Urolithiasis is one of the most common diseases in urology, with a lifetime prevalence of 14% and is more prevalent in males compared to females. We designed to explore sex disparities in the Chinese population to provide evidence for prevention measures and mechanisms of stone formation. A total of 98232 Chinese individuals who had undergone a comprehensive examination in 2017 were included. Fully adjusted odds ratios for kidney stones were measured using restricted cubic splines. Multiple imputations was applied for missing values. Propensity score matching was utilised for sensitivity analysis. Among the 98232 included participants, 42762 participants (43.53%) were females and 55470 participants (56.47%) were males. Patients’ factors might cast an influence on the development of kidney stone disease distinctly between the two genders. A risk factor for one gender might have no effect on the other gender. The risk for urolithiasis in females continuously rises as ageing, while for males the risk presents a trend to ascend until the age of around 53 and then descend. Patients’ factors might influence the development of kidney stones distinctly between the two genders. As age grew, the risk to develop kidney stones in females continuously ascended, while the risk in males presented a trend to ascend and then descend, which was presumably related to the weakening of the androgen signals.Key messagesWe found that patients’ factors might cast an influence on the development of kidney stone disease distinctly between the two sexes.The association between age and urolithiasis presents distinct trends in the two sexesThe results will provide evidence to explore the mechanisms underlying such differences can cast light on potential therapeutic targets and promote the development of tailored therapy strategies in prospect. We found that patients’ factors might cast an influence on the development of kidney stone disease distinctly between the two sexes. The association between age and urolithiasis presents distinct trends in the two sexes The results will provide evidence to explore the mechanisms underlying such differences can cast light on potential therapeutic targets and promote the development of tailored therapy strategies in prospect.

In 2024, there were around 719 million male inhabitants and 689 million female inhabitants living in China, amounting to around 1.41 billion people in total. China's total population decreased for the first time in decades in 2022, and population decline is expected to accelerate in the upcoming years. Birth control in China From the beginning of the 1970s on, having many children was no longer encouraged in mainland China. The one-child policy was then introduced in 1979 to control the total size of the Chinese population. According to the one-child policy, a married couple was only allowed to have one child. With the time, modifications were added to the policy, for example parents living in rural areas were allowed to have a second child if the first was a daughter, and most ethnic minorities were excepted from the policy. Population ageing The birth control led to a decreasing birth rate in China and a more skewed gender ratio of new births due to boy preference. Since the negative economic and social effects of an aging population were more and more felt in China, the one-child policy was considered an obstacle for the country’s further economic development. Since 2014, the one-child policy has been gradually relaxed and fully eliminated at the end of 2015. However, many young Chinese people are not willing to have more children due to high costs of raising a child, especially in urban areas.

Constrained estimates of total number of people per grid square broken down by gender and age groupings (including 0-1 and by 5-year up to 90+) for China, version v1. The dataset is available to download in Geotiff format at a resolution of 3 arc (approximately 100m at the equator). The projection is Geographic Coordinate System, WGS84. The units are estimated number of male, female or both in each age group per grid square.

More information can be found in the Release Statement

The difference between constrained and unconstrained is explained on this page: https://www.worldpop.org/methods/top_down_constrained_vs_unconstrained

File Descriptions:

{iso} {gender} {age group} {year} {type} {resolution}.tif

iso

Three-letter country code

gender

m = male, f= female, t = both genders

age group

• 00 = age group 0 to 12 months
• 01 = age group 1 to 4 years
• 05 = age group 5 to 9 years
• 90 = age 90 years and over

year

Year that the population represents

type

CN = Constrained , UC= Unconstrained

resolution

Resolution of the data e.q. 100m = 3 arc (approximately 100m at the equator)

