Grasp the direction of the economic and trade development of mainland China and Taiwan

According to preliminary figures, the growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) in China amounted to 5.0 percent in 2024. For 2025, the IMF expects a GDP growth rate of around 3.95 percent. Real GDP growth The current gross domestic product is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. It refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. When analyzing year-on-year changes, the current GDP is adjusted for inflation, thus making it constant. Real GDP growth is regarded as a key indicator for economic growth as it incorporates constant GDP figures. As of 2024, China was among the leading countries with the largest gross domestic product worldwide, second only to the United States which had a GDP volume of almost 29.2 trillion U.S. dollars. The Chinese GDP has shown remarkable growth over the past years. Upon closer examination of the distribution of GDP across economic sectors, a gradual shift from an economy heavily based on industrial production towards an economy focused on services becomes visible, with the service industry outpacing the manufacturing sector in terms of GDP contribution. Key indicator balance of trade Another important indicator for economic assessment is the balance of trade, which measures the relationship between imports and exports of a nation. As an economy heavily reliant on manufacturing and industrial production, China has reached a trade surplus over the last decade, with a total trade balance of around 992 billion U.S. dollars in 2024.

Discuss Trump's domestic and foreign economic and trade policies, focusing on tax cuts, immigration, energy, infrastructure, and other policies in the domestic policy aspect; foreign policies include economic and trade tools, multilateral and bilateral trade strategies, manufacturing relocations, and related policies that Trump may adopt. Second, observe the interactions and economic and trade situations between the United States and countries such as China, Russia, Japan, and South Korea, and select important issues for analysis. Third, comprehensively analyze the current situation and future development trends of regional economic integration such as TPP and AEC based on the content of the above chapters. Finally, evaluate the overall situation of the Asia-Pacific economic and trade situation under Trump's new policy, as well as the observation of the interactions between the United States and various countries in the Asia-Pacific region, and assess the possible impact on our country.

This repository contains the appendix, the dataset, and the analysis files for the study "Unpacking the Nuances of Agenda-Setting in the Online Media Environment: An Hourly-Event Approach in the Context of Chinese Economic News."Except for the appendix, the "Data" folder contains 36 csv-format files, each for one specific news event. In each file, the first column "hour" denotes hourly intervals of the data, and the 2–6 columns denote the endogenous variables included in the VAR models (i.e., the raw volume of coverage or discussion in different groups concerning media, the neitizens, and other institutions of interest). The datasets have been aggregated by 19-hour lags each day, resulting in 266 lags for the 14-day time window."AnalysisFiles" folder contains the R code and copy results for analysis, in which:-TimeSeriesAnalysis" contains the R code for the time-series analysis of this study. Besides, this folder also contains copies of the results for VAR models.-"t-test & ANOVA" contains the results of 36 separate VAR models and the R code for the t-test and ANOVA for the event feature on the influence of agenda-setting. Besides, this folder also contains copies of the results of t-tests and ANOVA.-"Figure" contains the R code for creating Figure 1 and Figure 2 in the main text of this study and also contains copies of these two figures.

The article selects socioeconomic data related to 146 prefecture-level cities included in nine city clusters from 2014 to 2018 to establish a city-level socioeconomic system in China. A sensitivity analysis of regional entrepreneurship and economic quality development based on system dynamics was conducted to explore the changes in regional entrepreneurship and economic quality development over time and their sensitivity factors. In this way, the dynamic evolution mechanism of the system can be portrayed, and the optimization of the system can be achieved through the coordination of the factors within the system. The article sets up three scenarios to explore the fluctuations in regional entrepreneurship and economic quality development when three sensitive factors, namely, business environment, financial services scale, and innovation environment, change. Findings: There are differences in the development of cities within city clusters. The business environment and high-quality economic development of the central cities within the city cluster are stronger than those of the non-central cities. Therefore, regions should focus on synergistic development within city clusters when formulating related policies. The variation of regional entrepreneurship development and economic quality development, after a factor in the system is changed, is asymmetric. Because the sensitivity of different urban clusters and the way they are affected by sensitive factors varies, the state should pay more attention to the adaptability of cities when formulating corresponding policy measures and adapt its policy measures to the sensitivity characteristics of each region according to local conditions.

This study conducts in-depth analysis of the possible impact of recent major US policies on Taiwan's economy and trade. It selects Trump's domestic policies in 2018, such as tax reduction and infrastructure promotion, and their subsequent effects; diplomatic and economic policies such as promoting the "Indo-Pacific strategy" and measures focusing on fair trade, as well as the development of the Sino-US economic and trade standoff. It comprehensively analyzes the positive and negative impacts of various policies on Taiwan and proposes Taiwan's coping strategies.

