In the second quarter of 2025, the growth of the real gross domestic product (GDP) in China ranged at *** percent compared to the same quarter of the previous year. GDP refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. It is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. Real GDP is adjusted for price changes and is therefore regarded as a key indicator for economic growth. GDP growth in China In 2024, China ranged second among countries with the largest gross domestic product worldwide. Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, the country has experienced rapid social and economic development. In 2013, it became the world’s largest trading nation, overtaking the United States. However, per capita GDP in China was still much lower than that of industrialized countries. Until 2011, the annual growth rate of China’s GDP had constantly been above nine percent. However, economic growth has cooled down since and is projected to further slow down gradually in the future. Rising domestic wages and the competitive edge of other Asian and African countries are seen as main reasons for the stuttering in China’s economic engine. One strategy of the Chinese government to overcome this transition is a gradual shift of economic focus from industrial production to services. Challenges to GDP growth Another major challenge lies in the massive environmental pollution that China’s reckless economic growth has caused over the past decades. China’s development has been powered mostly by coal consumption, which resulted in high air pollution. To counteract industrial pollution, further investments in waste management and clean technologies are necessary. In 2017, about **** percent of GDP was spent on pollution control. Surging environmental costs aside, environmental issues could also be a key to industrial transition as China placed major investments in renewable energy and clean tech projects. The consumption of green energy skyrocketed from **** exajoules in 2005 to **** million in 2022.

The graph shows national debt in China related to gross domestic product until 2024, with forecasts to 2030. In 2024, gross national debt ranged at around 88 percent of the national gross domestic product. The debt-to-GDP ratio In economics, the ratio between a country's government debt and its gross domestic product (GDP) is generally defined as the debt-to-GDP ratio. It is a useful indicator for investors to measure a country's ability to fulfill future payments on its debts. A low debt-to-GDP ratio also suggests that an economy produces and sells a sufficient amount of goods and services to pay back those debts. Among the important industrial and emerging countries, Japan displayed one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios. In 2024, the estimated national debt of Japan amounted to about 250 percent of its GDP, up from around 180 percent in 2004. One reason behind Japan's high debt load lies in its low annual GDP growth rate. Development in China China's national debt related to GDP grew slowly but steadily from around 23 percent in 2000 to 34 percent in 2012, only disrupted by the global financial crisis in 2008. In recent years, China increased credit financing to spur economic growth, resulting in higher levels of debt. China's real estate crisis and a difficult global economic environment require further stimulating measures by the government and will predictably lead to even higher debt growth in the years ahead.

Graph and download economic data for Outstanding Total International Debt Securities to GDP for China (DDDM07CNA156NWDB) from 1987 to 2020 about issues, China, debt, and GDP.

Vale SA faces financial challenges as Chinese economic issues lead to falling iron ore prices, prompting a strategic pivot in its operations.

Key information about China Labour Productivity Growth

• China Labour Productivity improved by 5.84 % YoY in Dec 2024, compared with a growth of 4.43 % in the previous year
• China Labour Productivity Growth data is updated yearly, available from Dec 1953 to Dec 2024, averaging at 7.34 %
• The data reached an all-time high of 15.12 % in Dec 1970 and a record low of -26.48 % in Dec 1961

CEIC calculates Labour Productivity Growth from annual Real GDP Index and annual Employment. The National Bureau of Statistics provides Real GDP, at 1978 prices. The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security provides Employment. Employment excludes Foreign Nationals working within the country. Real GDP prior to 1979 is based on Real GDP PY=100.


Further information about China Labour Productivity Growth

• In the latest reports, China Population reached 1,408.28 Person mn in Dec 2024
• Its Unemployment Rate remained the same at 5.10 % in Dec 2024
• Monthly Earnings of China stood at 1,392.46 USD in Dec 2023
• The country's Labour Force Participation Rate increased to 65.83 % in Dec 2023

China State-Owned Capital Management Expenditure: Central: Resolving Historical Problem and Reforming Cost data was reported at 10,315.000 RMB mn in 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10,789.000 RMB mn for 2023. China State-Owned Capital Management Expenditure: Central: Resolving Historical Problem and Reforming Cost data is updated yearly, averaging 20,982.000 RMB mn from Dec 2016 (Median) to 2024, with 9 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 79,677.000 RMB mn in 2016 and a record low of 10,315.000 RMB mn in 2024. China State-Owned Capital Management Expenditure: Central: Resolving Historical Problem and Reforming Cost data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Finance. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table CN.FAS: Final Account: State-Owned Capital Management Revenue & Expenditure: Central.

