This study performs a meta-analysis of research that estimates the relationship between FDI and Chinese economic growth. Our sample includes 37 studies and a total of 280 estimates. We include both English- and Chinese-language studies. Our initial “raw” finding is that FDI has had a substantial, positive impact on Chinese economic growth. Furthermore, our results suggest that the effect is not inflated by endogeneity, nor impacted by publication bias. However, the positive effect is found to be smaller for more recent and better designed studies. When we adjust for preferred study and sample characteristics, we find that the estimated economic effect of FDI on Chinese economic growth is much smaller than indicated by the overall literature, and statistically insignificant. This suggests that the cause(s) of the Chinese “economic miracle” likely lie elsewhere.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in China was worth 18743.80 billion US dollars in 2024, according to official data from the World Bank. The GDP value of China represents 17.65 percent of the world economy. This dataset provides - China GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

According to preliminary figures, the growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) in China amounted to 5.0 percent in 2024. For 2025, the IMF expects a GDP growth rate of around 3.95 percent. Real GDP growth The current gross domestic product is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. It refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. When analyzing year-on-year changes, the current GDP is adjusted for inflation, thus making it constant. Real GDP growth is regarded as a key indicator for economic growth as it incorporates constant GDP figures. As of 2024, China was among the leading countries with the largest gross domestic product worldwide, second only to the United States which had a GDP volume of almost 29.2 trillion U.S. dollars. The Chinese GDP has shown remarkable growth over the past years. Upon closer examination of the distribution of GDP across economic sectors, a gradual shift from an economy heavily based on industrial production towards an economy focused on services becomes visible, with the service industry outpacing the manufacturing sector in terms of GDP contribution. Key indicator balance of trade Another important indicator for economic assessment is the balance of trade, which measures the relationship between imports and exports of a nation. As an economy heavily reliant on manufacturing and industrial production, China has reached a trade surplus over the last decade, with a total trade balance of around 992 billion U.S. dollars in 2024.

In 2024, the gross domestic product (GDP) of China amounted to around 18.7 trillion U.S. dollars. In comparison to the GDP of the other BRIC countries India, Russia and Brazil, China came first that year and second in the world GDP ranking. The stagnation of China's GDP in U.S. dollar terms in 2022 and 2023 was mainly due to the appreciation of the U.S. dollar. China's real GDP growth was 3.1 percent in 2022 and 5.4 percent in 2023. In 2024, per capita GDP in China reached around 13,300 U.S. dollars. Economic performance in China Gross domestic product (GDP) is a primary economic indicator. It measures the total value of all goods and services produced in an economy over a certain time period. China's economy used to grow quickly in the past, but the growth rate of China’s real GDP gradually slowed down in recent years, and year-on-year GDP growth is forecasted to range at only around four percent in the years after 2024. Since 2010, China has been the world’s second-largest economy, surpassing Japan.China’s emergence in the world’s economy has a lot to do with its status as the ‘world’s factory’. Since 2013, China is the largest export country in the world. Some argue that it is partly due to the undervalued Chinese currency. The Big Mac Index, a simplified and informal way to measure the purchasing power parity between different currencies, indicates that the Chinese currency yuan was roughly undervalued by 38 percent in 2024. GDP development Although the impressive economic development in China has led millions of people out of poverty, China is still not in the league of industrialized countries on the per capita basis. To name one example, the U.S. per capita economic output was more than six times as large as in China in 2024. Meanwhile, the Chinese society faces increased income disparities. The Gini coefficient of China, a widely used indicator of economic inequality, has been larger than 0.45 over the last decade, whereas 0.40 is the warning level for social unrest.

Full Year GDP Growth in China decreased to 5 percent in 2024 from 5.40 percent in 2023. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for China Full Year GDP Growth.

This data package includes the PIIE dataset to replicate the data and charts presented in The rise of US economic sanctions on China: Analysis of a new PIIE dataset by Martin Chorzempa, Mary E. Lovely, and Christine Wan, PIIE Policy Brief 24-14.

