As of December 2024, Japan held United States treasury securities totaling about 1.06 trillion U.S. dollars. Foreign holders of United States treasury debt According to the Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of the Treasury, foreign countries held a total of 8.5 trillion U.S. dollars in U.S. treasury securities as of December 2024. Of the total held by foreign countries, Japan and Mainland China held the greatest portions, with China holding 759 billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. The U.S. public debt In 2023, the United States had a total public national debt of 33.2 trillion U.S. dollars, an amount that has been rising steadily, particularly since 2008. In 2023, the total interest expense on debt held by the public of the United States reached 678 billion U.S. dollars, while 197 billion U.S. dollars in interest expense were intra governmental debt holdings. Total outlays of the U.S. government were 6.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. By 2029, spending is projected to reach 8.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

The value of U.S. Treasury securities held by residents of Russia amounted to ** million U.S. dollars in March 2025, marking a stark contrast to ***** billion U.S. dollars held in January 2020. The lowest over the period under consideration was recorded in November 2023 at ** million U.S. dollars. Furthermore, in March 2020, the figure plummeted to **** billion U.S. dollars, down from **** billion U.S. dollars one month prior. Russia’s holdings of U.S. treasury securities have decreased since 2014 following the Western sanctions over the annexation of Crimea and have further dropped in 2022 after more restrictions were imposed over the war in Ukraine. What are U.S. treasury holdings? U.S. treasury holdings are government debt instruments that contribute to the funding of various government projects in the country. The U.S. Department of Treasury allows individuals and organizations to invest in treasury notes, bills, and bonds, which are the main three types of securities. Just under half of the outstanding ** trillion U.S. dollars as of May 2024 were in the form of treasury notes. The notes have varying maturities and coupon payment frequencies, which are different from the maturity periods of treasury bills and bonds. Main foreign holders of U.S. treasury securities Foreign holdings of U.S. treasury debt amounted to ***** trillion U.S. dollars as of January 2024. Japan and China held the largest portions, with China possessing ***** billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. Additionally, other significant foreign holders included oil exporting countries and Caribbean banking centers.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by Foreign and International Investors (FDHBFIN) from Q1 1970 to Q2 2025 about foreign, debt, federal, and USA.

The yield on China 10Y Bond Yield held steady at 1.83% on December 2, 2025. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.07 points, though it remains 0.16 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. China 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

In June 2025, the average yield on ten-year government bonds in the United States was **** percent. This was the ******* of the selected developed economies considered in this statistic. Bonds and yields – additional information The bond yield indicates the level of return that the investor can expect from a given type of bond. The government of Italy, for instance, offered the investors **** percent yield on ten-year government bonds for borrowing their money in June 2025. In the United States, government needs are also financed by selling various debt instruments such as Treasury bills, notes, bonds and savings bonds to investors. The largest holders of U.S. debt are the Federal Reserve and Government accounts in the United States. The major foreign holders of the United States treasury securities are Japan, Mainland China, and the United Kingdom.

The graph shows national debt in China related to gross domestic product until 2024, with forecasts to 2030. In 2024, gross national debt ranged at around 88 percent of the national gross domestic product. The debt-to-GDP ratio In economics, the ratio between a country's government debt and its gross domestic product (GDP) is generally defined as the debt-to-GDP ratio. It is a useful indicator for investors to measure a country's ability to fulfill future payments on its debts. A low debt-to-GDP ratio also suggests that an economy produces and sells a sufficient amount of goods and services to pay back those debts. Among the important industrial and emerging countries, Japan displayed one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios. In 2024, the estimated national debt of Japan amounted to about 250 percent of its GDP, up from around 180 percent in 2004. One reason behind Japan's high debt load lies in its low annual GDP growth rate. Development in China China's national debt related to GDP grew slowly but steadily from around 23 percent in 2000 to 34 percent in 2012, only disrupted by the global financial crisis in 2008. In recent years, China increased credit financing to spur economic growth, resulting in higher levels of debt. China's real estate crisis and a difficult global economic environment require further stimulating measures by the government and will predictably lead to even higher debt growth in the years ahead.

