description: Priority Programme for China's Agenda 21 consists of full-text program descriptions supporting China's economic and social development. The descriptions represent 69 programs covering legislation, policy, education, agriculture, environment, energy, transportation, regional development, population, health, and global change research. Each description includes project scope, background, objectives, activities, inputs, and benefits. This dataset is produced in collaboration with the Administrative Center for China's Agenda 21 (ACCA21), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) (Suggested Usage: To provide information on the medium and long term plans for China's national economic and social development.); abstract: Priority Programme for China's Agenda 21 consists of full-text program descriptions supporting China's economic and social development. The descriptions represent 69 programs covering legislation, policy, education, agriculture, environment, energy, transportation, regional development, population, health, and global change research. Each description includes project scope, background, objectives, activities, inputs, and benefits. This dataset is produced in collaboration with the Administrative Center for China's Agenda 21 (ACCA21), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) (Suggested Usage: To provide information on the medium and long term plans for China's national economic and social development.)

Despite its high economic growth, China's public expenditure management faces profound challenges: 1) The retrenchment of the Plan puts more of the burden for the macro and microeconomic policy on the budget. 2) Extra-budgetary funds and quasi-fiscal operations of the banking system undermine fiscal discipline, which contributed to the repeated bouts of inflation. 3) Shifting spending to the Government's priorities is slow, and is in part undone during budget implementation. Over time, this could threaten sustainable growth and equitable growth. 4) While overall social indicators are high, regional disparities remain large. Government services seem overstaffed, which could escalate costs if wages continue to rise. To address these challenges, China needs to reform its public expenditure management. China's first priority is restoring fiscal discipline - to delineate a clear budget constraint for every line ministry and unit, and break down the sectoral budgets into organizational budgets. To forge a stronger link between the State Council's policy priorities and the budget, China needs to revamp its budget process. The State should focus on articulating the government's strategic priorities, but leave detailed planning for achieving these priorities to line ministries. Decentralized administration can be a major asset for cost-effective service delivery, if accountability for performance is improved.

China Share of Countries in Triadic Patent Families: Priority Year data was reported at 11.944 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 11.675 % for 2021. China Share of Countries in Triadic Patent Families: Priority Year data is updated yearly, averaging 0.627 % from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2022, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.944 % in 2022 and a record low of 0.025 % in 1989. China Share of Countries in Triadic Patent Families: Priority Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Patents Applications: Non OECD Member: Annual.

The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.

The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.

From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.

In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.

Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.

Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.

■Objectives and Overview China's political, economic and social structure is unique, and under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, not only the central government agencies but also local administrations have the power to influence markets and businesses at the provincial, municipal, autonomous and municipal levels. In China, therefore, there are innumerable priority policies and projects in various fields, not only in the central government but also in each local administration, and there is also a vast amount of information on policies and legal systems related to them. In order for our country's domestic industry to conduct transparent and fair business in China while ensuring its safety, it is essential to collect and analyze sufficient background information on Chinese policies, foster Chinese understanding of Japanese legal systems and the technology of private companies, and develop a business environment that enables Taiwan's excellent products and services to be deployed in China on a business basis. At present, business and dialogue exchanges between the public and private sectors are taking place between Japan and China at various levels and fields. In order to build a "constructive and stable Japan-China relationship," it will be important to continue to accelerate these efforts. The purpose of this grant is to improve the investment environment in China, to encourage Japanese industries to develop their business in the Chinese market, and to contribute to the smooth development of economic trade between Japan and China by subsidizing a combination of research projects (1), seminar matching projects (2), and high-level exchange projects (3) to promote economic exchanges between our country and China.

