdraft. However, this is not considered in the calculation of rates of this type. It should be noted that the overdraft is a modality that has high interest rates. Thus, its use should be restricted to short periods. If the customer needs resources for a longer period, should find ways to offer lower rates. The Brazilian Central Bank publishes these data with a delay about 20 days with relation to the reference period, thus allowing sufficient time for all Financial Institutions to deliver the relevant information. Interest rates presented in this set of tables correspond to averages weighted by the values of transactions conducted in the five working days specified in each table. These rates represent the average effective cost of loans to customers, consisting of the interest rates actually charged by financial institutions in their lending operations, increased tax burdens and operational incidents on the operations. The interest rates shown are the average of the rates charged in the various operations performed by financial institutions, in each modality. In one discipline, interest rates may differ between customers of the same financial institution. Interest rates vary according to several factors, such as the value and quality of collateral provided in the operation, the proportion of down payment operation, the history and the registration status of each client, the term of the transaction, among others . Institutions with “zero” did not operate on modalities for those periods or did not provide information to the Central Bank of Brazil. The Central Bank of Brazil assumes no responsibility for delay, error or other deficiency of information provided for purposes of calculating average rates presented in this

China External Debt: DIS: PPG: Official Creditors data was reported at 133.137 USD mn in 2031. This records a decrease from the previous number of 450.988 USD mn for 2030. China External Debt: DIS: PPG: Official Creditors data is updated yearly, averaging 3.279 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2031, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.082 USD bn in 1995 and a record low of 133.137 USD mn in 2031. China External Debt: DIS: PPG: Official Creditors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Disbursements and Interest Payment: Annual. Public and publicly guaranteed debt from official creditors includes loans from international organizations (multilateral loans) and loans from governments (bilateral loans). Loans from international organization include loans and credits from the World Bank, regional development banks, and other multilateral and intergovernmental agencies. Excluded are loans from funds administered by an international organization on behalf of a single donor government; these are classified as loans from governments. Government loans include loans from governments and their agencies (including central banks), loans from autonomous bodies, and direct loans from official export credit agencies. Disbursements are drawings by the borrower on loan commitments during the year specified. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

China External Debt: DIS: PS: Bilateral Concessional data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2022. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2021. China External Debt: DIS: PS: Bilateral Concessional data is updated yearly, averaging 39.947 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.093 USD bn in 2011 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2022. China External Debt: DIS: PS: Bilateral Concessional data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Disbursements and Interest Payment: Annual. Public sector bilateral debt includes loans from governments and their agencies (including central banks), loans from autonomous bodies, and direct loans from official export credit agencies. Concessional debt is defined as loans with an original grant element of 35 percent or more. The grant element of a loan is the grant equivalent expressed as a percentage of the amount committed. It is used as a measure of the overall cost of borrowing. The grant equivalent of a loan is its commitment (present) value, less the discounted present value of its contractual debt service; conventionally, future service payments are discounted at 5 percent. Disbursements are drawings by the borrower on loan commitments during the year specified. Data are in current U.S. dollars.