As of December 2024, Japan held United States treasury securities totaling about 1.06 trillion U.S. dollars. Foreign holders of United States treasury debt According to the Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of the Treasury, foreign countries held a total of 8.5 trillion U.S. dollars in U.S. treasury securities as of December 2024. Of the total held by foreign countries, Japan and Mainland China held the greatest portions, with China holding 759 billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. The U.S. public debt In 2023, the United States had a total public national debt of 33.2 trillion U.S. dollars, an amount that has been rising steadily, particularly since 2008. In 2023, the total interest expense on debt held by the public of the United States reached 678 billion U.S. dollars, while 197 billion U.S. dollars in interest expense were intra governmental debt holdings. Total outlays of the U.S. government were 6.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. By 2029, spending is projected to reach 8.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

Holdings of US Treasury Securities data was reported at 784.300 USD bn in Feb 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 760.802 USD bn for Jan 2025. Holdings of US Treasury Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 937.400 USD bn from Mar 2000 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 300 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,316.700 USD bn in Nov 2013 and a record low of 58.900 USD bn in Nov 2000. Holdings of US Treasury Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Department of the Treasury. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table CN.FF: Holdings of US Treasury Securities.

The value of U.S. Treasury securities held by residents of Russia amounted to ** million U.S. dollars in March 2025, marking a stark contrast to ***** billion U.S. dollars held in January 2020. The lowest over the period under consideration was recorded in November 2023 at ** million U.S. dollars. Furthermore, in March 2020, the figure plummeted to **** billion U.S. dollars, down from **** billion U.S. dollars one month prior. Russia’s holdings of U.S. treasury securities have decreased since 2014 following the Western sanctions over the annexation of Crimea and have further dropped in 2022 after more restrictions were imposed over the war in Ukraine. What are U.S. treasury holdings? U.S. treasury holdings are government debt instruments that contribute to the funding of various government projects in the country. The U.S. Department of Treasury allows individuals and organizations to invest in treasury notes, bills, and bonds, which are the main three types of securities. Just under half of the outstanding ** trillion U.S. dollars as of May 2024 were in the form of treasury notes. The notes have varying maturities and coupon payment frequencies, which are different from the maturity periods of treasury bills and bonds. Main foreign holders of U.S. treasury securities Foreign holdings of U.S. treasury debt amounted to ***** trillion U.S. dollars as of January 2024. Japan and China held the largest portions, with China possessing ***** billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. Additionally, other significant foreign holders included oil exporting countries and Caribbean banking centers.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by Foreign and International Investors (FDHBFIN) from Q1 1970 to Q1 2025 about foreign, debt, federal, and USA.

The yield on China 10Y Bond Yield eased to 1.71% on August 1, 2025, marking a 0.03 percentage point decrease from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.07 points, though it remains 0.41 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. China 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on August of 2025.

In June 2025, the average yield on ten-year government bonds in the United States was **** percent. This was the ******* of the selected developed economies considered in this statistic. Bonds and yields – additional information The bond yield indicates the level of return that the investor can expect from a given type of bond. The government of Italy, for instance, offered the investors **** percent yield on ten-year government bonds for borrowing their money in June 2025. In the United States, government needs are also financed by selling various debt instruments such as Treasury bills, notes, bonds and savings bonds to investors. The largest holders of U.S. debt are the Federal Reserve and Government accounts in the United States. The major foreign holders of the United States treasury securities are Japan, Mainland China, and the United Kingdom.

China Bond Settlement: OTC: Spot: Sell: GB data was reported at 75.000 RMB mn in Mar 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 65.000 RMB mn for Feb 2013. China Bond Settlement: OTC: Spot: Sell: GB data is updated monthly, averaging 139.000 RMB mn from Jun 2002 (Median) to Mar 2013, with 130 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 825.000 RMB mn in Jul 2009 and a record low of 16.000 RMB mn in Jul 2003. China Bond Settlement: OTC: Spot: Sell: GB data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: OTC Spot.

The graph shows national debt in China related to gross domestic product until 2024, with forecasts to 2030. In 2024, gross national debt ranged at around 88 percent of the national gross domestic product. The debt-to-GDP ratio In economics, the ratio between a country's government debt and its gross domestic product (GDP) is generally defined as the debt-to-GDP ratio. It is a useful indicator for investors to measure a country's ability to fulfill future payments on its debts. A low debt-to-GDP ratio also suggests that an economy produces and sells a sufficient amount of goods and services to pay back those debts. Among the important industrial and emerging countries, Japan displayed one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios. In 2024, the estimated national debt of Japan amounted to about 250 percent of its GDP, up from around 180 percent in 2004. One reason behind Japan's high debt load lies in its low annual GDP growth rate. Development in China China's national debt related to GDP grew slowly but steadily from around 23 percent in 2000 to 34 percent in 2012, only disrupted by the global financial crisis in 2008. In recent years, China increased credit financing to spur economic growth, resulting in higher levels of debt. China's real estate crisis and a difficult global economic environment require further stimulating measures by the government and will predictably lead to even higher debt growth in the years ahead.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Securities Company data was reported at 2,104,365.260 RMB mn in Feb 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3,615,230.744 RMB mn for Jan 2021. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Securities Company data is updated monthly, averaging 282,069.400 RMB mn from Jun 1997 (Median) to Feb 2021, with 285 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,152,126.026 RMB mn in Nov 2019 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Mar 2002. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Securities Company data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for United States (IRLTLT01USM156N) from Apr 1953 to Jun 2025 about long-term, 10-year, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Individual Investor data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Nov 2018. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Individual Investor data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Jun 1997 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2018 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2018. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Individual Investor data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