■ Eligibility Eligibility: Companies must meet the following requirements: * For consortium-style applications, you must select an organizer and the organizer must submit a business proposal. (However, the organizer cannot entrust all the work to another person.) (1) Must be based in Japan. (2) The Company has the organization, personnel, etc. to perform the Business properly. (3) The applicant has a management base necessary for the smooth execution of the Project and sufficient management capability for funds, etc. (4) The applicant is not subject to suspension of grant issuance, etc. or suspension of designation from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. (5) Have a good record of activities in China (Exchange programs, surveys and research, etc.) and have a good cooperative relationship with the Communist Party of China and other central and local government agencies. (6) Possess the ability and background to plan and execute business in China as a whole and in a wide range of fields based on a thorough understanding of the needs of Japanese companies and industries that have already or are planning to enter China.

■ Information session date Monday, July 14, 2025 at 11:00 If you would like to attend the information session, please register your contact information (Organization and department, signature, name of person in charge, telephone number, e-mail address) in the contact information below. If Microsoft Teams is not available, let us know and add a contact so we can share the summary.

■ Contact: 1 - 3 - 1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 -8901 Northeast Asian Division, Trade Policy Bureau, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry In charge: Takeuchi E-mail: bzl-nicchu-koubo@meti.go.jp

• For inquiries, please e-mail. We cannot accept inquiries by phone. Please make sure to use "Japan-China Economic Exchange Program" as the subject of your inquiry. We may not be able to respond to your inquiry with a different subject.

Since the 2011 Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP), China’s economic growth has remained strong, although a necessary economic transformation is underway. China now has the world’s largest GDP in PPP terms, and poverty rates have fallen. However, medium-term growth prospects have moderated. The limits to the investment-driven growth strategy, combined with an aging population, waning dividends from past reforms, and a challenging external environment, have necessitated a transformation towards a more market-oriented economy that is more consumption-based, more services-driven, less credit-dependent and, especially, more efficient. This transformation has already started, as the Chinese authorities are increasingly emphasizing the quality of growth and have pushed structural reforms. The economic transformation requires a fundamental change in the role of the financial system. Historically its role was to channel China’s high savings at low cost to strategic sectors. China’s economic rebalancing is multi-dimensional, and there is a need to significantly improve the financial sector’s capital allocation to promote the rebalancing from investment to consumption; from heavy manufacturing to services; and from large to small enterprises. Looking ahead, the financial system will need to become more balanced, sustainable and inclusive, to facilitate China’s economic transformation, where markets play an increasingly dominant role in resource allocation and where consequences of risk-taking are well-understood and accepted. Maintaining financial stability would also require that remaining gaps in regulatory frameworks be addressed. The standard assessments for the banking, insurance, and securities sectors show a high degree of compliance with international standards, but also point to critical gaps. Themes that cut across China’s regulatory agencies include a lack of independence, insufficient resources for supervising a large and increasingly complex financial sector, and inadequate interagency coordination and systemic risk analysis. The remaining priorities for financial market infrastructure oversight include the adoption of full delivery-versus-payment and a stronger legal basis for settlement finality. Further enhancements to crisis management frameworks are needed to allow financial institutions to fail in a manner that minimizes the impact on financial stability and public resources. This would require amongst others greater emphasis on financial stability rather than social concerns in dealing with real and potential crisis situations, the introduction of a special resolution regime for failing banks, and a streamlining of the current system of financial safety nets.

■Objectives and Overview China's political, economic and social structure is unique, and under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, not only the central government agencies but also local administrations have the power to influence markets and businesses at the provincial, municipal, autonomous and municipal levels. In China, therefore, there are innumerable priority policies and projects in various fields, not only in the central government but also in each local administration, and there is also a vast amount of information on policies and legal systems related to them. In order for our country's domestic industries to conduct transparent and fair business in China, it is essential to collect and analyze sufficient background information on Chinese policies, to foster Chinese understanding of Japanese legal systems and the technology of private companies, and to develop a business environment that enables Taiwan's excellent products and services to be deployed in China on a business basis. At present, business and dialogue exchanges between the public and private sectors are taking place between Japan and China at various levels and fields. In order to build a "constructive and stable Japan-China relationship," it will be important to continue to accelerate these efforts. By subsidizing projects to promote economic exchanges between our country and China, we aim to improve the investment environment in China, encourage Japanese industries to develop their business in the Chinese market, and contribute to the smooth development of economic trade between Japan and China. In light of this, grant will be implemented through a combination of a survey project (1), a seminar matching project (2), and a high-level exchange project (3).

