In the first quarter of 2024, the real gross domestic product (GDP) of Russia grew by 5.4 percent compared to the same quarter of the previous year. The decline in GDP recorded between the second quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2023 was related to the economic impact of the war in Ukraine, in response to which Western countries imposed sanctions on Russia. However, the recent monthly GDP growth data reflects the resilience of the economy in the face of external pressure in the short term. GDP refers to the total market value of all goods and services produced within a country. It is an important indicator of economic strength. Real GDP is adjusted for price changes and is therefore regarded as a key indicator for economic growth. Trade with China has eased the sanctions’ pressure The dynamic trade relationship with China has likely played a key role in bolstering Russia's economic recovery, contributing to an over-three-percent GDP growth estimated for 2024. The importance of trade partnerships and their impact on GDP growth is underscored by the example of China's influence on both Russia's imports, especially of technology and equipment, and exports, particularly of fossil fuels. Russian economic growth in the global context Amid the global economic challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical disruptions such as the war in Ukraine, Russia's annual GDP growth was close to the global one, which was forecast to reach approximately 3.2 percent in 2024. Moreover, Russia was expected to become the fourth-fastest-growing economy in the G20 in that year, following India, Indonesia, and China.

We analyse the regional effects of China’s monetary policy during the economic transition period based on the city classification system under the New Normal. Using panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) models, we examine the differences in the influence of a unified monetary policy on four types of Chinese cities: first-tier, quasi-first-tier, second-tier, and third-tier cities, from perspective of economic output. Based on a comparative analysis of the results of impulse response function and variance decomposition, we conclude that whether for quantitative monetary policy or price-based monetary policy, the degree to which economic growth responds to the unified monetary policy varies across the four types of cities in the short and long terms. With reference to China’s economic transition under the New Normal, in the short term, this phenomenon probably relate to the varying degrees of financial marketization among the four city types; in the long run, this phenomenon may be attributed to the difference in the progress of industrial upgrading of these urban areas. Based on the analysis above, we suggest policy implications for Chinese cities based on the structural monetary policy, industrial upgrading, and market-oriented financial sector reforms.

The statistic shows the growth of the real gross domestic product (GDP) in India from 2020 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. GDP refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. It is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. Real GDP is adjusted for price changes and is therefore regarded as a key indicator for economic growth. In 2024, India's real gross domestic product growth was at about 6.46 percent compared to the previous year. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate in India Recent years have witnessed a shift of economic power and attention to the strengthening economies of the BRIC countries: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The growth rate of gross domestic product in the BRIC countries is overwhelmingly larger than in traditionally strong economies, such as the United States and Germany. While the United States can claim the title of the largest economy in the world by almost any measure, China nabs the second-largest share of global GDP, with India racing Japan for third-largest position. Despite the world-wide recession in 2008 and 2009, India still managed to record impressive GDP growth rates, especially when most of the world recorded negative growth in at least one of those years. Part of the reason for India’s success is the economic liberalization that started in 1991and encouraged trade subsequently ending some public monopolies. GDP growth has slowed in recent years, due in part to skyrocketing inflation. India’s workforce is expanding in the industry and services sectors, growing partially because of international outsourcing — a profitable venture for the Indian economy. The agriculture sector in India is still a global power, producing more wheat or tea than anyone in the world except for China. However, with the mechanization of a lot of processes and the rapidly growing population, India’s unemployment rate remains relatively high.