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. From the early 1980s the proportion of male births in China has risen sharply with an average of 120 male births for every 100 female. These unprecedented sex ratio imbalances are now affecting the reproductive age groups, with 20 million excess men of reproductive age by 2020. Yet almost no empirical studies exist which explore this phenomenon, so the consequences of this huge surplus of excess men remains unknown. The overall objective of the study was to explore, through comparisons of urban and rural settings in three provinces, the demographic, social and psychological consequences of high sex ratios on (a) young men, (b) young women and (c) society more generally. The specific objectives were:to compare key socio-demographic indicators for areas with differing sex ratios; to explore and understand the experiences of young men and women living in environments with different sex ratios and their perceptions, if any, of the impact of excess males on society;to explore the psychological and social impact of the sex ratio for partnered and unpartnered men and women;to test hypotheses derived from the literature, including that in high sex ratio areas men are more vulnerable to depression and aggression, women have better mental health with less depression and anxiety, and violent crime and prostitution are more common.Further information may be found on the ESRC The impact of high sex ratios in urban and rural China project award webpage. Main Topics: The data cover sociodemographic, lifestyle, attitudes and mental health information, including: sociodemographic details; marriage: children; women's status in society; attitudes to sexual behaviour; unmarried older people; problems of excess men; depression; aggression; and sociosexuality. Measurement scales used: Chinese versions of: 1) The Beck Depression Inventory 2) Rosenberg self-esteem scale 3) Bryant and Smith's adaptation of the Buss/Perry aggression scale 4) Sociosexual Inventory 5) Adaptation of Spence, Helmrich and Stapp's Attitudes Towards Women scale. One-stage cluster sample Self-completion

BackgroundDespite the already comprehensive epidemiological evidence concerning pre-hypertension, high-normal blood pressure, and hypertension, the influence of gender differences within this context remains inadequately explored. The present study endeavors to meticulously examine the specific impact of the plasma atherogenic index (AIP) on pre-hypertension and hypertension, and ascertain whether there exist significant sex-specific differences in this regard.MethodsThis population-based study employed a multi-wave cohort design encompassing 8255 middle-aged and elderly participants (cross-sectional phase) and longitudinal follow-ups in 2015 (n=8092) and 2018 (n=7022). Participants were stratified into normotensive (n=3175 in cross-sectional, n=2415 in 2015 longitudinal cohort study, 1868 in 2018 longitudinal cohort study) and prehypertensive/hypertensive groups (n=5080 (61.5%) in cross-sectional study, n=5677(70.2%) in longitudinal study of 2015, n=5336(76.0%) in 2018). The plasma atherogenic index=log10(triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein)[triglycerides (mg/dL)/HDL-C (mg/dL)]) was quantified enzymatically. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models with restricted cubic splines were implemented to evaluate nonlinear associations between AIP and blood pressure status, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, and lipid-lowering therapy. Sensitivity analyses included multiple imputation for missing covariates and sex-stratified effect modification testing.ResultsThis epidemiological investigation revealed population prevalences of 34.3% for pre-hypertension and 27.2% for hypertension. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses demonstrated a significant positive association between AIP index and blood pressure dysregulation. Adjusted logistic regression models showed that elevated AIP corresponded to increased risks of pre-hypertension/hypertension, with cross-sectional analyses yielding an odds ratio (OR) of 1.69 (95% CI:1.38 to 2.07, P<0.001). Longitudinal cohorts of 2015 and 2018 exhibited persistent temporal trends: OR=1.38 (95% CI:1.13 to 1.67, P=0.012) in 2015 and OR=1.41 (95% CI:1.20 to 1.65, P<0.001) in 2018. Sex-stratified analyses revealed markedly stronger associations in females, where each AIP unit increase conferred a 1.79-fold cross-sectional risk elevation (OR: 1.79, 95% CI:1.35 to 2.38, P < 0.001), rising to 1.49-fold (2015 cohort: OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.95, P=0.003) and 1.64-fold (2018 cohort: OR: 1.64, 95% CI:1.31 to 2.06, P<0.001) in longitudinal assessments. Conversely, males exhibited attenuated associations (cross-sectional OR: 1.30; 95% CI:1.12 to 1.79, P=0.006; 2015 longitudinal OR: 1.26, 95% CI:1.12 to 1.66), with nonsignificant effects in the 2018 follow-up (OR: 0.87, 95% CI:0.57 to 1.31). A significant gender-AIP interaction (P<0.001) underscored sex-specific metabolic susceptibility to atherogenic lipid profiles.ConclusionThis study identified a significant positive association between elevated atherogenic index of plasma levels and blood pressure dysregulation. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses consistently demonstrated a dose-response relationship, with higher AIP levels associated with increased risk. Stratified analyses by sex revealed that the association between elevated AIP and the incidence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was significantly stronger in women.