■ Eligibility The following requirements must be met: * For consortium-style applications, you must select an organizer and the organizer must submit a business proposal. (However, the organizer cannot entrust all the work to another person.) (1) Must be based in Japan. (2) The Company has the organization, personnel, etc. to perform the Business properly. (3) The applicant has a management base necessary for the smooth execution of the Project and sufficient management capability for funds, etc. (4) The applicant is not subject to suspension of grant issuance, etc. or suspension of designation from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. (5) To cooperate with the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry's efforts on EBPM . () Evidence Based Policymaking refers to making policy planning based on clear policy objectives and evidence, rather than relying on ad hoc anecdotes. The promotion of EBPM, which selects effective policies based on accurate analysis of various statistics given limited budget for grants resources, has been included in the government's Basic Policies for Economic and Fiscal Management and Reform every year since 2017, and is expected to increase in importance going forward. (6) Have a good record of activities in China (Exchange programs, surveys and research, etc.) and have a good cooperative relationship with the Communist Party of China and other central and local government agencies. (7) Possess the ability and background to plan and execute business in China as a whole and in a wide range of fields based on a thorough understanding of the needs of Japanese companies and industries that have already or are planning to enter China.

■ Information session date Wednesday, July 10, 2024 at 15:00 If you would like to attend the information session, please register your contact information (Organization and department, signature, name of person in charge, telephone number, e-mail address) in the contact information below. If Microsoft Teams is not available, let us know and add a contact so we can share the summary.

■ Contact: 1 - 3 - 1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 -8901 Northeast Asian Division, Trade Policy Bureau, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Responsible: Abe, Onishi E-mail: bzl-nicchu-koubo@meti.go.jp

• For inquiries, please e-mail. We cannot accept inquiries by phone. Please make sure to use "Japan-China Economic Exchange Program" as the subject of your inquiry. We may not be able to respond to your inquiry with a different subject.

China Number of Patent Applications Filed under The PCT: Priority Year data was reported at 67,992.029 Number in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 67,516.128 Number for 2021. China Number of Patent Applications Filed under The PCT: Priority Year data is updated yearly, averaging 1,292.841 Number from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 68,648.722 Number in 2020 and a record low of 0.000 Number in 1985. China Number of Patent Applications Filed under The PCT: Priority Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Patents Applications: Non OECD Member: Annual.

The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.

The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.

From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.

In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.

Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.

Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.

Abstract

The World Bank is interested in gauging the views of clients and partners who are either involved in development in China or who observe activities related to social and economic development. The World Bank Country Assessment Survey is meant to give the Bank's team that works in China, more in-depth insight into how the Bank's work is perceived. This is one tool the Bank uses to assess the views of its critical stakeholders. With this understanding, the World Bank hopes to develop more effective strategies, outreach and programs that support development in China. The World Bank commissioned an independent firm to oversee the logistics of this effort in China.

The survey was designed to achieve the following objectives: - Assist the World Bank in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in China perceive the Bank; - Obtain systematic feedback from stakeholders in China regarding: · Their views regarding the general environment in China; · Their perceived overall value of the World Bank in China; · Overall impressions of the World Bank as related to programs, poverty reduction, personal relationships, effectiveness, knowledge base, collaboration, and its day-to-day operation; and · Perceptions of the World Bank's communication and outreach in China. - Use data to help inform the China country team's strategy.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Stakeholder