The China supply chain finance market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the country's expanding e-commerce sector, increasing reliance on global trade, and the government's initiatives to improve supply chain efficiency. With a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 10% and a substantial market size (precise figures unavailable but estimated to be in the billions based on global trends and reported CAGR), the market presents significant opportunities for both established financial institutions and fintech companies. Key segments driving growth include export and import bills financing, letters of credit, and performance bonds, particularly within large enterprises and international applications. While data for specific market values are limited, the consistently high CAGR indicates a positive outlook for the foreseeable future. The market's growth is fueled by the increasing complexity of global supply chains, requiring sophisticated financing solutions to manage inventory, payments, and risks associated with cross-border transactions. Banks remain dominant players, but the rise of specialized trade finance houses and fintech solutions is challenging this traditional dominance, offering more agile and technology-driven alternatives. However, challenges remain. Stringent regulatory requirements, potential credit risks associated with SMEs, and the need for improved digital infrastructure in certain regions could hinder market growth. The market's future success hinges on the ability of providers to adapt to evolving technological advancements, enhance risk management capabilities, and cater to the specific financing needs of diverse businesses across different industries. The ongoing development of China's domestic market and its continued integration into the global economy further reinforces the long-term growth potential of the supply chain finance market. This makes it a strategically important sector for investors and businesses alike. Recent developments include: October 2023: DBS launched its first hybrid financing solution to help small and medium enterprises (SMEs) access a wider pool of capital to finance their sustainability journeys., May 2022: Zhongyuan Bank Co., Ltd. (SEHK:1216) acquired Bank of Luoyang Co. ,Ltd., Bank of Pingdingshan Co., Ltd,. and Bank of Jiaozuo China Travel Services Co., Ltd. on The transaction has received approval from The China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission. The Bank also obtained the anti-trust clearance in connection with the Merger by Absorption by State Administration for Market Regulation of PRC, December 2022: Citi announced that it would wind down its consumer banking business in China which is part of its broader global strategy refresh to exit consumer franchises in 14 markets in Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and Mexico.. Notable trends are: Incorporation of New Novel Technologies.

Maintaining the stability of foreign trade in an uncertain environment is crucial to building a new development pattern. By combing through the existing literature, this paper analyzes the impact of economic policy uncertainty on enterprise export recovery from the perspective of market integration. Firstly, theoretical analysis shows that economic policy uncertainty is expected to attenuate enterprise export recovery levels by amplifying export transaction costs. Secondly, the escalation in market integration is anticipated to mitigate the attenuation above effect through the mechanism of "enhanced production efficiency", while simultaneously amplifying it through the mechanism of "intensified market competition". Based on the empirical test of China’s micro-level data, it is found that the rise of market integration generally alleviates the weakening effect of economic policy uncertainty on enterprise export resilience, and this mitigation effect is more obvious for high-efficiency enterprises; The test results of further mechanism analysis and heterogeneity analysis are also consistent with the logic of theoretical analysis.

The China entertainment market was valued at USD 494.40 Billion in 2024. The industry is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.00% during the forecast period of 2025-2034 to reach a value of USD 731.83 Billion by 2034.

Rapid digital integration, increased investment in locally produced content, and a strong shift toward experience-centric offerings that cater to evolving consumer preferences are bolstering the growth in the China entertainment market. With the 14th Five-Year Plan placing strong emphasis on cultural innovation and soft power, entertainment has emerged as a key pillar in China’s socio-economic playbook. From immersive technology-powered theme parks to high-budget domestic productions challenging Hollywood dominance, the industry is actively being reimagined.

As per the China entertainment market report, government-backed platforms like iQIYI and Tencent Video are scaling up AI-generated content, virtual sets, and 4K/8K streaming infrastructures, following the Digital China strategy. Moreover, Shanghai’s newly inaugurated "immersive metaverse film and television park" is offering state-funded opportunities for immersive creators and studios, targeting a younger, digitally native audience. Furthermore, to strengthen relations between Korea and China in the music industry and increase K-pop's visibility in China, RBW has partnered with NetEase Cloud Music on a strategic copyright basis.