If you use the dataset, please cite as: Chorzempa, Martin, Mary E. Lovely, and Christine Wan. 2024. The rise of US economic sanctions on China: Analysis of a new PIIE dataset, PIIE Policy Brief 24-14. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

According to preliminary data, the agricultural sector contributed around 6.8 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP) of China in 2024, whereas 36.5 percent of the economic value added originated from the industrial sector and 54.6 percent from the service sector, respectively. The total GDP of China at current prices amounted to approximately 134.91 trillion yuan in 2024. Economic development in China The gross domestic product (GDP) serves as a primary indicator to measure the economic performance of a country or a region. It is generally defined as the monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country in a specific period of time. It includes all of private and public spending, government spending, investments, and net exports which are calculated as total exports minus imports. In other words, GDP represents the size of the economy.With its national economy growing at an exceptional annual growth rate of above nine percent for three decades in succession, China had become the worlds’ second largest economy by 2010, surpassing all other economies but the United States. Even though China's GDP growth has cooled down in recent years, its economy still expanded at roughly two times the pace of the United States in 2024. Breakdown of GDP in China When compared to other developed countries, the proportions of agriculture and industry in China's GDP are significantly higher. Even though agriculture is a major industry in the United States, it only accounted for about one percent of the economy in 2023. While the service sector contributed to more than 70 percent of the economy in most developed countries, it's share was considerably lower in China. This was not only due to China's lower development level, but also to the country’s focus on manufacturing and export. However, as the future limitations of this growth model become more and more apparent, China is trying to shift it's economic focus to the high-tech and service sectors. Accordingly, growth rates of the service sector have been considerably higher than in industry and agriculture in the years before the spread of the coronavirus pandemic.

Grasp the direction of the economic and trade development of mainland China and Taiwan

China Experimental Analysis Instrument: YoY: Total Tax: Year to Date data was reported at 10.736 % in Oct 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 9.372 % for Sep 2015. China Experimental Analysis Instrument: YoY: Total Tax: Year to Date data is updated monthly, averaging 18.652 % from Jan 2006 (Median) to Oct 2015, with 89 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 60.610 % in Feb 2008 and a record low of -5.450 % in Feb 2009. China Experimental Analysis Instrument: YoY: Total Tax: Year to Date data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Industrial Sector – Table CN.BIL: Universal Instrument: Experimental Analysis Instrument.

The data and programs replicate tables and figures from "The US–China Phase One trade deal: An economic analysis of the managed trade agreement", by Funke and Wende. Please see the ReadMe file for additional details.

Graph and download economic data for U.S. Exports of Goods by F.A.S. Basis to Mainland China (EXPCH) from Jan 1985 to May 2025 about China, exports, goods, and USA.

China Experimental Analysis Instrument: YoY: Cost of Sales: Year to Date data was reported at 5.887 % in Oct 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 5.545 % for Sep 2015. China Experimental Analysis Instrument: YoY: Cost of Sales: Year to Date data is updated monthly, averaging 14.580 % from Jan 2006 (Median) to Oct 2015, with 89 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 41.560 % in Aug 2010 and a record low of -3.570 % in May 2009. China Experimental Analysis Instrument: YoY: Cost of Sales: Year to Date data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Industrial Sector – Table CN.BIL: Universal Instrument: Experimental Analysis Instrument.

This dataset compiles multi-dimensional economic indicators (A1-C6) across Hangzhou, Ningbo, etc., covering outputs, investments, and consumption metrics for urban building economy analysis.

Graph and download economic data for U.S. Imports of Goods by Customs Basis from China (IMPCH) from Jan 1985 to May 2025 about imports, China, goods, and USA.

Economic institutional change is a vital driving force behind the rapid rise of China’s economy. However, the incremental approach to economic institutional change has caused unbalanced transformation and economic growth. To this end, we adopted the entropy method to measure the economic institutional change index, and employed social network analysis to reveal its spatial correlation characteristics. We then applied QAP analysis to empirically demonstrate the impact of China’s economic institutional change on regional disparities in economic growth. The findings indicated a gradual increase in the level of economic institutions over time and a spatial gradient between the eastern, central, and western regions. Moreover, the spatial correlation network of China’s economic institutional change is stable and gradually improving. Nevertheless, the role of provinces in the process of economic institutional change varies: the eastern coastal provinces play a dominant role, the central and western provinces benefit to a lesser extent, and some provinces in northeastern China play a “bridging” and “intermediary” role. Regional differences in China’s economic institutional change have widened the regional disparities in China’s economic growth, and the impact of each dimension of economic institutions on regional disparities in economic growth is characterized by phases.