In May 2025, the index for consumer confidence in China ranged at ** points, up from **** points in the previous month. The index dropped considerably in the first half of 2022 and performed a sideways movement during 2023 and 2024. Consumer confidence Index The consumer confidence index (CCI), also called Index of Consumer Sentiment (ICS) is a commonly used indicator to measure the degree of economic optimism among consumers. Based on information about saving and spending activities of consumers, changes in business climate and future spending behavior are being projected. The CCI plays an important role for investors, retailers, and manufacturers in their decision-making processes. However, measurement of consumer confidence varies strongly from country to country. As consumers need time to react to economic changes, the CCI tends to lag behind other indicators like the consumer price index (CPI) and the producer price index (PPI). Development in China As shown by the graph at hand, confidence among Chinese consumers picked up since mid of 2016. In October 2017, the CCI hit a record value of 127.6 index points and entered into a sideward movement. Owing to a relative stability in GDP growth, a low unemployment rate, and a steady development of disposable household income, Chinese consumers gained more confidence in the state of the national economy. Those factors also contribute to the consumers’ spending power, which was reflected by a larger share of consumption in China’s GDP. After the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, consumer confidence dropped quickly in the beginning of 2020, but started to recover in the second half of the year, leading to a v-shaped movement of the index in 2020.

China Consumer Confidence Score: Current Local Economy: Positive Response data was reported at 35.937 Score in Jan 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 55.274 Score for Dec 2022. China Consumer Confidence Score: Current Local Economy: Positive Response data is updated monthly, averaging 23.354 Score from Mar 2010 (Median) to Jan 2023, with 155 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 57.176 Score in Nov 2021 and a record low of 12.172 Score in Sep 2013. China Consumer Confidence Score: Current Local Economy: Positive Response data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ipsos Group S.A.. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.IPSOS: Consumer Confidence Survey.

China EVI: YoY: HS4: Reaction Initiators, Reaction Accelerators and Catalytic Preparations, not Elsewhere Specified or Included. data was reported at 107.500 Prev Year=100 in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 114.600 Prev Year=100 for Feb 2025. China EVI: YoY: HS4: Reaction Initiators, Reaction Accelerators and Catalytic Preparations, not Elsewhere Specified or Included. data is updated monthly, averaging 121.404 Prev Year=100 from Jan 2018 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 86 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 289.108 Prev Year=100 in Nov 2018 and a record low of 52.800 Prev Year=100 in Dec 2021. China EVI: YoY: HS4: Reaction Initiators, Reaction Accelerators and Catalytic Preparations, not Elsewhere Specified or Included. data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Administration of Customs. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s International Trade – Table CN.JE: Trade Value Index: YoY: HS4 Classification.

Currently, China manufactures about 20 percent of intermediate products traded in the global supply chain and Chinese products represent a critical part of the global value chain of the electrical machinery sector. For this reason, the disruption caused by COVID-19 in China alone is expected to reverberate on the economy of many other countries worldwide. In the European Union, the electrical machinery industry is expected to lose about 1.2 billion U.S. dollars from a two percent reduction in China exports of intermediate inputs. The European chemical and automotive sector are also expected to suffer similar impacts.

China's role in the global economy Since the beginning of the 1990s, China started to open up its markets with attractive incentives to foreign investors. Three decades later, the country has become the second-largest economy in the world with the highest absolute catch-up effect observed during this time span. For instance, between 2003 and 2019, China's semiconductor consumption market share increased at a high pace, reaching 60 percent in 2019. Besides, the export value of machine tools from China reached roughly four billion U.S. dollars in 2018, up from 1.4 billion U.S. dollars in 2009. With solid economic strategies, the country could quickly reduce the wealth gap with the developed countries. At the moment, the country is highly specialized in various industries and continues its progress to strengthen its international export position. China’s exports of high-tech goods represented 27 percent of its total exports in 2018.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Chinese economy For the first time since the 2000s, the Chinese real gross domestic product (GDP) experienced a negative growth rate in the first quarter of 2020 because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. The economy is expected to grow only by one percent in 2020. Yet over the past few years, the average annual real GDP growth rate in China was around seven percent. To take a closer look at how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the Chinese economy, a multidimensional approach is necessary since the country has a vastly diversified economic activity. For instance, between January and February 2020, the total industrial production in China declined by 13.5 percent compared to the previous year. But Chinese industrial production started to recover quickly. By April 2020, the total industrial production in China reached a positive year-on-year change, roughly 3.9 percent. Although the country experienced a large economic shock caused by the coronavirus outbreak, it started to recover quickly thanks to strong economic policy responses. By the fourth quarter of 2020, the Chinese business and government purchases of technology goods and services are expected to grow by about seven percent.

