CN: Govt Expenditure: Supplementary Central Budget Stabilization and Regulation Fund data was reported at 110,037.000 RMB mn in 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 296,090.000 RMB mn for 2023. CN: Govt Expenditure: Supplementary Central Budget Stabilization and Regulation Fund data is updated yearly, averaging 113,722.000 RMB mn from Dec 2014 (Median) to 2024, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 361,311.000 RMB mn in 2021 and a record low of 82,753.000 RMB mn in 2015. CN: Govt Expenditure: Supplementary Central Budget Stabilization and Regulation Fund data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Finance. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table CN.FA: Government Revenue and Expenditure.

China Export: HS 8: Parts of Voltage Stabilized Suppliers and Ups data was reported at 877.302 RMB mn in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 585.251 RMB mn for Feb 2025. China Export: HS 8: Parts of Voltage Stabilized Suppliers and Ups data is updated monthly, averaging 528.570 RMB mn from Jan 2015 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 123 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,264.243 RMB mn in Dec 2021 and a record low of 207.391 RMB mn in Feb 2020. China Export: HS 8: Parts of Voltage Stabilized Suppliers and Ups data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Administration of Customs. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s International Trade – Table CN.JKF: RMB: HS85: Electrical Machinery and Equipment and Parts Thereof; Sound Recorders and Reproducers, Television Image and Sound Recorders and Reproducers, and Parts.

China Import: HS 8: Parts of Voltage Stabilized Suppliers and Ups data was reported at 85.047 RMB mn in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 73.769 RMB mn for Feb 2025. China Import: HS 8: Parts of Voltage Stabilized Suppliers and Ups data is updated monthly, averaging 122.874 RMB mn from Jan 2015 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 123 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 224.934 RMB mn in Jul 2020 and a record low of 70.397 RMB mn in Feb 2024. China Import: HS 8: Parts of Voltage Stabilized Suppliers and Ups data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Administration of Customs. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s International Trade – Table CN.JKF: RMB: HS85: Electrical Machinery and Equipment and Parts Thereof; Sound Recorders and Reproducers, Television Image and Sound Recorders and Reproducers, and Parts.

The contribution of women to China’s economic growth and development cannot be overemphasized. Women play important social, economic, and productive roles in any economy. China remains one of the countries in the world with severe gender inequality and sex ratio at birth (SRB) imbalance. Severe gender inequality and disenfranchisement of girls with abnormally high sex ratios at birth reflect deep-rooted sexism and adversely affect girls’ development. For China to achieve economic growth, women should not be ignored and marginalized so that they can contribute to the country’s growth, but the sex ratio at birth needs to be lowered because only women can contribute to growth. Thus, this study empirically predicts an asymmetric relationship between gender inequality, sex ratio at birth and economic growth, using NARDL model over the period 1980–2020. The NARDL results show that increases in gender inequality and sex ratio at birth significantly reduce economic growth in both the short and long term, while reductions in gender inequality and sex ratio at birth significantly boost economic growth in both the short and long term. Moreover, the results show the significant contribution of female labor force participation and female education (secondary and higher education) to economic growth. However, infant mortality rate significantly reduced economic growth. Strategically, the study recommends equal opportunities for women in employment, education, health, economics, and politics to reduce gender disparities and thereby promote sustainable economic growth in China. Moreover, policymakers should introduce new population policy to stabilize the sex ratio at birth, thereby promoting China’s long-term economic growth.