China Consumer Confidence Indicator: sa: Normalised data was reported at 97.312 Normal=100 in Dec 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 97.240 Normal=100 for Nov 2023. China Consumer Confidence Indicator: sa: Normalised data is updated monthly, averaging 100.016 Normal=100 from Jan 1990 (Median) to Dec 2023, with 408 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 102.062 Normal=100 in Feb 2021 and a record low of 97.059 Normal=100 in Nov 2022. China Consumer Confidence Indicator: sa: Normalised data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MEI: Consumer Opinion Surveys: Seasonally Adjusted: Non OECD Member. The Consumer Confidence Survey is conducted by China Economic Monitoring and Analysis Center (CEMAC) of the National Bureau of Statistics. Data for Consumer Confidence Indicator are available from June 1996 onwards. Starting from Q4 2009, CEMAC extended the sample size and coverage (including all tiers of urban cities in the East, Central, West and Northwest as well as rural areas).

This work critically examines the emergence of a post-industrial economy in China as it continues to transform into a 21st century global leader. On August 15th, 2010, the Financial Times published an article stating that recently released figures from the International Monetary Fund show that China had surpassed Japan as the second-largest economy in the world and predicted that China will maintain its lead going forward . This is an astonishing feat for an emerging economy, as Japan had previously held the second-place position for over four decades. In recent years, China has outperformed other large emerging economies such as Brazil, Russia and India. As a result, it is important to examine China more closely and understand what is occurring within the country as it continues to grow and develop as a global leader. In the contemporary global environment, lasting economic advantage comes from attracting and retaining a talented and creative workforce. As China begins to transition from an industrial economy to a post-industrial economy, several factors including a more educated workforce, the development of domestic intellectual property and openness to a more diverse range of ideas and people are becoming more important. Against this backdrop, this report explores the emergence of a creative, service-driven, post-industrial economy in China by employing two methods of analysis developed by Richard Florida (2002). The first part of the analysis examines the changing occupational structure of China’s workforce. To execute this part of the analysis, we divide China’s workforce into the four occupational categories defined by Florida (2002): creative class, service class, working class and fishing, farming and forestry class. The second part of the analysis employs what are known as the “3Ts of economic development” to rank China’s regions according to their strengths in supporting a creative economy. The 3Ts of regional economic development include technology (high-tech employment and innovation), talent (education and skills), and tolerance (diversity and openness). The report explores China’s provincial-level regions and three of its four Municipalities, with a special interest in the dynamics and geography of the creative economy.

The grey relational grades of China’s digital economy with the sports industry and other major economic sectors.

ObjectivesThe development of the digital economy constitutes a key component of China’s endeavors to advance towards “Digital China.” The sports industry functions as a new catalyst for high-quality economic growth. This study systematically evaluated the integration between these two sectors.MethodsFirst, we conducted two levels of grey relational analysis to assess their integration between 2016 and 2021. Second, we conducted a VAR analysis to determine whether their integration between 2009 and 2021 represents a causal relationship.ResultsAt the macro level, the grey relational analysis reveals that the sports industry (grade = 0.770) ranked second among China’s eight key economic sectors in terms of digital economy integration. At the meso level, a wide variation (ranging from 0.606 to 0.789) existed in the grade of integration between the digital economy and the sub-sectors of the sports industry. According to the VAR model, the digital economy does not Granger cause (p = 0.344) the growth of the sports industry.ConclusionsThis study yielded two added values to the existing literature: First, there exists a sectoral imbalance in the digitization process; second, the explosive growth of the sports industry was not primarily caused by the digital economy. Accordingly, the “sports + digital” complex is still in the first wave of technological integration. We propose three policy recommendations, namely, sectoral synergistic development, overtaking via esports IP, and new economy and new regulation. Collectively, these findings provide updated insights for the digital transformation towards “building a leading sports nation” and “Digital China.”

China Experimental Analysis Instrument: YoY: Loss Amount: Year to Date data was reported at 1.962 % in Oct 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 13.823 % for Sep 2015. China Experimental Analysis Instrument: YoY: Loss Amount: Year to Date data is updated monthly, averaging 25.507 % from Jan 2006 (Median) to Oct 2015, with 89 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 171.096 % in Nov 2012 and a record low of -43.370 % in May 2010. China Experimental Analysis Instrument: YoY: Loss Amount: Year to Date data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Industrial Sector – Table CN.BIL: Universal Instrument: Experimental Analysis Instrument.