China Government Expenditure: PS: Expenses on Disaster Relief data was reported at 6,297.000 RMB mn in 2005. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,904.000 RMB mn for 2004. China Government Expenditure: PS: Expenses on Disaster Relief data is updated yearly, averaging 902.000 RMB mn from Dec 1952 (Median) to 2005, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,297.000 RMB mn in 2005 and a record low of 87.000 RMB mn in 1958. China Government Expenditure: PS: Expenses on Disaster Relief data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Finance. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table CN.FA: Government Expenditure: By Other Category.

The graph shows national debt in China related to gross domestic product until 2024, with forecasts to 2030. In 2024, gross national debt ranged at around 88 percent of the national gross domestic product. The debt-to-GDP ratio In economics, the ratio between a country's government debt and its gross domestic product (GDP) is generally defined as the debt-to-GDP ratio. It is a useful indicator for investors to measure a country's ability to fulfill future payments on its debts. A low debt-to-GDP ratio also suggests that an economy produces and sells a sufficient amount of goods and services to pay back those debts. Among the important industrial and emerging countries, Japan displayed one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios. In 2024, the estimated national debt of Japan amounted to about 250 percent of its GDP, up from around 180 percent in 2004. One reason behind Japan's high debt load lies in its low annual GDP growth rate. Development in China China's national debt related to GDP grew slowly but steadily from around 23 percent in 2000 to 34 percent in 2012, only disrupted by the global financial crisis in 2008. In recent years, China increased credit financing to spur economic growth, resulting in higher levels of debt. China's real estate crisis and a difficult global economic environment require further stimulating measures by the government and will predictably lead to even higher debt growth in the years ahead.

This project investigates the role of Buddhism in mitigating sex imbalances during and after China's Great Famine (1958–1966). This project uses four sources of data: China's national population census in 1990, Clan Culture Database, the public data from National Religious Affairs Administration in China, and OSAC Religious mat data from the Center on Religion and Chinese Society (CRCS) at Purdue University.

Hong Kong Disaster Relief Fund: Rev: Year to Date: Interest data was reported at 0.000 HKD mn in Sep 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 HKD mn for Jun 2018. Hong Kong Disaster Relief Fund: Rev: Year to Date: Interest data is updated quarterly, averaging 0.000 HKD mn from Dec 1995 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 75 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.794 HKD mn in Mar 2000 and a record low of 0.000 HKD mn in Sep 2018. Hong Kong Disaster Relief Fund: Rev: Year to Date: Interest data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR – Table HK.F010: Government Fund: Disaster Relief Fund.

According to a survey conducted by Ipsos in June 2019, over 70 percent of respondents in China agreed that temporarily cutting off social media platforms is acceptable to stop the spread of false information at times of crisis, with 22 percent strongly agreeing to the method. The background of the survey was a temporary social media ban by the government in Sri Lanka in April 2019 in the wake of a fatal terrorist attack.

Background: In response to the potentially concurrent mental health crisis due to the COVID-19 outbreak, there have been ongoing mental health policies put in place in China. This review aims to systematically synthesize the implemented national-level mental health policies released by the Chinese government during the COVID-19 outbreak, and summarize the implementation of those mental health policies.Methods: Six databases and two websites were systematically searched, including published studies and gray literature published between December 1, 2019 and October 29, 2020.Results: A total of 40 studies were included. Among them, 19 were national-level policies on mental health released by the Chinese government, and 21 studies reported data on the implementation of those mental health policies. Mental health policies were issued for COVID-19 patients, suspected cases, medical staff, the general population, patients with mental illness, and mental institutions. In the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, attention was paid to psychological crisis intervention. In the later stage of the epidemic, the government focused mainly on psychological rehabilitation. During the COVID-19 outbreak, more than 500 psychiatrists from all over China were sent to Wuhan, about 625 hotlines were notified in 31 provinces, several online psychological consultation platforms were established, social software such as TikTok, Weibo, and WeChat were used for psychological education, and many books on mental health were published. Responding quickly, maximizing the use of resources, and emphasizing the importance of policy evaluation and implementation quality were characteristics of the mental health policies developed during the COVID-19 outbreak. Challenges facing China include a low rate of mental health service utilization, a lack of evaluation data on policy effects, and no existing national-level emergency response system and designated workforce to provide psychological crisis interventions during a national emergency or disaster.Conclusions: This review suggests that China has responded quickly and comprehensively to a possible mental health crisis during the COVID-19 outbreak, appropriate mental health policies were released for different members of the population. As the epidemic situation continues to change, the focus of mental health policies has been adjusted accordingly. However, we should note that there has been a lack of separate policies for specific mental health issues during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Hong Kong Disaster Relief Fund: Year to Date: Other Cash Movements data was reported at 11.326 HKD mn in Mar 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.546 HKD mn for Dec 2017. Hong Kong Disaster Relief Fund: Year to Date: Other Cash Movements data is updated quarterly, averaging -5.994 HKD mn from Dec 1995 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 90 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28.441 HKD mn in Mar 2010 and a record low of -70.862 HKD mn in Jun 2010. Hong Kong Disaster Relief Fund: Year to Date: Other Cash Movements data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong – Table HK.F010: Government Fund: Disaster Relief Fund.