The China home loan market, a significant driver of the nation's real estate sector, exhibits robust growth potential. With a market size exceeding [Estimate based on available data – e.g., ¥5 trillion in 2025] and a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 6%, the market is projected to reach [Estimate based on CAGR and 2025 value – e.g., ¥7.5 trillion] by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers, including a burgeoning middle class with increasing disposable income, supportive government policies aimed at boosting homeownership, and ongoing urbanization driving demand for housing in rapidly developing cities. Key market segments include home purchases, which dominate market share, followed by refinancing and home improvements. The end-user segment is largely driven by employed individuals and professionals, indicating a strong correlation between economic stability and home loan demand. Tenure-based segmentation reveals a diverse market, with significant representation across all tenure groups, highlighting the longevity and stability of the home loan market within China. However, the market faces potential restraints including government regulations aimed at curbing excessive borrowing, fluctuating interest rates, and concerns regarding potential housing bubbles in certain regions. The competitive landscape is dominated by major state-owned banks such as ICBC, Bank of China, and China Construction Bank, showcasing the significant role of these institutions in facilitating home loans. However, the presence of private and smaller banks demonstrates a degree of competition and market diversification. Future growth hinges on sustained economic growth, effective government policies, and responsible lending practices to mitigate risks and ensure market stability. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for businesses operating within this sector and for investors seeking exposure to this high-growth market. Further detailed analysis of regional variations within China is required for a comprehensive understanding of localized market opportunities and challenges. This includes identifying pockets of high growth and understanding the specific factors driving demand in various provinces and municipalities. Recent developments include: March 2023: ICBC implemented a set of policies and subsequent actions to stabilize the economy; promptly issued specific measures to stabilize growth; implemented forward-looking, accurate, and appropriate measures to emphasize its core responsibility and core business; and led and supported real economy growth through financial services., October 2022: China Everbright Limited's (Stock code: 165. HK) CEL-Catalyst China-Israel Fund is pleased to announce that its portfolio company SatixFy successfully listed on NYSE American on 28th October 2022 with the symbol 'SATX', via a merger with Endurance Acquisition Corp. (NASDAQ: EDNC), a publicly traded special purpose acquisition company, or SPAC.. Key drivers for this market are: Real Estate Market Trends, Government Policies. Potential restraints include: Real Estate Market Trends, Government Policies. Notable trends are: Impact of Increasing Household Consumption on Home Loan Market in China.

China Import: HS 8: Voltage-Stabilized Suppliers of Machines of Heading No. 84.71 data was reported at 111.678 RMB mn in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 87.520 RMB mn for Feb 2025. China Import: HS 8: Voltage-Stabilized Suppliers of Machines of Heading No. 84.71 data is updated monthly, averaging 240.492 RMB mn from Jan 2015 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 123 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 442.760 RMB mn in Sep 2019 and a record low of 80.728 RMB mn in Feb 2024. China Import: HS 8: Voltage-Stabilized Suppliers of Machines of Heading No. 84.71 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Administration of Customs. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s International Trade – Table CN.JKF: RMB: HS85: Electrical Machinery and Equipment and Parts Thereof; Sound Recorders and Reproducers, Television Image and Sound Recorders and Reproducers, and Parts.

Revenue of the Wiring and Pipeline Infrastructure Construction industry in China is expected to grow at an annualized 5.3% over the five years through 2024, including a 2.9% increase in the current year, to total $111.6 billion. Several factors contributed to strong growth over the period, like acceleration of China's urbanization and large government investments in utility infrastructure construction.As this industry provides public services that facilitate economic and social development, it is strongly supported by the Chinese Government. In April 2022, the Chinese Government has decided that infrastructure that is conductive to leading industrial development and maintaining national security should be appropriately advanced to stabilize economic growth. In the past five years to 2024, fixed investment in infrastructure in China will increase at an average rate of 4.5%.As of 2024, the total length of oil and gas pipelines in China is expected to total 155,300 kilometers, increasing at an average rate of 4.2% in the past five years to 2024. The total length of long-distance optical cable lines in China will reach 1,132,000 kilometers, growing at an average rate of 0.9% in the current performance period.Industry revenue is forecast to grow at an annualized 5.0% over the five years through 2029, to total $142.3 billion. Technology advancing automation and increasing investment from the government are anticipated to be the main drivers of industry growth. Wiring and pipeline construction in rural areas is still relatively underdeveloped, so the Chinese Government is forecast to focus on developing the industry in those areas.

Achieving full and stable employment is not only one of the goals of macro-control by governments but also a key issue that labor migrants must address. To understand the impact of relocation adaptation on the employment stability of Chinese-style labor migrants, members of the group visited the labor migrant settlement sites in Yinchuan City and used questionnaires to investigate the adaptation and employment status of farmers after relocation. The article attempts to analyze the impact of relocation adaptability, embodied by social adaptability, economic adaptability, and cultural adaptability, on the employment stability of Chinese-style labor migrants using structural equation modeling with the highly representative field research data from the labor migrant community in Yinchuan City as an example. The results of the study show that the social, economic, and cultural adaptability dimensions of relocation adaptability all have a significant positive effect on employment stability. Therefore, to promote the stable employment of Chinese-style labor migrants, it is necessary to enhance economic adaptability to stabilize employment and increase income, enhance social adaptability to proactively adapt and actively participate, and strengthen cultural adaptability to proactively seek change and actively adapt to better improve the employment situation of labor migrants in an orderly manner.