China Trade Index: YoY: Unit Value: Import HS4: Reaction Initiators, Reaction Accelerators and Catalytic Preparations, not Elsewhere Specified or Included. data was reported at 123.500 Prev Year=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 117.900 Prev Year=100 for Feb 2025. China Trade Index: YoY: Unit Value: Import HS4: Reaction Initiators, Reaction Accelerators and Catalytic Preparations, not Elsewhere Specified or Included. data is updated monthly, averaging 102.826 Prev Year=100 from Jan 2018 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 86 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 143.400 Prev Year=100 in Sep 2019 and a record low of 71.600 Prev Year=100 in Aug 2024. China Trade Index: YoY: Unit Value: Import HS4: Reaction Initiators, Reaction Accelerators and Catalytic Preparations, not Elsewhere Specified or Included. data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Administration of Customs. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s International Trade – Table CN.JE: Unit Value Index: YoY: HS4 Classification.

ABSTRACT This article seeks to show two interconnected phenomena in China. The first is a historical process that took place in the past 40 years involving institutional and qualitative changes in the state-controlled portion of the Chinese economy. Such changes have brought about new and superior forms of economic planning, based on which a higher stage of development pattern has emerged. We call this new development pattern "New Projectment Economy" and it synthesizes a series of state capacities built over time. The second phenomenon relates to how the state capacities created in the past decades have allowed the country to show adaptive flexibility and rapid efficiency in the containment of Covid-19 crisis internally and thus explain China's successful response in the fight against the coronavirus. Such phenomena, pari passu, show China's potential and projection as an international political actor.

Background: The People's Republic of China (PRC) has had a profound impact on international trade in Southeast Asia, particularly for Malaysia and Indonesia, through its trade imbalances and shifting economic policies. This study examines how Malaysia and Indonesia have adapted their trade strategies in the mining sector in response to these changes. Methods: Using a qualitative research approach, it analyzes data from trade reports, economic literature, and statistical databases to compare Malaysia’s dual-economy strategy with Indonesia’s focus on domestic resource processing. Findings: Malaysia has implemented a dual economic strategy, focusing on processing and exporting finished goods, while Indonesia has prioritized improving domestic processing capabilities, particularly for nickel, to reduce dependence on raw resource exports. China's Belt and Road initiative has influenced further bilateral collaboration, such as the establishment of industrial parks in both countries. While these strategies have driven growth, challenges remain in ensuring sustainable trade practices and optimizing economic outcomes. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for mutually beneficial policies to enhance Malaysia and Indonesia's position in global trade dynamics. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this study lies in the comparative analysis of Malaysia and Indonesia's trade strategies in the mining sector in response to China's economic policy changes, including the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative.

Results of Chi2 statistics in the Granger causality test.

The 13th Five-Year Plan, as the overall economic and social development plan for mainland China from 2016 to 2020, holds immense significance as the first five-year plan led by the new generation of CCP leaders under Xi Jinping. It is based on five development concepts: innovation, coordination, green development, opening up, and sharing. Innovation takes the lead, demonstrating the primary intention to transform the future economic structure through innovation. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, significant progress was made in the "quantity" dimension, while progress in the "quality" dimension has become the main focus of the 13th Five-Year Plan, including deepening reforms and driving innovation.