In addition, smart amusement parks in Guangdong use biometric ticketing and real-time crowd AI, reducing operational bottlenecks while enhancing user experience, boosting the China entertainment market trends and dynamics. Meanwhile, the Chinese live performance sector is being supported by infrastructure investments. This synergy of physical and virtual platforms marks a shift toward hyper-personalised, on-demand, and culturally aligned experiences.

The Freight Transport by Sea industry in China is mainly engaged in shipping exported items to their destination countries and territories from China and shipping imported items from other countries. Therefore, the industry's performance is extremely sensitive to the global economic climate as well as situation of China economy, as these determine the international trade between China and other countries.China has been the largest country in goods trade since 2017. In 2023, total import and export value of goods in China reached $5.9 trillion, down by 5.0% from 2022, ranking the first in the world for seven consecutive years despite the decrease. Largest international trade scale has stimulated the demand for ocean shipping services. Industry revenue is expected to increase at an annualized 5.8% over the five years through 2024. This includes anticipated increase of 8.1% in the current year, to $59.7 billion, mainly due to the low freight rates.The freight transportation volume by sea in China in 2020 and 2022 has increased by 0.6% and 2.2% year on year, mainly due to the repeated COVID-19 pandemic in China. However, the efficiency of global logistics turnover has decreased due to the prevention and control measures of COVID-19 pandemic. Freight rates have stayed high since the second half year of 2020 resulted by the serious congestions in some ports and short supply of container positions. Industry revenue realized year-on-year growth of 19.8% in 2020, 88.3% in 2021 and 13.4% in 2022. Freight rates have dropped dramatically in 2023, leading to a decrease in industry revenue, by 52.1% from 2022.Industry revenue is forecast to rise at an annualized 8.1% over the five years through 2029, to $88.1 billion. The recovery of China's economy and the largest international trade scale between China and other countries will continue to support the industry growth. The implementation of RCEP will also stimulate international trade between China and member countries, and further promote the demand for ocean shipping services.

This dataset includes the replication dataset and code (do file for stata) for a forthcoming article in Foreign Policy Analysis, titled "The Crisis of COVID-19 and the Political Economy of China’s Vaccine Diplomacy"

The China Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) provides analysis and recommendations on integrating the country’s efforts to achieve high-quality development with the pursuit of emission reduction and climate resilience. Without adequate mitigation and adaptation efforts, climate risks will become a growing constraint to China’s long-term growth and prosperity, threatening to reverse development gains. Conversely, if efforts to tackle climate risks lead to a significant decline in growth and rising inequality, they would deprive millions of people of development and likely erode support for the reforms necessary to achieve a lasting economic transformation. Hence, China will need to grow and green its economy at the same time. This report offers policy options to achieve these dual objectives by easing inevitable trade-offs and maximizing potential synergies between China’s development and climate objectives. China’s development and climate change are deeply and increasingly intertwined. The country is both a contributor to rising global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions causing climate change and severely affected by its adverse impacts. Although China is not the main source of historical cumulative emissions, it today accounts for 27 percent of annual global carbon dioxide and a third of the world’s greenhouse gases emissions. Alongside other larger emitters, China’s contribution to reducing global climate risks is therefore crucial. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in its relatively carbon-intensive industrial economy will not be easy, posing transition risks but also opening new opportunities for development. At the same time, large parts of China’s population and economic infrastructure are heavily exposed to climate risks. China, like other countries, will have to adapt and build resilience to protect human life and avoid economic losses from the effects. The CCDR is firmly anchored in China’s own development and climate aspirations. China aims to sustain sufficient economic growth to double per capita income and become a high-income country by 2035. Simultaneously, recognizing the long-term threat climate change poses to its own and to global development, China has also made ambitious commitments to peak carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. This report is, therefore, not about whether China should act to address climate change but how it can do so while safeguarding development gains and ambitions.