China Import: HS 8: Other AC Voltage-Stabilized Suppliers, ＜10 KW, Accuracy to 0.001 data was reported at 58.555 RMB mn in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 61.316 RMB mn for Feb 2025. China Import: HS 8: Other AC Voltage-Stabilized Suppliers, ＜10 KW, Accuracy to 0.001 data is updated monthly, averaging 60.930 RMB mn from Jan 2015 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 123 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 119.406 RMB mn in Oct 2024 and a record low of 30.088 RMB mn in Feb 2015. China Import: HS 8: Other AC Voltage-Stabilized Suppliers, ＜10 KW, Accuracy to 0.001 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Administration of Customs. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s International Trade – Table CN.JKF: RMB: HS85: Electrical Machinery and Equipment and Parts Thereof; Sound Recorders and Reproducers, Television Image and Sound Recorders and Reproducers, and Parts.

Electric Stabilization Fins Market Outlook

The global electric stabilization fins market size was valued at USD 500 million in 2023, and it is projected to reach USD 950 million by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.4% during the forecast period. This significant growth is primarily driven by increasing global demand for maritime stability solutions across various segments, such as commercial vessels, naval vessels, and recreational boats.

One of the major growth factors fueling the market is the rising popularity of recreational boating and luxury yachts. As more individuals and families look to spend leisure time on water bodies, the demand for sophisticated and reliable stabilization systems has surged. The enhancement of passenger comfort and safety on recreational vessels necessitates advanced stabilization solutions, thus driving the market for electric stabilization fins. Furthermore, technological advancements in electric fins have resulted in increased efficiency and reliability, making them more attractive to end-users.

Another critical driver of the market is the growing emphasis on naval modernization programs worldwide. Governments are investing heavily in upgrading their naval fleets with advanced technologies to ensure superior performance and operational efficiency. Electric stabilization fins are integral to these upgrades, providing enhanced stability and control, which is crucial for various naval operations. As geopolitical tensions continue to drive defense budgets higher, the market for electric stabilization fins in the defense sector is set to expand significantly.

The commercial shipping industry also plays a pivotal role in the growth of the electric stabilization fins market. The expansion of international trade has led to an increase in the number of commercial vessels, which, in turn, drives the demand for stabilization systems to ensure smooth and safe voyages. Electric stabilization fins help in mitigating the effects of rough sea conditions, thereby protecting cargo and enhancing the overall efficiency of commercial vessels. The adoption of these advanced systems contributes to reduced fuel consumption and operational costs, making them a valuable investment for shipping companies.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific region stands out as a significant growth area for the electric stabilization fins market. Rapid economic development and increased maritime activities in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea have led to heightened demand for advanced stabilization solutions. The region's expanding shipbuilding industry and the growing popularity of recreational boating are notable factors contributing to market growth. Additionally, ongoing naval modernization programs in several APAC countries further bolster the demand for electric stabilization fins in the defense sector.

Product Type Analysis

In the electric stabilization fins market, product types are broadly categorized into retractable fins and non-retractable fins. Retractable fins are gaining significant traction due to their versatility and efficiency. These fins can be deployed when needed and retracted when not in use, reducing drag and improving fuel efficiency. The technological advancements in retractable fins have made them more reliable and efficient, appealing to a broad range of applications from commercial shipping to luxury yachts. The ability to provide superior stabilization without compromising vessel speed or maneuverability is a key factor driving the growth of retractable fins in the market.

On the other hand, non-retractable fins continue to hold a substantial share of the market, particularly in applications where continuous stabilization is required. These fins are typically more robust and durable, making them suitable for heavy-duty applications such as naval vessels and large commercial ships. The simplicity in design and lower maintenance requirements are significant advantages of non-retractable fins, making them a cost-effective solution for long-term stabilization needs. Despite the growing popularity of retractable fins, non-retractable fins maintain a strong foothold in the market due to their proven reliability and performance.