BackgroundMinimal data are available on the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older Chinese adults. Moreover, the current information on MCI shows important geographical variations.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors for MCI by age and sex among older adults in a North Chinese population.MethodsIn this population-based cross-sectional study, we enrolled a random sample of 4,943 adults aged ≥ 60 years between March 2018 and June 2019 in Tianjin, China. Of these, 312 individuals were excluded due to a lack of data (e.g., fasting blood test). As a result, 4,631 subjects were assessed. Individuals with MCI were identified using neuropsychological assessments, including the Mini-Mental State Examination and Activities of Daily Living scale, based on a modified version of the Petersen’s criteria.ResultsThe mean (SD) age of the 4,631 participants was 67.6 (4.89) years, and 2,579 (55.7%) were female. The overall age- and sex-standardized prevalence of MCI in our study population was 10.7%. There were significant associations of MCI with age [65–69 vs. 60–64 years, OR = 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58, 0.96], physical activity (≥23.0 vs.

Data on updated hyperuricemia prevalence in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in China, which is one of the world-class urban agglomerations, is sparse. Overweight/obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking and sedentary behavior are modifiable risk factors (MRFs) for elevated serum uric acid (SUA), but their population attributable fractions (PAFs) for hyperuricemia is still unclear. Using baseline data from the BTH Physical Examination General Population Cohort, we calculated the crude- and adjusted-prevalence of hyperuricemia based on the 30,158 participants aged 18–80 years. Hyperuricemia was defined as SUA >420 μmol/L in men and >360 μmol/L in women, or currently use of uric acid lowering drugs. Overweight/obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking and sedentary behavior were considered as MRFs and their adjusted PAFs were estimated. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was 19.37%, 27.72% in men and 10.69% in women. The PAFs and 95% confidence intervals for overweight, obesity were 16.25% (14.26–18.25%) and 12.08% (11.40–12.77%) in men, 13.95% (12.31–15.59%) and 6.35% (5.97–6.74%) in women, respectively. Alcohol consumption can explain 4.64% (2.72–6.56%) hyperuricemia cases in men, but with no statistical significance in women. Cigarette smoking contributed to 3.15% (1.09–5.21%) cases in men, but a much lower fraction in women (0.85%, 0.49–1.22%). Compared with sedentary time <2 h per day, the PAFs of 2–4 h, 4–6 h, and more than 6 h per day were 3.14% (1.34–4.93%), 6.72% (4.44–8.99%) and 8.04% (4.95–11.13%) in men, respectively. Sedentary time was not found to be associated with hyperuricemia in women. These findings concluded that hyperuricemia is prevalent in this representative Chinese adult general population with substantial sex difference. Four MRFs (overweight/obesity, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and sedentary behavior) accounted for a notable proportion of hyperuricemia cases. The PAF estimations enable the exploration of the expected proportion of hyperuricemia cases that could be prevented if the MRFs were removed, which warrants the public health significance of life-style intervention.

