As of December 2024, Japan held United States treasury securities totaling about 1.06 trillion U.S. dollars. Foreign holders of United States treasury debt According to the Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of the Treasury, foreign countries held a total of 8.5 trillion U.S. dollars in U.S. treasury securities as of December 2024. Of the total held by foreign countries, Japan and Mainland China held the greatest portions, with China holding 759 billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. The U.S. public debt In 2023, the United States had a total public national debt of 33.2 trillion U.S. dollars, an amount that has been rising steadily, particularly since 2008. In 2023, the total interest expense on debt held by the public of the United States reached 678 billion U.S. dollars, while 197 billion U.S. dollars in interest expense were intra governmental debt holdings. Total outlays of the U.S. government were 6.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. By 2029, spending is projected to reach 8.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

Holdings of US Treasury Securities data was reported at 784.300 USD bn in Feb 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 760.802 USD bn for Jan 2025. Holdings of US Treasury Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 937.400 USD bn from Mar 2000 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 300 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,316.700 USD bn in Nov 2013 and a record low of 58.900 USD bn in Nov 2000. Holdings of US Treasury Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by U.S. Department of the Treasury. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table CN.FF: Holdings of US Treasury Securities.

The graph shows national debt in China related to gross domestic product until 2024, with forecasts to 2030. In 2024, gross national debt ranged at around 88 percent of the national gross domestic product. The debt-to-GDP ratio In economics, the ratio between a country's government debt and its gross domestic product (GDP) is generally defined as the debt-to-GDP ratio. It is a useful indicator for investors to measure a country's ability to fulfill future payments on its debts. A low debt-to-GDP ratio also suggests that an economy produces and sells a sufficient amount of goods and services to pay back those debts. Among the important industrial and emerging countries, Japan displayed one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios. In 2024, the estimated national debt of Japan amounted to about 250 percent of its GDP, up from around 180 percent in 2004. One reason behind Japan's high debt load lies in its low annual GDP growth rate. Development in China China's national debt related to GDP grew slowly but steadily from around 23 percent in 2000 to 34 percent in 2012, only disrupted by the global financial crisis in 2008. In recent years, China increased credit financing to spur economic growth, resulting in higher levels of debt. China's real estate crisis and a difficult global economic environment require further stimulating measures by the government and will predictably lead to even higher debt growth in the years ahead.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by Foreign and International Investors (FDHBFIN) from Q1 1970 to Q1 2025 about foreign, debt, federal, and USA.

The value of U.S. Treasury securities held by residents of Russia amounted to ** million U.S. dollars in March 2025, marking a stark contrast to ***** billion U.S. dollars held in January 2020. The lowest over the period under consideration was recorded in November 2023 at ** million U.S. dollars. Furthermore, in March 2020, the figure plummeted to **** billion U.S. dollars, down from **** billion U.S. dollars one month prior. Russia’s holdings of U.S. treasury securities have decreased since 2014 following the Western sanctions over the annexation of Crimea and have further dropped in 2022 after more restrictions were imposed over the war in Ukraine. What are U.S. treasury holdings? U.S. treasury holdings are government debt instruments that contribute to the funding of various government projects in the country. The U.S. Department of Treasury allows individuals and organizations to invest in treasury notes, bills, and bonds, which are the main three types of securities. Just under half of the outstanding ** trillion U.S. dollars as of May 2024 were in the form of treasury notes. The notes have varying maturities and coupon payment frequencies, which are different from the maturity periods of treasury bills and bonds. Main foreign holders of U.S. treasury securities Foreign holdings of U.S. treasury debt amounted to ***** trillion U.S. dollars as of January 2024. Japan and China held the largest portions, with China possessing ***** billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. Additionally, other significant foreign holders included oil exporting countries and Caribbean banking centers.

United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data was reported at 5.552 USD bn in May 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 22.594 USD bn for Apr 2018. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data is updated monthly, averaging 2.563 USD bn from Jan 1977 (Median) to May 2018, with 497 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 66.332 USD bn in Aug 2011 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Feb 1985. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data was reported at 14.512 USD bn in Sep 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 18.034 USD bn for Aug 2018. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data is updated monthly, averaging 3.055 USD bn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 501 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 56.126 USD bn in Sep 2011 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Feb 1985. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US T Bonds & Notes data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

