In January and February 2025, industrial production in China increased by 5.9 percent. On a month-to-month basis, industrial production grew by 0.51 percent in February 2025.

China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Actual Issuance: Interest-bearing Book-entry: 15 Year data was reported at 28,000.000 RMB mn in 10 Jun 2009. This records an increase from the previous number of 24,000.000 RMB mn for 26 Nov 2008. China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Actual Issuance: Interest-bearing Book-entry: 15 Year data is updated daily, averaging 27,000.000 RMB mn from Mar 2007 (Median) to 10 Jun 2009, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28,000.000 RMB mn in 10 Jun 2009 and a record low of 24,000.000 RMB mn in 26 Nov 2008. China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Actual Issuance: Interest-bearing Book-entry: 15 Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Issued: Daily.

According to preliminary figures, the growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) in China amounted to 5.0 percent in 2024. For 2025, the IMF expects a GDP growth rate of around 4.6 percent. Real GDP growth The current gross domestic product is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. It refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. When analyzing year-on-year changes, the current GDP is adjusted for inflation, thus making it constant. Real GDP growth is regarded as a key indicator for economic growth as it incorporates constant GDP figures. As of 2023, China was among the leading countries with the largest gross domestic product worldwide, second only to the United States which had a GDP volume of almost 27.5 trillion U.S. dollars. The Chinese GDP has shown remarkable growth over the past years. Upon closer examination of the distribution of GDP across economic sectors, a gradual shift from an economy heavily based on industrial production towards an economy focused on services becomes visible, with the service industry outpacing the manufacturing sector in terms of GDP contribution. Key indicator balance of trade Another important indicator for economic assessment is the balance of trade, which measures the relationship between imports and exports of a nation. As an economy heavily reliant on manufacturing and industrial production, China has reached a trade surplus over the last decade, with a total trade balance of around 823 billion U.S. dollars in 2023.

China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Actual Issuance: Book-entry Discount: 91 Day data was reported at 10,010.000 RMB mn in 30 Nov 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10,030.000 RMB mn for 23 Nov 2018. China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Actual Issuance: Book-entry Discount: 91 Day data is updated daily, averaging 10,000.000 RMB mn from Apr 2009 (Median) to 30 Nov 2018, with 172 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28,000.000 RMB mn in 29 Oct 2010 and a record low of 6,240.000 RMB mn in 30 Dec 2016. China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Actual Issuance: Book-entry Discount: 91 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Issued: Daily.

The graph shows national debt in China related to gross domestic product until 2023, with forecasts to 2029. In 2023, gross national debt ranged at around 84 percent of the national gross domestic product.

The debt-to-GDP ratio

In economics, the ratio between a country's government debt and its gross domestic product (GDP) is generally defined as the debt-to-GDP ratio. It is a useful indicator for investors to measure a country's ability to fulfill future payments on its debts. A low debt-to-GDP ratio also suggests that an economy produces and sells a sufficient amount of goods and services to pay back those debts. Among the important industrial and emerging countries, Japan displayed one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios. In 2023, the estimated national debt of Japan amounted to about 255 percent of its GDP, up from around 180 percent in 2004. One reason behind Japan's high debt load lies in its low annual GDP growth rate.

Development in China

China's national debt related to GDP grew slowly but steadily from around 23 percent in 2000 to 34 percent in 2012, only disrupted by the global financial crisis in 2008. In recent years, China increased credit financing to spur economic growth, resulting in higher levels of debt. China's real estate crisis and a difficult global economic environment require further stimulating measures by the government and will predictably lead to even higher debt growth in the years ahead.

Graph and download economic data for Net Issues of International Debt Securities for All Issuers, All Maturities, Residence of Issuer in China (IDSAMRINICN) from Q3 1980 to Q4 2024 about issues, China, maturity, debt, residents, securities, and Net.

China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Actual Issuance: Book-entry Discount: 273 Day data was reported at 10,140.000 RMB mn in 26 Jun 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 15,000.000 RMB mn for 25 May 2015. China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Actual Issuance: Book-entry Discount: 273 Day data is updated daily, averaging 15,000.000 RMB mn from Apr 2009 (Median) to 26 Jun 2015, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20,000.000 RMB mn in 05 Jun 2009 and a record low of 9,530.000 RMB mn in 14 Jun 2013. China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Actual Issuance: Book-entry Discount: 273 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Issued: Daily.

Unemployment Rate in China increased to 5.40 percent in February from 5.20 percent in January of 2025. This dataset provides - China Unemployment Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, the growth of the real gross domestic product (GDP) in China ranged at 5.4 percent compared to the same quarter of the previous year. GDP refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. It is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. Real GDP is adjusted for price changes and is therefore regarded as a key indicator for economic growth. GDP growth in China In 2024, China ranged second among countries with the largest gross domestic product worldwide. Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, the country has experienced rapid social and economic development. In 2013, it became the world’s largest trading nation, overtaking the United States. However, per capita GDP in China was still much lower than that of industrialized countries. Until 2011, the annual growth rate of China’s GDP had constantly been above nine percent. However, economic growth has cooled down since and is projected to further slow down gradually in the future. Rising domestic wages and the competitive edge of other Asian and African countries are seen as main reasons for the stuttering in China’s economic engine. One strategy of the Chinese government to overcome this transition is a gradual shift of economic focus from industrial production to services. Challenges to GDP growth Another major challenge lies in the massive environmental pollution that China’s reckless economic growth has caused over the past decades. China’s development has been powered mostly by coal consumption, which resulted in high air pollution. To counteract industrial pollution, further investments in waste management and clean technologies are necessary. In 2017, about 1.15 percent of GDP was spent on pollution control. Surging environmental costs aside, environmental issues could also be a key to industrial transition as China placed major investments in renewable energy and clean tech projects. The consumption of green energy skyrocketed from 0.52 exajoules in 2005 to 13.3 million in 2022.