Australia's gold ore miners have performed well over the past few years thanks to skyrocketing gold prices, driven by growing consumer demand for gold to hedge against inflation, economic uncertainty and geopolitical unrest. More recently, the US's sweeping tariffs have escalated trade tensions, causing uncertainty to loom over global economic growth prospects. This trend has rattled investors' confidence in riskier assets, propelling demand for safe-haven assets like gold in a "flight-to-safety". While investors also view U.S. Treasury bonds as a risk-free asset, the country's involvement in trade tensions has diminished its status as a safe-haven asset, contributing to the capital inflows from U.S. Treasury bonds to gold and lifting the commodity's price. Central banks have also actively purchased gold to diversify their reserve assets and bolster financial stability, supporting demand. Notably, the People's Bank of China diversified its asset base by selling US treasuries and aggressively purchasing gold, further spurring demand. The gold price climb in 2024-25 continues to underpin miners' optimism. Even so, production volumes haven't reflected the hike in demand, largely because of supply chain disruptions, high operation costs and unfavourable weather events. Labour shortages and high input costs intermittently hampered mining operations. AISCs have also risen as producers battle supply chain disruptions, climbing energy prices and labour shortages, limiting miners' profitability gains. Still, the elevated gold prices have stimulated miners' profitability expansion. Overall, gold ore mining revenue is expected to have increased at an annualised 5.7% over the five years through 2024-25, to $37.9 billion. This trend includes a 25.9% surge in 2024-25 thanks to the high gold prices. Gold prices are set to ease over the next few years, constraining revenue growth. However, geopolitical tensions and the easing of monetary policies will continue to support gold demand. Various project expansions will boost domestic gold production in the coming years. The successful expansion of mines like the Cowal underground mine and upcoming projects like the Havieron Project will also bolster gold production. Gold miners will continue focusing on sustainability initiatives, including reducing energy consumption, using renewable energy and minimising greenhouse gas emissions, as they seek to futureproof their operations amid tightening global sustainability regulations. Gold ore miners are also gradually adopting emerging technologies to enhance productivity and safety. This trend is set to continue in the coming years as the importance of efficiency in operations climbs. Higher gold output is forecast to cause industry revenue to rise at an annualised 1.4% through the end of 2029-30, to $40.6 billion.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: Village & Township Bank data was reported at 720.000 RMB mn in Feb 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,900.000 RMB mn for Jan 2021. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: Village & Township Bank data is updated monthly, averaging 422.500 RMB mn from May 2009 (Median) to Feb 2021, with 142 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8,150.000 RMB mn in Mar 2020 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2013. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: Village & Township Bank data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: Foreign Bank data was reported at 376,714.980 RMB mn in Feb 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 732,576.560 RMB mn for Jan 2021. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: Foreign Bank data is updated monthly, averaging 200,905.780 RMB mn from Jun 1997 (Median) to Feb 2021, with 285 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 842,348.000 RMB mn in Aug 2012 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2003. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: Foreign Bank data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Insurance Inst data was reported at 4,900.000 RMB mn in Feb 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9,987.000 RMB mn for Jan 2021. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Insurance Inst data is updated monthly, averaging 10,750.000 RMB mn from Jun 1997 (Median) to Feb 2021, with 285 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 106,809.000 RMB mn in Dec 2008 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Sep 2001. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Insurance Inst data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

Between 2014 and 2023, the United States was the leading country in terms of issuance of green bonds, with *** billion U.S. dollars. China was second in the ranking, followed by Germany. While France ranked fourth number and supranational green bonds value was the fifth highest.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Special Member data was reported at 115,991.500 RMB mn in Dec 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 113,113.500 RMB mn for Nov 2018. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Special Member data is updated monthly, averaging 5,730.000 RMB mn from Jun 1997 (Median) to Dec 2018, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,186,549.000 RMB mn in Jun 2011 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Dec 2005. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Special Member data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Credit Cooperative data was reported at 70,380.000 RMB mn in Feb 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 95,675.000 RMB mn for Jan 2021. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Credit Cooperative data is updated monthly, averaging 34,904.540 RMB mn from Jun 1997 (Median) to Feb 2021, with 285 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 300,867.000 RMB mn in Jun 2009 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Aug 1999. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Credit Cooperative data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Fund Inst: Commercial Banks Wealth Management Product data was reported at 150,905.450 RMB mn in Feb 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 192,201.890 RMB mn for Jan 2021. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Fund Inst: Commercial Banks Wealth Management Product data is updated monthly, averaging 57,512.285 RMB mn from Jan 2015 (Median) to Feb 2021, with 74 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 231,620.800 RMB mn in Dec 2018 and a record low of 190.000 RMB mn in Feb 2016. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: Fund Inst: Commercial Banks Wealth Management Product data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.

China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: Rural Cooperative Bank data was reported at 2,920.000 RMB mn in Feb 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4,020.000 RMB mn for Jan 2021. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: Rural Cooperative Bank data is updated monthly, averaging 10,055.000 RMB mn from Jun 1997 (Median) to Feb 2021, with 237 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 203,926.000 RMB mn in Nov 2010 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Feb 2018. China Bond Settlement: Interbank: Spot: Sell: CB: Rural Cooperative Bank data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Central Depository & Clearing Co., Ltd. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZD: CCDC: Bond Settlement: Interbank Spot.