The yield on China 10Y Bond Yield rose to 1.66% on July 11, 2025, marking a 0.01 percentage point increase from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0 points, though it remains 0.60 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. China 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data was reported at 7.359 USD bn in Sep 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 8.368 USD bn for Aug 2018. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 132.000 USD mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 501 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.248 USD bn in Aug 2013 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Dec 1983. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

In March 2025, the average yield on ten-year government bonds in the United States was 4.27 percent. This was the highest of the selected developed economies considered in this statistic. Except Germany, Luxembourg, and Japan, all countries had a yield higher than three on their government bonds. Bonds and yields – additional information The bond yield indicates the level of return that the investor can expect from a given type of bond. The government of Italy, for instance, offered the investors 3.9 percent yield on ten-year government bonds for borrowing their money in March 2025. In the United States, government needs are also financed by selling various debt instruments such as Treasury bills, notes, bonds and savings bonds to investors. The largest holders of U.S. debt are the Federal Reserve and Government accounts in the United States. The major foreign holders of the United States treasury securities are Japan, Mainland China, and the United Kingdom.

United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data was reported at 1.309 USD bn in May 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.137 USD bn for Apr 2018. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 15.000 USD mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to May 2018, with 497 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.248 USD bn in Apr 2009 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Feb 1999. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data was reported at 4.946 USD bn in Sep 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.629 USD bn for Aug 2018. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 69.000 USD mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 501 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.931 USD bn in Aug 2013 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Sep 2000. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US Govt Agency Bonds data was reported at 7.745 USD bn in May 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.154 USD bn for Apr 2018. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US Govt Agency Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 87.000 USD mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to May 2018, with 497 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 37.886 USD bn in Aug 2016 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Dec 1997. United States Gross Sales by Foreigners: China: US Govt Agency Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

United States Net Purchases by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data was reported at 1.093 USD bn in May 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of -479.000 USD mn for Apr 2018. United States Net Purchases by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 53.500 USD mn from Dec 1978 (Median) to May 2018, with 474 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.626 USD bn in Sep 2017 and a record low of -966.000 USD mn in Sep 2013. United States Net Purchases by Foreigners: China: Foreign Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

The statistic shows the 20 countries with the lowest national debt in 2023 in relation to the gross domestic product (GDP). The data refer to the debts of the entire state, including the central government, the provinces, municipalities, local authorities and social insurance. In 2023, Russia's estimated level of national debt reached about 19.66 percent of the GDP, ranking 17th of the countries with the lowest national debt. National debt and GDP The debt-to-GDP ratio is an indicator of a country’s ability to produce and sell goods in order to pay back any present debts, however these countries should not retain newer debts in the process. Many economists believe that if a country is able to produce more without impairing its own economical growth, it can be considered more stable, particularly for the future. However, the listed countries, with the exception of Russia and Saudi Arabia, are not necessarily economic first-world powers. Additionally, economically powerful countries such as the United States and France maintain one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios, signifying that occurring debt does not necessarily damage the state of the economy and is sometimes necessary in order to help develop it. Saudi Arabia has maintained one of the lowest debt-to-GDP ratios due to its high export rates, which primarily consist of petroleum and petroleum goods. Given the significance of oil in today’s world, Saudi Arabia produces enough oil and earns enough revenue to maintain a high GDP and additionally refrain from incurring debt.

United States Net Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data was reported at 40.000 USD mn in May 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 419.000 USD mn for Apr 2018. United States Net Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 3.000 USD mn from Dec 1978 (Median) to May 2018, with 474 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.238 USD bn in May 2008 and a record low of -2.599 USD bn in Sep 2008. United States Net Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data was reported at 1.149 USD bn in Sep 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.096 USD bn for Aug 2018. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 36.000 USD mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 501 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.219 USD bn in May 2008 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Oct 1998. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Corp Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

The debt collection software market is estimated to capture a valuation of US$ 4.3 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach US$ 11.5 billion by 2033, at a CAGR of 10.2% from 2022 to 2032.

Attributes	Details
Market CAGR (2023 to 2033)	10.2%
Market Valuation (2023)	US$ 4.3 billion
Market Valuation (2033)	US$ 11.5 billion

What is the Regional Analysis for the Debt Collection Software Market?