China's steady economic growth created a major market for engineering services in recent decades. Meanwhile, government reforms promoted the commercialization of related technology. In 2024, revenue for the Engineering Services industry is estimated to total $1,259.1 billion, up 8.1% from 2023. In 2024, profit will total 25.2% of industry revenue. Revenue growth is expected to slow compared with previous years due to slower growth in building and civil engineering construction output value over the year. Industry revenue has increased at an annualized rate of 7.2% over the five years through 2024.China's construction and civil engineering industries grew consistently over the past several years. Infrastructure investment is a key element of China's 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025), which focuses on roads, rail systems, bridges, ports and airports. This led to an increasing number of domestic and foreign engineering services firms entering the industry. The exchange of design concepts, project management experience and construction techniques has been of significant value to engineering services firms.In addition, China's entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO) stimulated demand for engineering services in projects like hotels, high-rise buildings and housing. Engineering design and consulting services are also used in metallurgical industries, architecture, municipal engineering projects, roads, railways, bridges, electrical power, telecommunications, machinery manufacturing and environmental protection.In the next five years, industry revenue is forecast to increase at an annualized 5.0% to reach $1,606.3 billion in 2029. In the outlook period, there will be higher requirements and greater investment in new urbanization, regional economic integration, regional coordinated development, environmental protection, social development, and technological innovation, which is expected to provide huge development opportunities for the industry. Over the period, engineering services are forecast to be in demand in high, middle and low-end markets. The high-end market includes large-scale, sophisticated infrastructure projects and will likely be dominated by international engineering services firms and large state-owned companies. Domestic private engineering firms will likely be the key players in the middle- and low-markets.

In the context of the digital economy, achieving rural industrial revitalization in China hinges on digitization. This study delves into the synergistic mechanisms of diverse factors that contribute to Rural Industrial Revitalization across three dimensions: technology, organization, and environment. To investigate these mechanisms, a combination of the necessary condition analysis method and the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method is employed. The research findings indicate that no necessary conditions exist for achieving high-level rural industrial revitalization. However, digital infrastructure and the digital financial environment have a universally significant impact. The study identifies four distinct pathways driving high-level rural industrial revitalization: digitaldriven, digital-government-talentdriven, digital-enterprisedriven, and digital-enterprise-talentdriven. Furthermore, significant variations exist in the driving pathways for rural industrial revitalization among the eastern, central, and western regions of China. By unveiling the multifaceted mechanisms underpinning the revitalization of rural industries, this research provides valuable practical insights for the future development of rural industries in China.

Spent activated carbon (AC) regeneration attracts growing interests due to the increased waste amounts and limited AC resources. Herein, environment–energy–economy performances of four spent AC regeneration technologies demonstrated in China were compared with conventional incineration via life cycle assessment (LCA), energy-efficiency analysis (EEA), and environmental life-cycle costing. Their energy efficiencies are lower than 42%, which should be improved. Tradeoffs between environmental and economic performances found such as tunnel kiln regeneration technology were handled by integrating both performances with emission monetization model by internalizing environmental externalities as economic metric. Results indicated that microwave and rotary-kiln regeneration are preferred and break even in 2 years even with externalities. Potential pollution migration (in air–water–human medium) analysis illustrates that technical-sustainable transition from spent AC incineration to regeneration may relieve GHG emissions but add human risks due to dioxins and heavy metal emitted. Regeneration rate and energy use are sensitive to environmental and economic result.

Policy quantitative analysis can effectively evaluate the government’s response to COVID-19 emergency management effect, and provide reference for the government to formulate follow-up policies. The content mining method is used to explore the 301 COVID-19 policies issued by the Central government of China since the outbreak of the epidemic in a multi-dimensional manner and comprehensively analyze the characteristics of epidemic prevention policies. Then, based on policy evaluation theory and data fusion theory, a COVID-19 policy evaluation model based on PMC-AE is established to evaluate quantitatively eight representative COVID-19 policy texts. The results show that: Firstly, China’s COVID-19 policies are mainly aimed at providing economic support to enterprises and individuals affected by the epidemic, issued by 49 departments, and include 32.7 percent supply-level and 28.5 percent demand-level, and 25.8 percent environment-level. In addition, strategy-level policies accounted for at least 13 percent. Secondly, according to the principle of openness, authority, relevance and normative principle, eight COVID-19 policies are evaluated by PMC-AE model. Four policies are level Ⅰ policies, three policies are level Ⅱ policies and one policy is level Ⅲ policies. The reason for its low score is mainly affected by four indexes: policy evaluation, incentive measures, policy emphasis and policy receptor. To sum up, China has taken both non-structural and structural measures to prevent and control the epidemic. The introduction of specific epidemic prevention and control policy has realized complex intervention in the whole process of epidemic prevention and control.

Standardized expert scoring data.

As China's economic growth persists, it is set to fuel significant expansion in the outbound tourism industry. There is substantial potential for further growth, with estimates suggesting it could soar to an impressive US$ 915.89 billion by 2034 from US$ 239.38 billion in 2024, marking a robust CAGR of 14.40%.

Historical Industry Study on China’s Outbound Tourism alongside Future Projections

China Outbound Tourism Market Analysis by Segment

Variables description.

Direct, indirect and total effects of SDM.