The contemporary economic landscape has placed significant emphasis on the digital economy and economic resilience, progressively emerging as pivotal focal points for examining the high-quality development of economic systems. However, there remains to be more research on several critical topics. This includes the characteristics of coordinated development between the digital economy and economic resilience systems and their interdependence. In response, this study formulates a comprehensive evaluative framework for digital economy development and regional economic resilience, grounded in the intrinsic mechanisms of both domains. It conducts a thorough evaluation employing entropy weight-TOPSIS methodology. Additionally, leveraging coupling theory, a coordination model’s coupling degree serves as the foundational framework for scrutinizing the symbiotic advancement of the digital economy and economic resilience, along with their interdependent nature. The research sample comprises data from 31 provinces and municipalities in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2011 to 2020. Spatial autocorrelation and Geodetector methodologies probe the evolutionary traits and driving factors underlying the coordinated developmental relationship between these two systems. The findings indicate an upward trajectory in China’s annual comprehensive development index for digital economy development (from 0.233 to 0.458) and regional economic resilience (from 0.393 to 0.497). The coupling and coordination between the two systems, measured from 0.504 in 2011 to 0.658 in 2020, demonstrate a consistent growth pattern with an average annual increase of 3.01%. These levels exhibit continuous improvement, with comprehensive economic zones manifesting hierarchical results within the coupling range of [0.5, 0.8]. Notably, agglomeration development evinces a pronounced spatial positive correlation, while local Moran scattering points are primarily concentrated in localized migration leaps. Factors such as foreign-funded enterprises’ total import and export volume, online payment capability, and fiber-optic cable length greatly influence the coupling relationship. In contrast, other variables exhibit a lower and more fluctuating degree of weighted impact. This study establishes a foundation for the synergistic and effective development of the digital economy and economic resilience within the Chinese region. Simultaneously, it offers valuable insights for research of related subjects in global contexts.

The observation of the transformation of the economic structure and development policy trends in mainland China, reflecting on the need to adjust our country's cross-strait strategy, includes five points: first, discussing the financial risks and prevention in mainland China; then summarizing the current situation of the "Belt and Road" policy in mainland China; analyzing the strategies and effectiveness of the dual-creation policy, and studying the promotion status of the third wave of free trade pilot zones. Finally, based on the above findings, suggestions for our country's economic policy responses are proposed.

Output responses to changes in house prices’ deviation from the fundamental prices.

SummaryMaximizing the economic welfare extracted from the energy system is a key priority for all governments. This can be measured by a country’s energy productivity. Perhaps nowhere else in the world is this issue more salient than in China. China is the world’s largest energy consumer and has led global economic growth in the first part of the twenty-first century. Furthermore, in the interconnected world we live in, decisions in China have global impacts. In periods of some of its fastest growth (from 2002-2005) China experienced declining energy productivity. In 2006, China put in place ambitious energy intensity targets. Combined with policies at the sector and product level, these contributed to China reversing its falling energy productivity. Building on this success, China’s 12th Five Year Plan, extended and deepened these reforms. But within China’s system of provincial and industrial energy intensity targets there is a blind spot which could reduce the potential welfare gain from these plans. Assessing the embodied energy in interprovincial trade reveals these potential gains and provides the information required to encourage regional practices to align better with national objectives. The response from Chinese policymakers to the challenges of building new infrastructure while managing resource and environmental constraints provides a valuable lesson for governments in rapidly developing countries, such as Saudi Arabia. A summary of key lessons from the Chinese experience of managing energy productivity is presented in the conclusion.

China IQI: YoY: HS4: Reaction Initiators, Reaction Accelerators and Catalytic Preparations, not Elsewhere Specified or Included. data was reported at 111.400 Prev Year=100 in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 74.900 Prev Year=100 for Feb 2025. China IQI: YoY: HS4: Reaction Initiators, Reaction Accelerators and Catalytic Preparations, not Elsewhere Specified or Included. data is updated monthly, averaging 102.883 Prev Year=100 from Jan 2018 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 86 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 268.539 Prev Year=100 in Jan 2018 and a record low of 29.000 Prev Year=100 in Sep 2019. China IQI: YoY: HS4: Reaction Initiators, Reaction Accelerators and Catalytic Preparations, not Elsewhere Specified or Included. data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Administration of Customs. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s International Trade – Table CN.JE: Quantum Index: YoY: HS4 Classification.