Inflation Rate in China increased to 0.10 percent in June from -0.10 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - China Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Unemployment Rate in China remained unchanged at 5 percent in June. This dataset provides - China Unemployment Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Hong Kong Debt Issues Lodged: CMU: Volume data was reported at 1,442.000 Unit in Oct 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,483.000 Unit for Sep 2018. Hong Kong Debt Issues Lodged: CMU: Volume data is updated monthly, averaging 1,116.000 Unit from Apr 1994 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 295 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,204.000 Unit in Aug 2014 and a record low of 30.000 Unit in Apr 1994. Hong Kong Debt Issues Lodged: CMU: Volume data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Hong Kong Monetary Authority. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR – Table HK.Z031: Central Moneymarkets Unit (CMU): Service.

Top 5 industries with induction coefficient.

Evaluation results of industry network.

In May 2025, the index for consumer confidence in China ranged at ** points, up from **** points in the previous month. The index dropped considerably in the first half of 2022 and performed a sideways movement during 2023 and 2024. Consumer confidence Index The consumer confidence index (CCI), also called Index of Consumer Sentiment (ICS) is a commonly used indicator to measure the degree of economic optimism among consumers. Based on information about saving and spending activities of consumers, changes in business climate and future spending behavior are being projected. The CCI plays an important role for investors, retailers, and manufacturers in their decision-making processes. However, measurement of consumer confidence varies strongly from country to country. As consumers need time to react to economic changes, the CCI tends to lag behind other indicators like the consumer price index (CPI) and the producer price index (PPI). Development in China As shown by the graph at hand, confidence among Chinese consumers picked up since mid of 2016. In October 2017, the CCI hit a record value of 127.6 index points and entered into a sideward movement. Owing to a relative stability in GDP growth, a low unemployment rate, and a steady development of disposable household income, Chinese consumers gained more confidence in the state of the national economy. Those factors also contribute to the consumers’ spending power, which was reflected by a larger share of consumption in China’s GDP. After the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, consumer confidence dropped quickly in the beginning of 2020, but started to recover in the second half of the year, leading to a v-shaped movement of the index in 2020.

This survey focuses on the views and behaviors of the mass public in China with respect to economic and governmental factors at the local countryside level in the post-Mao era. The data were collected approximately eight months after the June 1989 conflict in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in the household by advanced students from Beijing University. Major topics addressed include perceived seriousness of problems such as health care, pricing, public order, industrial development, economic well-being, consumer behavior, personal problems and how to overcome them, perceived local problems, views about leaders and important groups, political interest, media behavior, civic competence and political reform, and perceptions of injustice. Demographic variables include sex, age, ethnicity, education level, occupation, marital status, military service, household income, political party affiliation, age and number of children, and the number of people in the household.

According to a survey conducted by Ipsos on predictions for global issues in 2019, ** percent of Chinese respondents somewhat agree with the statement that the global economy would be better in the current year compared to the last. Chinese were less optimistic this year about the global economy compared to the previous year.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts presented in Lessons from China's fiscal policy during the COVID-19 pandemic, PIIE Working Paper 24-7.

If you use the data, please cite as: Huang, Tianlei. 2024. Lessons from China's fiscal policy during the COVID-19 pandemic. PIIE Working Paper 24-7. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Graph and download economic data for Net Issues of International Money Market instruments for All Issuers, Nationality of Issuer in China (DISCONTINUED) (IMMINIAINICN) from Q4 1993 to Q2 2015 about instruments, issues, MMMF, China, and Net.

China Floor Space Completed: Year to Date data was reported at 2,136,090.300 sq m th in Dec 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,610,243.284 sq m th for Nov 2017. China Floor Space Completed: Year to Date data is updated monthly, averaging 460,463.200 sq m th from Jan 2004 (Median) to Dec 2017, with 168 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,656,562.715 sq m th in Dec 2015 and a record low of 35,998.600 sq m th in Feb 2004. China Floor Space Completed: Year to Date data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.RKD: Floor Space Completed: Monthly. Monthly data update issues on Fixed Assets Investment: Starting from 2018, NBS only announced growth (%) and did not publish absolute values. Individual absolute figures were from press releases or press conferences. This series of data also the relevant dataset being affected, both the absolute value and the % have not been released. 关于固定资产投资的月度数据更新问题： 由2018年起，NBS只公布增长(%)，不公布绝对值，个别绝对值数据来自新闻稿或新闻发布会。 这一系列数据也是受影响的相关数据，绝对值和%均没有公布。

Top 5 industries with degree centrality.

Graph and download economic data for Net Issues of International Debt Securities for Issuers in Non-Financial Corporations (Corporate Issuers), All Maturities, Residence of Issuer in China (IDSNFAMRINICN) from Q4 1993 to Q1 2025 about issues, nonfinancial, China, maturity, debt, residents, securities, corporate, and Net.

Graph and download economic data for Net Issues of International Debt Securities for All Issuers, All Maturities, Residence of Issuer in China (IDSAMRINICN) from Q3 1980 to Q1 2025 about issues, China, maturity, debt, residents, securities, and Net.