Universe

Stakeholders of the World Bank in China

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

December 2011 thru March 2012, 518 stakeholders of the World Bank in China were invited to provide their opinions on the Bank's assistance to the country by participating in a country survey. Participants in the survey were drawn from among employees of a ministry or ministerial department of central government; local government officials or staff; project management offices at the central and local level; the central bank; financial sector/banks; NGOs; regulatory agencies; state-owned enterprises; bilateral or multilateral agencies; private sector organizations; consultants/contractors working on World Bank supported projects/programs; the media; and academia, research institutes or think tanks.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Questionnaire consists of 8 Sections: 1. Background Information: The first section asked respondents for their current position; specialization; familiarity, exposure to, and involvement with the Bank; and geographic location.

1. General Issues facing China: Respondents were asked to indicate what they thought were the most important development priorities, which areas would contribute most to poverty reduction and economic growth in China, as well as rating their perspective on the future of the next generation in China.

2. Overall Attitudes toward the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate the Bank's overall effectiveness in China, the extent to which the Bank's financial instruments meet China's needs, the extent to which the Bank meets China's need for knowledge services, and their agreement with various statements regarding the Bank's programs, poverty mission, relationships, and collaborations in China. Respondents were also asked to indicate the areas on which it would be most productive for the Bank to focus its resources and research, what the Bank's level of involvement should be, and what they felt were the Bank's greatest values and greatest weaknesses in its work.

3. The Work of the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate their level of importance and the Bank's level of effectiveness across fifteen areas in which the Bank was involved, such as helping to reduce poverty and encouraging greater transparency in governance.

4. The Way the World Bank does Business: Respondents were asked to rate the Bank's level of effectiveness in the way it does business, including the Bank's knowledge, personal relationships, collaborations, and poverty mission.

5. Project/Program Related Issues: Respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with a series of statements regarding the Bank's programs, day-to-day operations, and collaborations in China.

6. The Future of the World Bank in China: Respondents were asked to rate how significant a role the Bank should play in China's development and to indicate what the Bank could do to make itself of greater value and what the greatest obstacle was to the Bank playing a significant role in China.

7. Communication and Outreach: Respondents were asked to indicate where they get information about development issues and the Bank's development activities in China, as well as how they prefer to receive information from the Bank. Respondents were also asked to indicate their usage of the Bank's website and PICs, and to evaluate these communication and outreach efforts.

Response rate

A total of 207 stakeholders participated in the country survey (40%).

■Objectives and Overview In a vast country like China, not only central government agencies but also local administrations have priority policies and projects in various fields. There is a vast amount of information on related policies and legal systems, and business and dialogue exchanges are conducted at various levels and fields, including the public and private sectors. Moreover, China's political and social structure is unique, and under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, not only central government agencies but also provincial, municipal, autonomous, municipal, and other levels of local administration have authority to influence markets and business. Therefore, in order for our domestic industries to conduct business in China, it is essential to collect information on Chinese policies, foster Chinese understanding of our national legal system and the technologies of private companies, and develop a business environment in which our country's advanced technologies can be deployed in China on a business basis. grant aims to improve the investment environment in China, encourage Japanese industries to develop their business in the Chinese market, and contribute to the smooth development of economic trade between Japan and China by combining research projects, seminar matching projects, and high-level exchange projects and by assisting projects to promote economic exchanges between our country and China.

■ Eligibility The following requirements must be met: * For consortium-style applications, you must select an organizer and the organizer must submit a business proposal. (However, the organizer cannot entrust all the work to another person.) (1) Must be based in Japan. (2) The Company has the organization, personnel, etc. to perform the Business properly. (3) The applicant has a management base necessary for the smooth execution of the Project and sufficient management capability for funds, etc. (4) The applicant is not subject to suspension of grant issuance, etc. or suspension of designation from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. (5) Have a good record of activities in China (Exchange programs, surveys and research, etc.) and have a good cooperative relationship with the Communist Party of China and other central and local government agencies. (6) Possess the ability and background to plan and execute business in China as a whole and in a wide range of fields based on a thorough understanding of the needs of Japanese companies and industries that have already or are planning to enter China.