China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Planned Issuance: Book-entry Discount: 28 Day data was reported at 40,000.000 RMB mn in 05 Feb 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 40,000.000 RMB mn for 08 Jan 2025. China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Planned Issuance: Book-entry Discount: 28 Day data is updated daily, averaging 20,000.000 RMB mn from May 2022 (Median) to 05 Feb 2025, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 40,000.000 RMB mn in 05 Feb 2025 and a record low of 10,000.000 RMB mn in 08 Nov 2023. China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Planned Issuance: Book-entry Discount: 28 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Issued: Daily.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts presented in Lessons from China's fiscal policy during the COVID-19 pandemic, PIIE Working Paper 24-7.

If you use the data, please cite as: Huang, Tianlei. 2024. Lessons from China's fiscal policy during the COVID-19 pandemic. PIIE Working Paper 24-7. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

CN: Special Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Actual Issuance: Interest-bearing Book-entry: 20 Year data was reported at 30,000.000 RMB mn in 08 Nov 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 40,000.000 RMB mn for 18 Oct 2024. CN: Special Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Actual Issuance: Interest-bearing Book-entry: 20 Year data is updated daily, averaging 45,000.000 RMB mn from May 2024 (Median) to 08 Nov 2024, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 55,000.000 RMB mn in 19 Jul 2024 and a record low of 30,000.000 RMB mn in 08 Nov 2024. CN: Special Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Actual Issuance: Interest-bearing Book-entry: 20 Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Issued: Special Treasury Bond: Daily.

Fixed Asset Investment in China increased to 4.10 percent in February from 3.20 percent in December of 2024. This dataset provides - China Fixed Asset Investment- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In 2023, the gross domestic product (GDP) of China amounted to around 17.8 trillion U.S. dollars. In comparison to the GDP of the other BRIC countries India, Russia and Brazil, China came first that year and second in the world GDP ranking. The stagnation of China's GDP in U.S. dollar terms in 2022 and 2023 was mainly due to the appreciation of the U.S. dollar. China's real GDP growth was three percent in 2022 and 5.2 percent in 2023. In 2023, per capita GDP in China reached around 12,600 U.S. dollars. Economic performance in China Gross domestic product (GDP) is a primary economic indicator. It measures the total value of all goods and services produced in an economy over a certain time period. China's economy used to grow quickly in the past, but the growth rate of China’s real GDP gradually slowed down in recent years, and year-on-year GDP growth is forecasted to range at only around four percent in the years after 2023. Since 2010, China has been the world’s second-largest economy, surpassing Japan.China’s emergence in the world’s economy has a lot to do with its status as the ‘world’s factory’. Since 2013, China is the largest export country in the world. Some argue that it is partly due to the undervalued Chinese currency. The Big Mac Index, a simplified and informal way to measure the purchasing power parity between different currencies, indicates that the Chinese currency yuan was roughly undervalued by 31 percent in 2023. GDP development Although the impressive economic development in China has led millions of people out of poverty, China is still not in the league of industrialized countries on the per capita basis. To name one example, the U.S. per capita economic output was more than six times as large as in China in 2023. Meanwhile, the Chinese society faces increased income disparities. The Gini coefficient of China, a widely used indicator of economic inequality, has been larger than 0.45 over the last decade, whereas 0.40 is the warning level for social unrest.

Inflation Rate in China decreased to -0.70 percent in February from 0.50 percent in January of 2025. This dataset provides - China Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Graph and download economic data for Net Issues of International Debt Securities for Issuers in Other Financial Corporations, All Maturities, Nationality of Issuer in China (DISCONTINUED) (IDSGFCAMNINICN) from Q1 1987 to Q2 2015 about issues, finance companies, companies, finance, China, maturity, financial, debt, securities, and Net.

China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Planned Issuance: Interest-bearing Book-entry: 20 Year data was reported at 26,000.000 RMB mn in 21 Sep 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 26,000.000 RMB mn for 24 Apr 2015. China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Planned Issuance: Interest-bearing Book-entry: 20 Year data is updated daily, averaging 27,000.000 RMB mn from Aug 2005 (Median) to 21 Sep 2015, with 18 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 30,000.000 RMB mn in 27 Apr 2011 and a record low of 22,000.000 RMB mn in 18 Feb 2009. China Treasury Bond: Issue Date: Planned Issuance: Interest-bearing Book-entry: 20 Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Issued: Daily.

China Postal: Number of Issue: Newspaper data was reported at 95.989 Unit mn in 2010. This records an increase from the previous number of 75.927 Unit mn for 2009. China Postal: Number of Issue: Newspaper data is updated yearly, averaging 97.552 Unit mn from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2010, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 145.935 Unit mn in 1999 and a record low of 72.195 Unit mn in 2007. China Postal: Number of Issue: Newspaper data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by State Post Bureau. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Transportation and Storage Sector – Table CN.TK: Postal.

This dataset is about books and is filtered where the book is Economic development in the context of China : policy issues and analysis, featuring 7 columns including author, BNB id, book, book publisher, and ISBN. The preview is ordered by publication date (descending).

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data and charts presented in Why China's housing policies have failed, PIIE Working Paper 23-5.

If you use the data, please cite as: Huang, Tianlei. 2023. Why China's housing policies have failed. PIIE Working Paper 23-5. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.