China Bond: Foreign Investor: Spot: Sell data was reported at 723.300 RMB bn in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 617.200 RMB bn for Feb 2025. China Bond: Foreign Investor: Spot: Sell data is updated monthly, averaging 556.750 RMB bn from Dec 2020 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 52 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 867.900 RMB bn in Mar 2024 and a record low of 264.000 RMB bn in Feb 2021. China Bond: Foreign Investor: Spot: Sell data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Interbank Funding Center. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: Bond Foreign Investment.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for United States (IRLTLT01USM156N) from Apr 1953 to Oct 2025 about long-term, 10-year, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

China Negotiable Certificate of Deposit: Issuance: Year to Date data was reported at 23,815,700.000 RMB mn in Sep 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 16,337,500.000 RMB mn for Jun 2024. China Negotiable Certificate of Deposit: Issuance: Year to Date data is updated quarterly, averaging 9,631,000.000 RMB mn from Mar 2014 (Median) to Sep 2024, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 25,781,500.000 RMB mn in Dec 2023 and a record low of 68,770.000 RMB mn in Mar 2014. China Negotiable Certificate of Deposit: Issuance: Year to Date data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: PBC, NDRC, CSRC, CCDC: Bond Issued.

Common-Stock Time Series for Bank of Qingdao Co Ltd. Bank of Qingdao Co., Ltd. provides various banking products and services in the People's Republic of China. The company operates through three segments: Retail Banking, Corporate Banking, and Financial Market Business. It provides deposits products; retail, corporate, and personal loans; discounted bills; short, mid, and long-term loans; conduct domestic and overseas settlement products, as well as acceptance, discounting, and inter-bank discounting of notes; and financial bonds, as well as engages in issuing, cash-in, and underwriting government and financial bonds as agent and bank card business. The company also provides letter of credit and guarantee, and safe deposit box services; time deposits of commercial banks for cash management of central treasury; securities investment fund custody services; financial leasing, wealth management, other services and corporate bonds. In addition, it engages in the foreign exchange settlement and sales; bond settlement agency; selling of public securities investment funds; ordinary derivatives trading business; interbank lending and borrowing and interbank deposit; and other businesses, as well as performs receipt and payment, and insurance agent business, as well as other agency services, including sales of precious metals. It operates through in-bank self-service banks; and self-service machines, including automated teller machines, cash recycling machines, self-service terminals and cash teller machine that provide various services, such as withdrawals, deposits, transfers, account inquiries, and payments. The company was formerly known as Qingdao City Commercial Bank Co., Ltd. and changed its name to Bank of Qingdao Co., Ltd. in 2008. Bank of Qingdao Co., Ltd. was founded in 1996 and is headquartered in Qingdao, the People's Republic of China.

Depreciation Time Series for Bank of Ningbo Co Ltd. Bank of Ningbo Co., Ltd. provides various personal and business banking products and services in the People's Republic of China. The company operates through four segments: Corporate Business, Personal Business, Capital Business, and Other Business. It offers deposits; short-term, medium-term, and long-term loans; bank cards; domestic and international settlement services; bill discounting services; issues financial bonds; acting as an agent for the issuance, redemption, and underwriting of government bonds; buying and selling government bonds; acts as an underwriter of government bonds; inter-bank lending and borrowing services; payment/collection and insurance agency services; and foreign currency guarantees, as well as other banking services. The company also provides safe deposit box; foreign currency deposit, loans, and remittance; foreign exchange settlement and sale; and foreign currency exchange services. It operates capital operation center located in Shanghai, as well as branches located in the cities of Ningbo and Zhejiang province; Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Shenzhen, Suzhou, Wenzhou, Beijing, Wuxi, Jinhua, Shaoxing, Taizhou, Jiaxing, Lishui, Huzhou, Quzhou, and Zhoushan. The company was formerly known as Ningbo Commercial Bank Co., Ltd. and changed its name to Bank of Ningbo Co., Ltd. in February 2007. Bank of Ningbo Co., Ltd. was founded in 1997 and is headquartered in Ningbo, the People's Republic of China.

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Securities Exchanges Market Size 2025-2029

The securities exchanges market size is forecast to increase by USD 56.67 billion at a CAGR of 12.5% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for investment opportunities. This trend is fueled by a global economic recovery and a rising interest in various asset classes, particularly in emerging markets. Another key driver is the increasing focus on sustainable and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing. This shift reflects a growing awareness of the importance of long-term value creation and the role of exchanges in facilitating socially responsible investments. This trend is driven by the expanding securities business units, including stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other securities, which cater to the needs of investment firms and individual investors. However, the market is not without challenges. Increasing market volatility poses a significant risk for exchanges and their clients.
Furthermore, the rapid digitization of trading and the emergence of alternative trading platforms are disrupting traditional exchange business models. To navigate these challenges, exchanges must adapt by investing in technology, expanding their product offerings, and building strong regulatory frameworks. Data analytics and big data are also crucial tools for e-brokerage firms to gain insights and make informed decisions. By doing so, they can capitalize on the market's growth potential and maintain their competitive edge. Geopolitical tensions, economic instability, and regulatory changes can all contribute to market fluctuations and uncertainty.

