This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts presented in Destined for division? US and EU responses to the challenge of Chinese overcapacity, PIIE Policy Brief 25-2.

If you use the data, please cite as:

Bora, Salih, Mary E. Lovely, and Luis Simón. 2025. Destined for division? US and EU responses to the challenge of Chinese overcapacity. PIIE Policy Brief 25-2. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Explore China's solar industry strategy of using OPEC-style production quotas to manage severe overcapacity and stabilize the market.

The OECD highlights the worsening crisis in the global steel industry, driven by Chinese non-market policies causing overcapacity and trade disruptions.

China was seen to have lowered its cement exports amid the environmental pollution problems for developing cement plants. In 2023, the export volume of cement and cement clinkers reached 3.83 million metric tons, signaling a rebound despite previous reductions. In terms of net weight, Turkey, Japan, and Pakistan were the leading cement export countries in 2023. The rise and fallThe cement industry was much smaller before the economic reformation in China. In the 1980s, several state-owned cement producers were established to integrate cement plants and boost production. The People’s Republic gradually became the biggest cement producer in the world, contributing over two billion metric tons of annual production since 2011. However, in 2013 the government announced plans to ban the cement capacity expansion amid growing public concerns of air pollution and electricity shortages. Since then, a series of cement plants were closed, turning China into a cement importing nation by the end of 2017, compared to its previous position as a global leader in the industry. A new phaseDespite these restrictions on capacity expansion, China still managed to be the third-largest cement exporter to the U.S., and the fifth largest in the world in 2018. Today, the Chinese cement sector seems to be better positioned to face the industrial changes compared to two years back. In fact, in 2020, the cement manufacturer Anhui Conch recorded over 12 percent annual growth in revenue, reaching over 176 billion yuan. That same year, another market leader- China National Building Material (CNBM) reported cement and clinker sales of almost 389 million tons. Furthermore, experts estimate that the Belt and Road Initiative which focuses on infrastructure development in 152 countries would also help the industrial overcapacity issues in China.

China urged to cut steel production capacity by 200 million tons to align with climate goals and enhance industry profitability amid overcapacity and emissions concerns.

database of Energy firms in China

If you use the data, please cite as: Posen, Adam S., and Jiming Ha. (2017). US-China Cooperation in a Changing Global Economy. PIIE Briefing 17-1. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

China's cleantech market share is projected to decrease by 2030 due to economic and geopolitical factors, overcapacity, and increased global competition.

In the residential building urban areas in China, the consumption of cement was rising from 2011 and reached 914 million metric tons in 2017. A declining trend was estimated over the coming years. To improve overcapacity and pollution, the Chinese government has imposed stricter regulations on construction and production. At the same time, the anticipated influx of Vietnamese cement into the construction industry would further lower the consumption of domestically produced cement in China.

In 2023, the production volume of cement in China amounted to almost ************ metric tons. To match China's urbanization need, the domestic production of cement grew rapidly between 2002 and 2014, reaching its peak at *********** metric tons. The government announced to reduce the output, in order to address the production overcapacity in the cement sector. In 2018, the volume of cement production fell to *********** metric tons. China is the world's largest producer of cement.

Revenue for the the Solar Panel Manufacturing industry has increased a CAGR of 21.4% to $142.7 billion over the past five years. This includes expected growth of 13.0% in the current year. Over the past five years, Chinese solar cell output has been increasing at an annualized 43.6%.The Solar Panel Manufacturing industry has been rapidly expanding over the past ten years. However, in March 2012, the US Government imposed anti-subsidy duties ranging from 2.9% to 4.7% on Chinese exports of solar panels and silicon, which contributed to the decline of exports in 2012 and 2013. In 2014, Asian demand for solar panels and silicon grew. Due to increasingly strong international competition, industry enterprises have continued to reduce the price of export products to maintain their share of the international market. From 2018, as technology and manufacturing skills gradually matured, exports increased largely.In 2022, the European energy crisis triggered by the Russia-Ukraine conflict increased Europe's demand for renewable energy development. European Union (EU) released the REPowerEU energy plan, increasing additional investment in energy transformation. The EU plans to add more than 320w of photovoltaic installed capacity in 2025, which stimulated the demand for solar panels. It is expected that exports will increase at a CAGR of 12.2% in the next five years.The industry is forecast to steadily grow over the next five years. Industry revenue is projected to grow at an annualized 10.0% over the five years through 2029, to $229.8 billion. However, overcapacity issues will continue to significantly affect the industry. Competition is anticipated to become increasingly strong and labor costs will continue rising.

In 2024, Greater China region accounted for more than ** percent of BYD Group’s total revenue, while the overseas market contributed ***** percent. While the company grew substantially in the last few years, the domestic market remains the main source of income for the company.

Ambitious expansion plans abroad China has a highly competitive electric vehicle market with tight margins for most major automakers. Its domestic market is also facing challenges in absorbing the overcapacity of its automakers. As a result, Chinese EV companies, including BYD, have sought to expand internationally through exports. BYD Group has built facilities in a number of locations and contracted with China International Marine Containers (CIMC) to build eight vehicle carriers, the first of which, the Explorer One, has been shipping cars to Europe since early 2024.

Challenges amid fears of unfair competition and subsidies Due to the Chinese government's preferential policies and allegedly generous subsidies to EV companies, as well as concerns that cheap Chinese EVs will undermine the local automotive industry, the United States and Europe, key markets targeted by Chinese companies, have vowed to take policy measures, including punitive tariffs, against Chinese EVs. With a slowing economy and structural oversupply in the domestic market, the outlook for China's EV industry remains uncertain.

The OECD forecasts a 165 million ton increase in global steel capacity by 2027, mainly from Asia, amid low demand growth, risking overcapacity and impacting industry profitability.