The market for both retractable and non-retractable fins is also influenced by advancements in materials and manufacturing processes. The use of high-strength, lightweight materials such as carbon fiber composites has improved the performance and durability of these fins. Additionally, innovations in manufacturing techniques have led to reduced product

The impact of urban e-commerce transformation on economic resilience can help a country improve its ability to resist risks and seize the initiative in economic development. This study examines the impact of the construction of the National E-commerce Demonstration City (NEDC) on economic resilience using the staggered different-in-differences approach using a sample of 282 Chinese cities from 2006 to 2020. The results show NEDC construction significantly strengthens urban economic resilience. This result remains robust after undergoing placebo test, exclusion of other policies interference, and examining endogeneity. Furthermore, noteworthy heterogeneity exists in the effect of NEDC construction on urban economic resilience, particularly in eastern, developed regions, and cities with high Internet penetration. The mechanisms analysis indicates that NEDC construction enhances urban economic resilience by expanding the scale of urban employment and enhancing market dynamism. Overall, this study refines the causal relationship between e-commerce development and urban economic resilience, providing empirical evidence and policy insights for China and other countries to enhance urban economic resilience and stabilize macroeconomic fluctuations.

Public sector employment in China has exhibited pronounced non-cyclical characteristics, with a recruiting scale and wage level showing limited responsiveness to economic fluctuations. The allure of civil service jobs in China has seen a significant resurgence post-COVID-19, with an observable increase in demand among educated job seekers for stable government positions amid growing economic uncertainties. This study investigates the implications of public sector employment rigidity on macroeconomic stability using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model integrated with search and matching (S&M) theory. Simulations incorporating alternative government job policies reveal that non-cyclical public employment exacerbates macroeconomic cyclical fluctuations. The low elasticity of public sector wages with respect to corporate wages fosters stable expectations among workers regarding the future value of government jobs, increasing the perceived value of the current state of unemployment. This leads job seekers to voluntarily remain unemployed, reducing labor supply to firms. Meantime, it preserves workers’ bargaining power with firms, reinforcing wage stickiness and undermining the stabilizing role of price adjustments in employment. Hypothetical scenario analyses indicate that adopting a pro-cyclical wage policy for the public sector can mitigate the obstacles of wage cuts for firms, stimulate the creation of new jobs during economic downturns, and consequently reduce the magnitude and duration of rising unemployment rates. In contrast, maintaining a non-cyclical public sector wage may not prevent a continuous rise in unemployment or a worsening economic situation, even with expanded sector recruitment. This finding holds significant relevance in the context of the post-COVID era characterized by an economic slump and employment tension, providing theoretical support for establishing a transparent and flexible wage adjustment mechanism in the public sector that is linked to market conditions.

The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS: Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Yunnan and Guangxi in China) is undergoing unprecedented changes. Many of these are positive, reflecting political stabilization and economic growth following decades of poverty and conflict. But the rate and type of development is also threatening critical natural resources, particularly native forests, the Mekong River and its tributaries, and many wild plant and animal species. The GMS faces a critical choice: it can either continue with unsustainable development and see many of its unique natural resources disappear forever or switch policies and choose a more sustainable path into the future. This report gives an overview of what is happening, and provides key recommendations for how natural resource management can be made more sustainable. The core of the report is a series of maps, developed by WWF, describing the historical trends, current status and future projections of forests in the GMS excluding China. Future projections for the period 2009 to 2030 contrast two scenarios; an unsustainable growth scenario, which assumes deforestation rates between 2002 and 2009 continue, and a green economy scenario, which assumes a 50 per cent reduction in the annual deforestation rate relative to the unsustainable growth scenario, and no further losses in key biodiversity areas.

Passenger Car Tyres Market Outlook

The global passenger car tyres market size was valued at approximately USD 95 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 145 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 4.8% during the forecast period. This growth is driven by factors such as the increasing demand for vehicles, advancements in tyre technology, and a growing emphasis on fuel efficiency and environmental sustainability. The market is witnessing a robust expansion with the rising disposable incomes across emerging economies, leading to a surge in vehicle ownership and subsequently, the need for tyres.