Countries	Current Market Share 2022
United States	19.2%
Germany	10.2%
Japan	5.4%
Australia	3.3%

Countries	Current CAGR Market Values 2023
China	19.2%
India	10.2%
United Kingdom	5.4%

Scope of Report

Attributes	Details
Forecast Period	2023 to 2033
Historical Data Available for	2018 to 2022
Market Analysis	US$ billion for Value
Key Countries Covered	United States, United Kingdom, Japan, India, China, Australia, Germany
Key Segments Covered	Component Deployment Organization Size End User Region
Key Companies Profiled	Fair Issac Corporation CGI Group Inc Experian Pegasystems Inc JST Collection System Co., Ltd Interactive Intelligence Group Inc Chetu Inc Temenos Group AG Fiserv Inc TransUnion Nucleus Software TietoEVRY AMEYO Kuhlet Totality Software Advantage Software InterProse Corporation Interctive Intelligence Group Inc
Report Coverage	Market Forecast, Company Share Analysis, Competition Intelligence, DROT Analysis, Market Dynamics and Challenges, and Strategic Growth Initiatives
Customization & Pricing	Available upon Request

United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Govt Agency Bonds data was reported at 20.635 USD bn in Sep 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 16.126 USD bn for Aug 2018. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Govt Agency Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 238.000 USD mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 501 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 41.624 USD bn in Feb 2017 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Apr 1995. United States Gross Purchases by Foreigners: China: US Govt Agency Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Department of Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.Z039: Foreign Purchases and Sales in Long Term Securities: Asian Countries.

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Structured Finance Market Size 2025-2029

The structured finance market size is forecast to increase by USD 1,128.5 billion at a CAGR of 11.9% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for alternative investment products and the rising popularity of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG)-linked structured finance solutions. This trend is being fueled by investors' growing appetite for yield and risk diversification, as well as their increasing focus on sustainability and ethical investing. Cryptocurrency wallets and tokenized assets enable gamers to monetize their virtual assets and participate in decentralized applications (dApps) built on Ethereum blockchains. However, the market's growth potential is tempered by several challenges. The insurance industry is one sector exploring the potential of DeFi technology providers. Regulatory hurdles, such as the implementation of new rules and guidelines, impact adoption and increase the cost of doing business. Supply chain inconsistencies and the complexity of structured finance products also pose significant challenges, requiring market participants to invest in advanced technology and expertise to manage risk and ensure compliance.
Despite these challenges, there are ample opportunities for companies to capitalize on the market's growth. By focusing on innovation, regulatory compliance, and risk management, structured finance providers can differentiate themselves and capture market share. Additionally, collaboration with technology partners and investment in digital transformation can help streamline operations and improve efficiency, enabling companies to better serve their clients and meet their evolving needs. Overall, the market offers significant opportunities for growth, but also requires a strategic and proactive approach to navigate the complex regulatory landscape and address the challenges of supply chain inconsistencies and product complexity.

What will be the Size of the Structured Finance Market during the forecast period?

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In the market, stress testing and sensitivity analysis are crucial tools for assessing market liquidity and managing risk in peer-to-peer lending and alternative lending platforms. Investor relations teams employ scenario planning and regulatory arbitrage to optimize yield enhancement and capital preservation in the secondary market. Portfolio managers utilize big data and financial reporting to ensure regulatory capital and credit enhancement, while cloud computing facilitates data security and financial inclusion.
Disruptive technologies, such as digital identity and scenario planning, are transforming the industry, necessitating careful cash flow analysis and waterfall structure adjustments. Regulatory bodies continue to focus on capital adequacy and financial reporting, as market participants navigate the evolving regulatory landscape and seek to minimize tax optimization.

How is this Structured Finance Industry segmented?

The structured finance industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

End-user

  Large enterprises
  SMEs


Type

  CDO
  Asset-backed securities
  Mortgage-backed securities


Product

  Loans
  Bonds
  Mortgages
  Credit card and trade receivables
  Others


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    UK


  APAC

    Australia
    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  Rest of World (ROW)

By End-user Insights

The large enterprises segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

In the intricate world of structured finance, major enterprises play a pivotal role. These businesses, with substantial capital resources, engage in complex financing agreements to minimize risk and optimize capital structures. Through structured finance, various financial responsibilities and assets, including bonds, mortgages, and loans, are combined to create customized financial products. These securitized assets are then sold to investors, enabling businesses to raise essential capital. Significant entities in this market include investment banks, hedge funds, insurance companies, pension funds, and real estate firms. They employ financial engineering and artificial intelligence to evaluate risks and opportunities, while regulatory compliance is ensured through stringent due diligence.

Capital markets facilitate the issuance of various securities, such as convertible bonds, equity-linked notes, and structured products. Structured finance also encompasses specialized areas like project finance, mezzanine financing, and distressed debt. Sustainable finance and social bonds have gain