What will be the Size of the Securities Exchanges Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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In the dynamic market, financial instrument classification plays a crucial role in facilitating efficient trade matching through advanced execution quality metrics and order book liquidity. Quantitative trading models leverage options clearing corporation data to optimize portfolio holdings, while trade matching engines utilize high-speed data storage solutions and portfolio optimization algorithms to minimize latency and enhance market depth indicators. Data center infrastructure and network bandwidth capacity are essential components for supporting complex algorithmic trading strategies, including latency reduction and price volatility forecasting. Market impact measurement and risk assessment methodologies are integral to managing market impact and mitigating fraud, ensuring regulatory compliance through transaction reporting standards and regulatory compliance software.

Exchange traded funds (ETFs) have gained popularity, necessitating robust quote dissemination systems and trade surveillance analytics. Server virtualization and cybersecurity threat mitigation strategies further strengthen the market's resilience, enabling seamless integration of data-driven quantitative models and sophisticated fraud detection algorithms. Additionally, users of online trading platforms can easily monitor the performance of their assets thanks to real-time stock data.

How is this Securities Exchanges Industry segmented?

The securities exchanges industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Service

  Market platforms
  Capital access platforms
  Others


Trade Finance Instruments

  Equities
  Derivatives
  Bonds
  Exchange-traded funds
  Others


Type

  Large-cap exchanges
  Mid-cap exchanges
  Small-cap exchanges


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Switzerland
    UK


  APAC

    China
    Hong Kong
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Service Insights

The Market platforms segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market is characterized by advanced technologies and systems that enable efficient price discovery, manage settlement risk, and ensure regulatory compliance. Market platforms, which include trading platforms, order-matching systems, and market data dissemination, hold the largest share of the market. These platforms facilitate the buying and selling of securities, providing market liquidity and transparency. Real-time market surveillance and high-frequency trading infrastructure are crucial components, ensuring fair and orderly markets and enabling efficient trade execution. Financial modeling techniques and algorithmic trading platforms optimize trading strategies, while electronic communication networks and central counterparty clearing minimize r

Cash-Flow-Per-Share Time Series for Bank of Qingdao Co Ltd. Bank of Qingdao Co., Ltd. provides various banking products and services in the People's Republic of China. The company operates through three segments: Retail Banking, Corporate Banking, and Financial Market Business. It provides deposits products; retail, corporate, and personal loans; discounted bills; short, mid, and long-term loans; conduct domestic and overseas settlement products, as well as acceptance, discounting, and inter-bank discounting of notes; and financial bonds, as well as engages in issuing, cash-in, and underwriting government and financial bonds as agent and bank card business. The company also provides letter of credit and guarantee, and safe deposit box services; time deposits of commercial banks for cash management of central treasury; securities investment fund custody services; financial leasing, wealth management, other services and corporate bonds. In addition, it engages in the foreign exchange settlement and sales; bond settlement agency; selling of public securities investment funds; ordinary derivatives trading business; interbank lending and borrowing and interbank deposit; and other businesses, as well as performs receipt and payment, and insurance agent business, as well as other agency services, including sales of precious metals. It operates through in-bank self-service banks; and self-service machines, including automated teller machines, cash recycling machines, self-service terminals and cash teller machine that provide various services, such as withdrawals, deposits, transfers, account inquiries, and payments. The company was formerly known as Qingdao City Commercial Bank Co., Ltd. and changed its name to Bank of Qingdao Co., Ltd. in 2008. Bank of Qingdao Co., Ltd. was founded in 1996 and is headquartered in Qingdao, the People's Republic of China.