BackgroundMaternal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may increase the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring; however, their association remains unexplored in Asian populations. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the association between maternal PCOS and ADHD in offspring aged 3–6 years and whether it differed by offspring sex.MethodsThis was a district-wide population-based study of 87,081 preschoolers from 234 kindergartens in Longhua District, Shenzhen, China. The parents were invited to complete a self-administrated questionnaire covering information on socio-demographics, maternal disease history, and child behavior. ADHD symptoms were measured with the parent-rating 26-item Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale (SNAP-IV). Logistic regression was performed to examine the associations between maternal PCOS and ADHD symptoms in offspring.ResultsThe response rate was 80% and 63,390 mother-child pairs were included. Of the mothers, 1,667 (2.6%) reported PCOS diagnoses. The mean age of children at ADHD assessment was 4.86 ± 0.84[SD] years, and 53.6% were boys. Children with maternal PCOS had a higher risk of developing ADHD symptoms than other children (12.0 vs. 9.4%, adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.13–1.54). The risk estimate was significant in boys (adjusted OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.14–1.66) but not in girls (adjusted OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.94–1.57, P for interaction = 0.391). Treatment of PCOS tended to be associated with a lower risk of ADHD symptoms than untreated PCOS albeit risk confidence intervals were overlapped (treated: adjusted OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.06–1.54 vs. untreated: adjusted OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08–1.83).ConclusionMaternal PCOS increases the risk of developing ADHD in offspring, especially boys. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings, and early neurodevelopmental screening may be needed in children born to mothers with PCOS.

The sex difference in the prevalence rates of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) among the middle-aged population in China remain largely unknown. Therefore, we analyzed differences in the prevalence of diabetes, self-reported CVDs, and some CVD risk factors among men and women in the middle-aged population (30–49 years) and in individuals aged 50 years and older using data from the China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study of 2007–2008. Middle-aged men appeared to have significantly a higher prevalence of diabetes and self-reported CVDs than middle-aged women (8.07% vs 5.06% for diabetes, P < 0.001; 0.64% vs 0.22% for CVDs, P < 0.001). Men also showed higher rates of central obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia than women (all P < 0.01). Compared with women, men were more likely to drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes but less likely to be under diet control. The sex-specific differences in prediabetes, CVD, and CVD risk factors between men and women were diminished or even reversed in the population aged 50 years and older. No sex-specific differences were found in the prevalences of a family history of diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension (P > 0.05) in middle-aged population. Specific strategies to reduce modifiable risk factors for the prevention and control of diabetes and CVD may be warranted in this population.

In 2022, more than *** million students were enrolled in master's and doctor's degree programs at colleges and universities in China. Female students accounted for almost ** percent of master's degrees enrolment, significantly higher than that of doctor's degrees.

Note:SF-12 subscales: PF = physical functioning; RP = role physical; BP = bodily pain; GH = general health; VT = vitality; SF = social functioning; RE = role emotional; MH = mental health; PCS = Physical Composite Summary; MCS = Mental Composite SummaryHigher score represents a higher level of functioning or better quality of life*Significant difference between samples from our study and general population surveys by independent t-test

BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant global public health problem, but has received minimal attention from researchers and policy-makers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Epidemiological evidence of TBI morbidity and mortality is absent at the national level for most LMICs, including China. Using data from China’s Disease Surveillance Points (DSPs) system, we conducted a population-based longitudinal analysis to examine TBI mortality, and mortality differences by sex, age group, location (urban/rural), and external cause of injury, from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2013 in China.Method and findingsMortality data came from the national DSPs system of China, which has coded deaths using the International Classification of Diseases–10th Revision (ICD-10) since 2004. Crude and age-standardized mortality with 95% CIs were estimated using the census population in 2010 as a reference population. The Cochran–Armitage trend test was used to examine the significance of trends in mortality from 2006 to 2013. Negative binomial models were used to examine the associations of TBI mortality with location, sex, and age group. Subgroup analysis was performed by external cause of TBI. We found the following: (1) Age-adjusted TBI mortality increased from 13.23 per 100,000 population in 2006 to 17.06 per 100,000 population in 2008 and then began to fall slightly. In 2013, age-adjusted TBI mortality was 12.99 per 100,000 population (SE = 0.13). (2) Compared to females and urban residents, males and rural residents had higher TBI mortality risk, with adjusted mortality rate ratios of 2.57 and 1.71, respectively. TBI mortality increased substantially with older age. (3) Motor vehicle crashes and falls were the 2 leading causes of TBI mortality between 2006 and 2013. TBI deaths from motor vehicle crashes in children aged 0–14 years and adults aged 65 years and older were most often in pedestrians, and motorcyclists were the first or second leading category of road user for the other age groups. (4) TBI mortality attributed to motor vehicle crashes increased for pedestrians and motorcyclists in all 7 age groups from 2006 to 2013. Our analysis was limited by the availability and quality of data in the DSPs dataset, including lack of injury-related socio-economic factors, policy factors, and individual and behavioral factors. The dataset also may be incomplete in TBI death recording or contain misclassification of mortality data.ConclusionsTBI constitutes a serious public health threat in China. Further studies should explore the reasons for the particularly high risk of TBI mortality among particular populations, as well as the reasons for recent increases in certain subgroups, and should develop solutions to address these challenges. Interventions proven to work in other cultures should be introduced and implemented nationwide. Examples of these in the domain of motor vehicle crashes include policy change and enforcement of laws concerning helmet use for motorcyclists and bicyclists, car seat and booster seat use for child motor vehicle passengers, speed limit and drunk driving laws, and alcohol ignition interlock use. Examples to prevent falls, especially among elderly individuals, include exercise programs, home modification to reduce fall risk, and multifaceted interventions to prevent falls in all age groups.