This dataset contains the materials to replicate the results associated with the article entitled "Citizen Blame Attributions for Government Fiscal Crises: Experimental Evidence from China" published in Governance.

Abstract Health diplomacy has played a vital role worldwide during the coronavirus outbreak. One crucial mechanism in this regard has been “vaccine diplomacy,” which describes country efforts to share COVID-19 vaccines. China and India are ahead of other countries in bilateral vaccine donations due to their South-South Cooperation policies. Looking forward, how and why are these two countries employing their vaccine diplomacy strategies? We compare the engagement of both in this field using a Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis framework. Our results suggest that neither is acting only for altruistic reasons, because economic and political interests are the main drivers behind their strategies.

As a big agricultural country, China has experienced a series of natural disasters such as the Great Famine, the 1998 floods and the 2008 snow storm since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. We present a dataset summarizing the affected area, disaster area and the area of total crop failure at provincial level in China, with a temporal coverage from 1949 to 2015. Based on the agricultural planting structure and natural disaster data, data of grain disaster loss are also presented through a grain loss assessment model. The dataset plays an important role in the prediction, prevention and reduction of agricultural disasters in future.

Top 5 policy subjects with highest NrmDegree centrality (%).

Hong Kong Disaster Relief Fund: Exp: Year to Date: Disaster Relief data was reported at 21.451 HKD mn in Sep 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 9.424 HKD mn for Jun 2018. Hong Kong Disaster Relief Fund: Exp: Year to Date: Disaster Relief data is updated quarterly, averaging 24.950 HKD mn from Dec 1995 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 91 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 354.052 HKD mn in Mar 2011 and a record low of 0.000 HKD mn in Jun 2005. Hong Kong Disaster Relief Fund: Exp: Year to Date: Disaster Relief data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR – Table HK.F010: Government Fund: Disaster Relief Fund.

According to a survey conducted by Ipsos in June 2019, over 60 percent of respondents in China stated to trust social media companies to ensure the content shared on their platforms during times of crisis is factual, with 17 percent strongly agreeing to the statement. The background of the survey was a temporary social media ban by the government in Sri Lanka in April 2019 in the wake of a fatal terrorist attack.

Part of the policy targets/instruments extraction process.

To bolster ecological conservation efforts and foster human well-being, the Chinese government has implemented the disaster resettlement program. Rural households encounter various environmental and social challenges regarding disaster resettlement. One of the priorities of disaster resettlement in China is to implement reforms to mitigate disaster losses and improve the livelihoods of households. The research on the livelihood adaptive capacity of households and their research framework provides a new perspective for the livelihood survey of the resettlement population. This article assesses Household Livelihood Adaptive Capacity (HLAC) and further explores how it is impacted by disaster resettlement. Taking Ankang Prefecture in Southern Shaanxi Province as a case, this study investigates the endogeneity and selection bias of resettlement. It employs the Propensity Score Matching method to empirically test the effect of disaster resettlement on household awareness, action, and ability to measure HLAC. The results show that: (1) disaster resettlement significantly reduces HLAC, and (2) poverty alleviation relocation, centralized resettlement, and short-distance relocation have a significant negative impact on HLAC. The Chinese government has tried to use disaster resettlement to address ecological protection and social development problems, and it plays a crucial role in China’s development programs. We provide evidence that disaster resettlement leads to a decrease, rather than an increase, in HLAC. Therefore, we suggest that more follow-up assistance policies should be developed to enhance HLAC.