■ Information session date Wednesday, June 2, 2021 at 13:30 If you would like to attend the information session, please register your contact information (Organization and department, signature, name of person in charge, telephone number, e-mail address) with the contact information below. If Skype is not available, let us know and add your contact information so we can share a summary.

■ Contact: 1 - 3 - 1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 -8901 Northeast Asian Division, Trade Policy Bureau, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Contact: Ax, Ohnishi Fax: 03-3501-0531 E-mail: nicchu-koubo@meti.go.jp

• Please send inquiries via e-mail. We cannot accept inquiries by phone. Please make sure to use "Japan-China Economic Exchange Program" as the subject of your inquiry. We may not be able to respond to your inquiry with a different subject.

ObjectiveDiabetes is a major health issue in China that has a significant economic burden on society. Understanding the economic impact of diabetes can help policymakers make informed decisions about healthcare spending and priorities. This study aims to estimate the economic burden of patients with diabetes in an urban setting in China and to identify the impact of hospitalization and complications on health care costs for people with diabetes.MethodsThe study was conducted in a sample city located in eastern China. All patients diagnosed with diabetes before January 2015 were identified from the official health management information system, and their social demographics and records of their health care uses and costs were extracted from the claim database from 2014 to 2019. Six groups of complications were identified according to ICD-10 codes. The diabetes-related direct medical cost (DM cost) was described for patients in stratified groups. A multiple linear regression model was applied to identify the effect of hospitalization and complications on the DM cost of diabetic patients.ResultsOur research included 44,994 patients with diabetes, the average annual DM costs for diabetic patients increased from 1,292.72 USD in 2014 to 2,092.87 USD in 2019. The costs of diabetes are closely related to hospitalizations and the type and number of complications. The average annual DM cost of patients who were hospitalized was 2.23 times that of those without hospitalization, and it rose as the number of complications increased. Cardiovascular complications and nephropathic complications were the complications that had the greatest impact on patients’ DM costs, increasing by an average of 65 and 54%, respectively.ConclusionThe economic burden of diabetes in urban China has increased significantly. Hospitalization and the type and number of complications have significant impacts on the economic burden of patients with diabetes. Efforts should be made to prevent the development of long-term complications in the population with diabetes.

China Number of Patent Applications Filed under The PCT: Biotechnology Sector: Priority Year data was reported at 3,384.933 Number in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 3,197.309 Number for 2021. China Number of Patent Applications Filed under The PCT: Biotechnology Sector: Priority Year data is updated yearly, averaging 127.636 Number from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,384.933 Number in 2022 and a record low of 0.000 Number in 1987. China Number of Patent Applications Filed under The PCT: Biotechnology Sector: Priority Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Patents Applications: Non OECD Member: Annual.

The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.

The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.

From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.

In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.

Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.

Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.

The motivations behind China’s allocation of health aid to Africa remain complex due to limited information on the details of health aid project activities. Insufficient knowledge about the purpose of China’s health aid hinders our understanding of China’s comprehensive role in supporting Africa’s healthcare system. To address this gap, our study aimed to gain better insights into China’s health aid priorities and the factors driving these priorities across Africa. To achieve this, we utilized AidData’s Chinese Official Finance Dataset and adhered to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. We reclassified all 1,026 health projects in Africa, originally categorized under broad 3-digit OECD-DAC sector codes, into more specific 5-digit CRS codes. By analyzing the project count and financial value, we assessed the shifting priorities over time. Our analysis revealed that China’s priorities in health aid have evolved between 2000 and 2017. In the early 2000s, China primarily allocated aid to basic health personnel and lacked diversity in sub-sectors. However, after 2004, China shifted its focus more toward basic infrastructure and reduced emphasis on clinical-level staff. Furthermore, China’s interest in addressing malaria expanded both in scale and depth between 2006 and 2009. This trend continued in 2012 and 2014 when China responded to the Ebola outbreak by shifting its focus from basic infrastructure to infectious diseases. In summary, our findings demonstrate the changes in China’s health aid strategy, starting with addressing diseases already eliminated in China and gradually transitioning towards global health security, health system strengthening, and shaping the governance mechanisms.