Total-Cash-From-Operating-Activities Time Series for Bank of Qingdao Co Ltd. Bank of Qingdao Co., Ltd. provides various banking products and services in the People's Republic of China. The company operates through three segments: Retail Banking, Corporate Banking, and Financial Market Business. It provides deposits products; retail, corporate, and personal loans; discounted bills; short, mid, and long-term loans; conduct domestic and overseas settlement products, as well as acceptance, discounting, and inter-bank discounting of notes; and financial bonds, as well as engages in issuing, cash-in, and underwriting government and financial bonds as agent and bank card business. The company also provides letter of credit and guarantee, and safe deposit box services; time deposits of commercial banks for cash management of central treasury; securities investment fund custody services; financial leasing, wealth management, other services and corporate bonds. In addition, it engages in the foreign exchange settlement and sales; bond settlement agency; selling of public securities investment funds; ordinary derivatives trading business; interbank lending and borrowing and interbank deposit; and other businesses, as well as performs receipt and payment, and insurance agent business, as well as other agency services, including sales of precious metals. It operates through in-bank self-service banks; and self-service machines, including automated teller machines, cash recycling machines, self-service terminals and cash teller machine that provide various services, such as withdrawals, deposits, transfers, account inquiries, and payments. The company was formerly known as Qingdao City Commercial Bank Co., Ltd. and changed its name to Bank of Qingdao Co., Ltd. in 2008. Bank of Qingdao Co., Ltd. was founded in 1996 and is headquartered in Qingdao, the People's Republic of China.

Total-Cashflows-From-Investing-Activities Time Series for Bank of Qingdao Co Ltd. Bank of Qingdao Co., Ltd. provides various banking products and services in the People's Republic of China. The company operates through three segments: Retail Banking, Corporate Banking, and Financial Market Business. It provides deposits products; retail, corporate, and personal loans; discounted bills; short, mid, and long-term loans; conduct domestic and overseas settlement products, as well as acceptance, discounting, and inter-bank discounting of notes; and financial bonds, as well as engages in issuing, cash-in, and underwriting government and financial bonds as agent and bank card business. The company also provides letter of credit and guarantee, and safe deposit box services; time deposits of commercial banks for cash management of central treasury; securities investment fund custody services; financial leasing, wealth management, other services and corporate bonds. In addition, it engages in the foreign exchange settlement and sales; bond settlement agency; selling of public securities investment funds; ordinary derivatives trading business; interbank lending and borrowing and interbank deposit; and other businesses, as well as performs receipt and payment, and insurance agent business, as well as other agency services, including sales of precious metals. It operates through in-bank self-service banks; and self-service machines, including automated teller machines, cash recycling machines, self-service terminals and cash teller machine that provide various services, such as withdrawals, deposits, transfers, account inquiries, and payments. The company was formerly known as Qingdao City Commercial Bank Co., Ltd. and changed its name to Bank of Qingdao Co., Ltd. in 2008. Bank of Qingdao Co., Ltd. was founded in 1996 and is headquartered in Qingdao, the People's Republic of China.

Free-Cash-Flow-To-Equity Time Series for Bank of Ningbo Co Ltd. Bank of Ningbo Co., Ltd. provides various personal and business banking products and services in the People's Republic of China. The company operates through four segments: Corporate Business, Personal Business, Capital Business, and Other Business. It offers deposits; short-term, medium-term, and long-term loans; bank cards; domestic and international settlement services; bill discounting services; issues financial bonds; acting as an agent for the issuance, redemption, and underwriting of government bonds; buying and selling government bonds; acts as an underwriter of government bonds; inter-bank lending and borrowing services; payment/collection and insurance agency services; and foreign currency guarantees, as well as other banking services. The company also provides safe deposit box; foreign currency deposit, loans, and remittance; foreign exchange settlement and sale; and foreign currency exchange services. It operates capital operation center located in Shanghai, as well as branches located in the cities of Ningbo and Zhejiang province; Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Shenzhen, Suzhou, Wenzhou, Beijing, Wuxi, Jinhua, Shaoxing, Taizhou, Jiaxing, Lishui, Huzhou, Quzhou, and Zhoushan. The company was formerly known as Ningbo Commercial Bank Co., Ltd. and changed its name to Bank of Ningbo Co., Ltd. in February 2007. Bank of Ningbo Co., Ltd. was founded in 1997 and is headquartered in Ningbo, the People's Republic of China.

Between 2014 and 2023, the United States was the leading country in terms of issuance of green bonds, with *** billion U.S. dollars. China was second in the ranking, followed by Germany. While France ranked fourth number and supranational green bonds value was the fifth highest.