Special Reactor Market Outlook

The global market size for special reactors was valued at approximately USD 6.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 10.2 billion by 2032, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% over the forecast period. The growth of this market is underpinned by advancements in industrial processes and the increasing demand for efficient reaction mechanisms in various sectors.

One of the primary factors driving the growth of the special reactor market is the burgeoning demand in the chemical industry. Chemical manufacturing processes are becoming increasingly complex, necessitating advanced reactors that can handle a variety of reactions safely and efficiently. Special reactors are equipped to manage these complexities, offer enhanced control over reaction parameters, and improve overall yield and safety. Another growth factor is the rapid expansion of the pharmaceutical industry, which relies heavily on reactors for drug formulation and synthesis. The need for precision and compliance with stringent regulatory standards in the pharmaceutical sector is fueling the demand for technologically advanced reactors capable of maintaining high purity and consistency.

Technological advancements are another significant driver in the special reactor market. The continuous development of new materials and reactor designs has allowed for reactors that are more durable, efficient, and suitable for a wider range of applications. For instance, advancements in catalytic reactors have led to more effective and environment-friendly industrial processes. Similarly, innovations in reactor materials, such as high-grade stainless steels and specialized alloys, have extended the lifespan and improved the performance of reactors under extreme conditions.

The rise in research and development activities across various industries is also boosting the special reactor market. Research laboratories and industrial R&D centers are increasingly investing in advanced reactors to facilitate experimental procedures and scale-up processes. The growing focus on innovation and the development of new products and processes is driving the need for versatile and reliable reactors that can accommodate a wide range of chemical reactions and conditions.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific holds a significant share of the special reactor market, driven by the rapid industrialization and economic growth in countries such as China and India. North America and Europe are also key markets, with strong demand coming from the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are witnessing growing investments in industrial infrastructure, which is expected to spur demand for special reactors in these regions.

Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) are a prominent type of nuclear reactor used in the generation of electricity. These reactors utilize pressurized water as both a coolant and a moderator, maintaining the water in a liquid state even at high temperatures. This design ensures efficient heat transfer from the reactor core to the steam generators, where the heat is used to produce steam that drives the turbines. PWRs are favored for their inherent safety features, such as the ability to maintain a stable core temperature and pressure, reducing the risk of overheating. The robust design and operational efficiency of PWRs make them a popular choice in the nuclear power industry, contributing to the global energy supply with a focus on safety and reliability.

Type Analysis

The special reactor market is segmented by type into batch reactors, continuous reactors, semi-batch reactors, catalytic reactors, and others. Batch reactors are widely used in the pharmaceutical and specialty chemical industries due to their flexibility and ability to handle small production volumes with high precision. These reactors allow for easy adjustment of reaction parameters, making them ideal for experimental and small-scale production processes. Continuous reactors, on the other hand, are favored in large-scale industrial operations where a constant production output is required. These reactors offer high efficiency and consistent product quality, making them suitable for bulk chemical manufacturing.

Semi-batch reactors combi

Potassium Acetylsulfonate Market Outlook

The global market size for Potassium Acetylsulfonate is projected to grow from USD 200 million in 2023 to USD 350 million by 2032, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5%. This impressive growth trajectory is driven by its increasing application across various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food additives, and chemical intermediates, coupled with rising demand in emerging markets.

One of the major growth factors for the Potassium Acetylsulfonate market is its burgeoning demand in the pharmaceutical industry. This compound is widely used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical products. The rising prevalence of chronic diseases and the consequent surge in the production of pharmaceuticals are significantly bolstering the market. Additionally, the FDA's approval of new drugs and the global expansion of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities are further propelling the demand for Potassium Acetylsulfonate.

The food and beverage industry is another critical driver of this market. Potassium Acetylsulfonate is frequently used as a food additive due to its preservative properties. With the rising global population and increasing demand for processed and packaged foods, the need for effective preservatives is growing. Moreover, the compound's ability to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of food products makes it an essential ingredient in food manufacturing, further driving market growth.