■Objectives and Overview In a vast country like China, not only central government agencies but also local administrations have priority policies and projects in various fields. There is a vast amount of information on related policies and legal systems, and business and dialogue exchanges are conducted at various levels and fields, including the public and private sectors. Moreover, China's political and social structure is unique, and under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, not only central government agencies but also provincial, municipal, autonomous, municipal, and other levels of local administration have authority to influence markets and business. Therefore, in order for our domestic industries to conduct business in China, it is essential to collect information on Chinese policies, foster Chinese understanding of our legal system and the technology of private companies, and develop a business environment that enables our country's excellent products and services to be deployed in China on a business basis. grant aims to improve the investment environment in China, encourage Japanese industries to develop their business in the Chinese market, and contribute to the smooth development of economic trade between Japan and China by combining research projects, seminar matching projects, and high-level exchange projects and by assisting projects to promote economic exchanges between our country and China.

■ Eligibility The following requirements must be met: * For consortium-style applications, you must select an organizer and the organizer must submit a business proposal. (However, the organizer cannot entrust all the work to another person.) (1) Must be based in Japan. (2) The Company has the organization, personnel, etc. to perform the Business properly. (3) The applicant has a management base necessary for the smooth execution of the Project and sufficient management capability for funds, etc. (4) The applicant is not subject to suspension of grant issuance, etc. or suspension of designation from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. (5) Have a good record of activities in China (Exchange programs, surveys and research, etc.) and have a good cooperative relationship with the Communist Party of China and other central and local government agencies. (6) Possess the ability and background to plan and execute business in China as a whole and in a wide range of fields based on a thorough understanding of the needs of Japanese companies and industries that have already or are planning to enter China.

■ Information session date Wednesday, June 14, 2023 at 15:00 If you would like to attend the information session, please register your contact information (Organization and department, signature, name of person in charge, telephone number, e-mail address) in the contact information below. If Microsoft Teams is not available, let us know and add a contact so we can share the summary.

■ Contact: 1 - 3 - 1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 -8901 Northeast Asian Division, Trade Policy Bureau, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Contact: Ohashi, Tsuzuki E-mail: bzl-nicchu-koubo@meti.go.jp

• Please send inquiries via e-mail. We cannot accept inquiries by phone. Please make sure to use "Japan-China Economic Exchange Program" as the subject of your inquiry. We may not be able to respond to your inquiry with a different subject.

■Objectives and Overview In a vast country like China, not only central government agencies but also local administrations have priority policies and projects in various fields. There is a vast amount of information on related policies and legal systems, and business and dialogue exchanges are conducted at various levels and fields, including the public and private sectors. Moreover, China's political and social structure is unique, and under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, not only central government agencies but also provincial, municipal, autonomous, municipal, and other levels of local administration have authority to influence markets and business. Therefore, in order for our domestic industries to conduct business in China, it is essential to collect information on Chinese policies, foster Chinese understanding of our national legal system and the technologies of private companies, and develop a business environment in which our country's advanced technologies can be deployed in China on a business basis. grant aims to improve the investment environment in China, encourage Japanese industries to develop their business in the Chinese market, and contribute to the smooth development of economic trade between Japan and China by implementing a combination of research projects and high-level exchange projects and assisting projects to promote economic exchanges between our country and China.