There is a positive association between air pollution and lung cancer burden. This study aims to identify and examine lung cancer risks and mortality burdens associated with air pollutants, including PM10, NO2 and SO2, in seven eastern metropolises of China. The study population comprised a population from seven eastern metropolises of China. The yearly average values (YAV, μg/m3) of the PM10, NO2 and SO2 levels were extracted from China Statistical Yearbook (CSYB) for each selected city from 2006 to 2014. Data collected in the China Cancer Registry Annual Report (CCRAR) provide lung cancer incidence and mortality information. A two-level normal random intercept regression model was adopted to analyze the association between the lung cancer rates and individual air pollutant concentration within a five-year moving window of past exposure. The yearly average values of PM10, SO2 and NO2 significantly decreased from 2006 to 2014. Consistently, the male age-adjusted incidence rate (MAIR) and male age-adjusted mortality rate (MAMR) decreased significantly from 2006 to 2014.Air pollutants have a lag effect on lung cancer incidence and mortality for 2-3 years. NO2 has the significant association with MAIR (RR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.19-2.05, p=0.002), MAMR (RR=1.70, 95% CI: 1.32-2.18, p=0.0002) and female age-adjusted mortality rate (FAMR) (RR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.08-1.49, p=0.003). Our findings suggested that air pollutants may be related to the occurrence and mortality of lung cancer. NO2 was significantly associated with the risk of lung cancer, followed by SO2. Air pollutants have the strongest lag effect on the incidence and mortality of lung cancer within 2-3 years.

Although an increasing number of studies are considering sex-related differences in stroke burden, the trends in stroke burden and management among women in China, especially among low-income women, remain unclear. This study evaluated the long-term trends in stroke management and burden among low-income Chinese women during the period between 1992 and 2019. Stroke burden was assessed using the age-adjusted incidence of first-ever stroke, whereas stroke management was assessed using the rates of neuroimaging diagnoses, hospitalizations, case fatalities, and stroke recurrence. Stroke burden and management were analyzed during four study periods: 1992–1998, 1999–2004, 2005–2012, and 2013–2019. During the 193,385 person-years of surveillance in this study, 597 female stroke patients were identified. The stroke incidences per 100,000 person-years were 88.1 cases during 1992–1998, 145.4 cases during 1999–2004, 264.3 cases during 2005–2012, and 309.8 cases during 2013–2019 (P < 0.001). Between 1992 and 2019, the incidence of stroke significantly increased (6.4% annually) as did the incidence of ischemic stroke (7.8% annually; both, P < 0.001). The rates of neuroimaging diagnoses and hospitalizations significantly increased during the four periods, while the case fatality rates and 1-year recurrence rates decreased significantly for both overall strokes and ischemic strokes, especially among patients ≥45 years old (all, P < 0.001). Among low-income women in China, stroke management is gradually improving, despite the increasing stroke burden. Thus, improved healthcare coverage is needed to further reduce the stroke burden among low-income Chinese women.