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Uncoated Woodfree (UWF) Paper Market Size 2024-2028

The uncoated woodfree (uwf) paper market size is forecast to increase by USD 10.38 billion at a CAGR of 3.2% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to several key trends. The rise in literacy programs in emerging economies is driving demand for affordable and high-quality UWF paper. Additionally, the growing popularity of 3D printing technology is increasing the need for UWF paper In the production of technical documents and manuals. Furthermore, the global push towards digitization is leading to an increase In the demand for UWF paper In the printing of books, magazines, and other paper-based media. These trends are expected to continue, making the UWF paper market a promising investment opportunity for businesses. However, challenges such as the availability of alternative digital media and increasing competition from other paper types remain.Despite these challenges, the market is expected to grow steadily due to its versatility and cost-effectiveness. UWF paper offers excellent print quality, brightness, and opacity, making it a preferred choice for various applications. With the continued growth of education, technology, and digitization, the future looks bright for the UWF paper market.

What will be the Size of the Uncoated Woodfree (UWF) Paper Market During the Forecast Period?

Request Free SampleUncoated Woodfree (UWF) paper, a foundational component In the printing industry, is recognized for its matte texture and ink absorption capabilities, making it an ideal choice for various applications In the publishing sector. The UWF paper market is driven by the growing demand for sustainable sourcing methods in paper production, with wood pulp being a primary raw material. The market is also influenced by the digitalization trend, which has led to a shift in demand from traditional offset paper to digital media. However, the print industry continues to thrive, with UWF paper being used extensively in paperback books, magazines, catalogs, brochures, office stationery, and commercial printing.In addition, UWF paper is increasingly being used in emerging economies for literacy programs and packaging, further expanding its market reach. Despite the growth, the market faces challenges such as overcapacity and intense competition, necessitating effective company selection methodologies. UWF paper's printability, ink receptivity, vivid colors, and crisp text make it a preferred choice for creating high-quality publications and marketing materials. The market is also exploring new opportunities in 3D printing technology, offering potential for innovation and growth.

How is this Uncoated Woodfree (UWF) Paper Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The uncoated woodfree (uwf) paper industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments. ApplicationPublishingAdvertisingOthersTypeOrdinary paperSpecial paperGeographyAPACChinaIndiaJapanNorth AmericaUSEuropeGermanySouth AmericaMiddle East and Africa

By Application Insights

The publishing segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market holds significant importance In the publishing sector, with applications including print magazines, books, catalogs, brochures, and newspapers. The global UWF paper market in this sector is projected to experience substantial growth during the forecast period. In the printed books market, the adult non-fiction category holds a considerable share. India is an emerging market for newspapers due to the limited adoption of digital technologies. Mature markets like the UK, Germany, and the US have a high penetration of digital newspapers. Digital news providers, such as The Economist, offer readers the ability to read, visualize, and save news for future reference.Sustainable sourcing methods, matte texture, ink absorption, and printability are essential surface qualities for UWF paper in publishing applications. Economic, social, and political factors, as well as regulations, influence market growth. Product and business strategies, 3D printing technology, and packaging solutions are key trends. company selection methodology and print integrity are crucial factors for brand owners In the office supplies sector. UWF paper's foundational component includes wood pulp and coating, offering ink receptivity, vivid colors, crisp text, and brightness.

Get a glance at the Uncoated Woodfree (UWF) Paper Industry report of share of various segments Request Free Sample

The Publishing segment was valued at USD 23.98 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

APAC is estimated to contribute 51%

China's steel industry is facing significant challenges due to overproduction and excess capacity, with export opportunities narrowing and financial pressures mounting.

In 2015, the average output of cement plants in China amounted to 760 thousand throughput yield. The projected figure would further increase to 1.2 million throughput yield by 2035, representing a stable growth in the output level of Chinese cement plants. The Chinese government has implemented new policies to reduce the production overcapacity in the cement industry.

Chinese solar industry leaders propose solutions to tackle overcapacity and profitability issues, emphasizing innovation and legislative discussions.

China’s stimulus policies have caused overleveraging and overcapacity for the sustainable development of most industries (particularly high-pollution and energy-intensive industries). Thus, deleveraging and decapacity have become the two best options for the above industries to achieve long-term sustainable development. Based on China’s A-share listed companies from 2009 to 2019, this study investigated the effect of deleveraging and decapacity on corporate capital allocation using fixed effects, propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-differences (DID). A homogeneity analysis of geographical and firm characteristics was also conducted. The results show that: (1) Deleveraging and decapacity can significantly increase financial capital allocation by 3.67%, and decapacity can increase investment-related capital allocation by 0.63%. This indicates asset allocation optimization for sustainable development. (2) High asset reversibility can weaken the effect of deleveraging on financial capital allocation while strengthening the effect of decapacity on capital investment. (3) The impact of deleveraging and decapacity may vary among companies due to heterogeneous asset reversibility resulting from geographical locations and technological intensities. Given the current global energy crisis, optimizing capital allocation has become essential in addressing resource shortages and achieving long-term sustainable development. This study may provide a reference for alleviating corporate capital misallocation.

In 2022, the production volume of polyether polyols in China amounted to around 4.09 million metric tons. The production capacity of polyether polyols has increased significantly over recent years, intensifying the risk of overcapacity. China's export volume of polyether polyols exceeded 1.3 million metric tons in 2022.

Chinese coal companies play a significant role in China's energy sector, being involved in production, distribution, and export. This article discusses the major players in the Chinese coal industry and the challenges they face, such as overcapacity and environmental concerns. Despite these challenges, Chinese coal companies continue to meet the country's energy demands and contribute to its economic growth.