■ Eligibility The following requirements must be met: * For consortium-style applications, you must select an organizer and the organizer must submit a business proposal. (However, the organizer cannot entrust all the work to another person.) (1) Must be based in Japan. (2) The Company has the organization, personnel, etc. to perform the Business properly. (3) The applicant has a management base necessary for the smooth execution of the Project and sufficient management capability for funds, etc. (4) The applicant is not subject to suspension of grant issuance, etc. or suspension of designation from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. (5) Have a good record of activities in China (Exchange programs, surveys and research, etc.) and have a good cooperative relationship with the Communist Party of China and other central and local government agencies. (6) Possess the ability and background to plan and execute business in China as a whole and in a wide range of fields based on a thorough understanding of the needs of Japanese companies and industries that have already or are planning to enter China.

■ Information session date Tuesday, June 28, 2022 at 11:00 If you would like to attend the information session, please register your contact information (Organization and department, signature, name of person in charge, telephone number, e-mail address) in the contact information below. If Microsoft Teams is not available, let us know and add a contact so we can share the summary.

■ Contact: 1 - 3 - 1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 -8901 Northeast Asian Division, Trade Policy Bureau, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Contact: Ax, Ohnishi E-mail: nicchu-koubo@meti.go.jp

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SummaryMaximizing the economic welfare extracted from the energy system is a key priority for all governments. This can be measured by a country’s energy productivity. Perhaps nowhere else in the world is this issue more salient than in China. China is the world’s largest energy consumer and has led global economic growth in the first part of the twenty-first century. Furthermore, in the interconnected world we live in, decisions in China have global impacts. In periods of some of its fastest growth (from 2002-2005) China experienced declining energy productivity. In 2006, China put in place ambitious energy intensity targets. Combined with policies at the sector and product level, these contributed to China reversing its falling energy productivity. Building on this success, China’s 12th Five Year Plan, extended and deepened these reforms. But within China’s system of provincial and industrial energy intensity targets there is a blind spot which could reduce the potential welfare gain from these plans. Assessing the embodied energy in interprovincial trade reveals these potential gains and provides the information required to encourage regional practices to align better with national objectives. The response from Chinese policymakers to the challenges of building new infrastructure while managing resource and environmental constraints provides a valuable lesson for governments in rapidly developing countries, such as Saudi Arabia. A summary of key lessons from the Chinese experience of managing energy productivity is presented in the conclusion.

China Number of Triadic Patent Families: Priority Year data was reported at 7,480.361 Number in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 7,314.118 Number for 2021. China Number of Triadic Patent Families: Priority Year data is updated yearly, averaging 381.317 Number from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2022, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,480.361 Number in 2022 and a record low of 6.295 Number in 1986. China Number of Triadic Patent Families: Priority Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Patents Applications: Non OECD Member: Annual.

The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.

The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.

From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.

In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.

Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.

Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.

China Number of Patent Applications Filed under The PCT: ICT Sector: Priority Year data was reported at 26,382.652 Number in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 27,249.110 Number for 2021. China Number of Patent Applications Filed under The PCT: ICT Sector: Priority Year data is updated yearly, averaging 290.191 Number from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 29,273.388 Number in 2020 and a record low of 0.000 Number in 1992. China Number of Patent Applications Filed under The PCT: ICT Sector: Priority Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Patents Applications: Non OECD Member: Annual.

The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.

The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.

From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.

In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.

Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.

Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.

US oil exports to China have dramatically declined, shifting market priorities to Europe and South Korea due to China's economic and strategic changes.

India Industrial and Commercial Bank of China: Financial Ratio: Priority Sector Advances-Total Advances data was reported at 43.640 % in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 41.410 % for 2017. India Industrial and Commercial Bank of China: Financial Ratio: Priority Sector Advances-Total Advances data is updated yearly, averaging 27.730 % from Mar 2013 (Median) to 2018, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 43.640 % in 2018 and a record low of 4.360 % in 2013. India Industrial and Commercial Bank of China: Financial Ratio: Priority Sector Advances-Total Advances data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Banking Sector – Table IN.KBR025: Foreign Banks: Selected Financial Ratios: Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.

Sources of data projection.