ABSTRACT This article seeks to show two interconnected phenomena in China. The first is a historical process that took place in the past 40 years involving institutional and qualitative changes in the state-controlled portion of the Chinese economy. Such changes have brought about new and superior forms of economic planning, based on which a higher stage of development pattern has emerged. We call this new development pattern "New Projectment Economy" and it synthesizes a series of state capacities built over time. The second phenomenon relates to how the state capacities created in the past decades have allowed the country to show adaptive flexibility and rapid efficiency in the containment of Covid-19 crisis internally and thus explain China's successful response in the fight against the coronavirus. Such phenomena, pari passu, show China's potential and projection as an international political actor.

Crisis motivates people to track news closely, and this increased engagement can expose individuals to politically sensitive information unrelated to the initial crisis. We use the case of the COVID-19 outbreak in China to examine how crisis affects information seeking in countries that normally exert significant control over access to media. The crisis spurred censorship circumvention and access to international news and political content on websites blocked in China. Once individuals circumvented censorship, they not only received more information about the crisis itself but also accessed unrelated information that the regime has long censored. Using comparisons to democratic and other authoritarian countries also affected by early outbreaks, the findings suggest that people blocked from accessing information most of the time might disproportionately and collectively access that long-hidden information during a crisis. Evaluations resulting from this access, negative or positive for a government, might draw on both current events and censored history.

Hong Kong Disaster Relief Fund: Year to Date: Surplus or Deficit for the Period data was reported at -11.326 HKD mn in Mar 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of -10.546 HKD mn for Dec 2017. Hong Kong Disaster Relief Fund: Year to Date: Surplus or Deficit for the Period data is updated quarterly, averaging 5.994 HKD mn from Dec 1995 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 90 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70.874 HKD mn in Jun 2010 and a record low of -28.441 HKD mn in Mar 2010. Hong Kong Disaster Relief Fund: Year to Date: Surplus or Deficit for the Period data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong – Table HK.F010: Government Fund: Disaster Relief Fund.

According to the survey conducted by McKinsey on the personal impact of working through the COVID-19 crisis, about 30 percent of the respondents reported their personal energy reduced during the outbreak primarily due to the blurred boundary between life and work. The energy of the respondents bottomed out in mid-February, but then returned to normal as effective strategies emerged at both corporate and national level.

As a response to the damage caused by the spread of COVID-19, the Chinese government has implemented severe quarantine measures that have greatly affected the operational patterns of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This paper explores the critical role of dynamic capabilities (DCs) in helping Chinese SMEs manage crises, adjust their business strategies, and mitigate the uncertainty caused by the epidemic. Although the importance of DCs in promoting organizational resilience is well recognized, academic research on their specific contributions to business model innovation (BMI) and SME performance improvement during crises remains scarce. Our study fills this gap by pioneering the development and empirical testing of a microintegrated mediation model linking DCs, BMI and organizational performance. By surveying 257 Chinese SMEs severely affected by a pandemic, we verify our hypotheses using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Our results strongly show a positive relationship between DCs and BMI and SME performance. In addition, we found that BMI plays a partial mediating role in the interrelationship between DCs and SME performance. Our findings clarify the critical role of BMI as a channel through which SMEs’ DCs can be transformed into higher performance in the face of sudden crises. Thus, our results not only contribute to the broader discussion of strategic management and organizational theory but also provide theoretical and practical insights into the mechanisms by which SMEs can increase their flexibility and resilience in a crisis. Thus, our results not only contribute to the broader discussion of strategic management and organizational theory but also provide theoretical and practical insights into the mechanisms by which SMEs can increase their flexibility and resilience in a crisis. Importantly, this study suggests policy and market strategies that can support SMEs in leveraging DCs and BMI for sustained performance, thereby contributing valuable insights for policymakers and business leaders aiming to fortify economic stability and growth in the face of global health emergencies.