Additionally, the chemical industry's reliance on Potassium Acetylsulfonate as a crucial intermediate is a significant market driver. This compound plays a pivotal role in numerous chemical reactions and processes, contributing to the production of various industrial chemicals. The expansion of chemical manufacturing activities, especially in developing countries, is expected to augment the demand for Potassium Acetylsulfonate. Furthermore, advancements in chemical synthesis technologies are likely to enhance its application spectrum, thereby stimulating market growth.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific is expected to dominate the Potassium Acetylsulfonate market during the forecast period. The region's rapid industrialization, burgeoning pharmaceutical and food industries, and increasing investments in chemical manufacturing are key factors driving market growth. Additionally, favorable government policies and economic growth in countries like China and India are expected to further catalyze market expansion in this region.

Product Type Analysis

The market for Potassium Acetylsulfonate can be segmented based on product type into Industrial Grade, Pharmaceutical Grade, and Food Grade. Each of these segments serves different application needs and industries, driving the overall market growth.

Industrial Grade Potassium Acetylsulfonate is primarily utilized in chemical processes and industrial applications. Its high purity and specific chemical properties make it suitable for use as a chemical intermediate in various industrial reactions. As industries continue to expand and modernize, the demand for high-quality industrial chemicals is expected to rise, thereby driving growth in this segment.

Pharmaceutical Grade Potassium Acetylsulfonate is crucial in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds. This grade must meet stringent purity and quality standards to ensure safe use in drug manufacturing. With the ongoing developments in pharmaceutical research and the continuous introduction of new drugs, the demand for high-quality chemical intermediates like Pharmaceutical Grade Potassium Acetylsulfonate is projected to increase significantly.

Food Grade Potassium Acetylsulfonate is used as a food additive due to its preservative properties. It helps in maintaining the quality and extending the shelf life of food products. The rising consumer demand for processed and packaged foods is likely to spur growth in this segment. Moreover, regulatory approvals and increasing awareness about food safety are anticipated to further boost the demand for Food Grade Potassium Acetylsulfonate.

Report Scope

The contemporary economic landscape has placed significant emphasis on the digital economy and economic resilience, progressively emerging as pivotal focal points for examining the high-quality development of economic systems. However, there remains to be more research on several critical topics. This includes the characteristics of coordinated development between the digital economy and economic resilience systems and their interdependence. In response, this study formulates a comprehensive evaluative framework for digital economy development and regional economic resilience, grounded in the intrinsic mechanisms of both domains. It conducts a thorough evaluation employing entropy weight-TOPSIS methodology. Additionally, leveraging coupling theory, a coordination model’s coupling degree serves as the foundational framework for scrutinizing the symbiotic advancement of the digital economy and economic resilience, along with their interdependent nature. The research sample comprises data from 31 provinces and municipalities in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2011 to 2020. Spatial autocorrelation and Geodetector methodologies probe the evolutionary traits and driving factors underlying the coordinated developmental relationship between these two systems. The findings indicate an upward trajectory in China’s annual comprehensive development index for digital economy development (from 0.233 to 0.458) and regional economic resilience (from 0.393 to 0.497). The coupling and coordination between the two systems, measured from 0.504 in 2011 to 0.658 in 2020, demonstrate a consistent growth pattern with an average annual increase of 3.01%. These levels exhibit continuous improvement, with comprehensive economic zones manifesting hierarchical results within the coupling range of [0.5, 0.8]. Notably, agglomeration development evinces a pronounced spatial positive correlation, while local Moran scattering points are primarily concentrated in localized migration leaps. Factors such as foreign-funded enterprises’ total import and export volume, online payment capability, and fiber-optic cable length greatly influence the coupling relationship. In contrast, other variables exhibit a lower and more fluctuating degree of weighted impact. This study establishes a foundation for the synergistic and effective development of the digital economy and economic resilience within the Chinese region. Simultaneously, it offers valuable insights for research of related subjects in global contexts.