A significant growth factor in the passenger car tyres market is the continuous advancements in tyre technology that are enhancing durability, safety, and performance. Manufacturers are investing heavily in research and development to produce tyres that offer better traction, reduced rolling resistance, and improved fuel efficiency, which is crucial as consumers and governments increasingly focus on reducing carbon emissions and conserving energy. Additionally, the integration of smart technologies, like TPMS (Tyre Pressure Monitoring System), is gaining traction, giving consumers real-time data on tyre conditions and contributing to vehicle safety.

The rapid urbanization and the expansion of the middle class in emerging economies are contributing significantly to the market's growth. With more people moving to urban areas, the demand for personal vehicles is surging, which in turn boosts the demand for passenger car tyres. This is particularly evident in countries like China and India, where economic growth and rising living standards are resulting in an increasing number of first-time car buyers. Such demographic shifts are expected to continue driving the market over the coming years.

Furthermore, the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) presents both a challenge and an opportunity for the tyre industry. EVs require specially designed tyres that can handle the unique demands of electric propulsion, such as higher torque and quieter operation. This has led to increased R&D efforts among tyre manufacturers to develop products tailored for EVs, which is anticipated to open up new growth avenues in the future. Additionally, government regulations in various regions promoting eco-friendly and energy-efficient vehicles are encouraging the production of tyres that complement these vehicles.

Passenger Car Radial Tires have become a cornerstone in the automotive industry due to their superior performance and adaptability. These tires are specifically designed to provide enhanced traction and stability, making them ideal for a wide range of driving conditions. The radial construction allows for a more even distribution of pressure across the tire's footprint, resulting in improved fuel efficiency and a smoother ride. As the demand for passenger vehicles continues to rise, particularly in urban areas, the importance of radial tires in ensuring safety and comfort cannot be overstated. Manufacturers are continually innovating to improve the durability and performance of these tires, addressing the evolving needs of modern drivers.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific holds the largest share in the passenger car tyres market, driven by the high volume of vehicle sales in countries like China, India, and Japan. North America and Europe also represent significant markets due to their established automotive industries and consumer preferences for advanced and high-performance tyres. Meanwhile, markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are experiencing gradual growth as economies stabilize and infrastructure improves, increasing vehicle ownership rates.

Product Type Analysis

The passenger car tyres market is broadly categorized into radial tyres and bias tyres. Radial tyres dominate the market due to their superior performance attributes such as improved fuel efficiency, enhanced durability, and better handling characteristics. These tyres have a flexible sidewall and a flat footprint, which contribute to a smoother ride and better traction, making them a preferred choice for passenger vehicles. The demand for radial tyres has surged over the years, primarily due to their widespread application in modern vehicles and their ability to accommodate the demands of diverse driving conditions.

Bias tyres, although less prevalent in the passenger vehicle segment, still hold r

Housing markets are often characterized by price bubbles, and governments have instituted policies to stabilize them. Under this circumstance, this study addresses the following questions. (1) Does policy tightening change expectations in housing prices, revealing a regime change? (2) If so, what determines the housing market’s reaction to policy tightening? To answer these questions, we examine the effects of policy tightening that occurred in 2016 on the Chinese housing market where a price boom persisted in the post-2000 period. Using a log-periodic power law model and employing a modified multi-population genetic algorithm for parameter estimation, we find that tightening policy in China did not cause a market crash; instead, shifting the Chinese housing market from faster-than-exponential growth to a soft landing. We attribute this regime shift to low sensitivity in the Chinese housing market to global perturbations. Our findings suggest that government policies can help stabilize housing prices and improve market conditions when implemented expediently. Moreover, policymakers should consider preparedness for the possibility of an economic crisis and other social needs (e.g., housing affordability) for overall social welfare when managing housing price bubbles.

Volatility of employment and output simulations under various policy regimes.

Correlations between public and private employment sizes and GDP.

Correlations between public and private sector wages and GDP.

Moran4ed as shown in Table 4.4.ensive index, Morhina.

Assessing and managing water use is crucial for supporting sustainable river basin management and regional development. The first consistent and comprehensive assessment of sectorial water use in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) is presented by analysing homogenized annual water use data from 2000 to 2010 in relation to socio economic statistics for the same period. An abstraction of water use, using the concept of water use intensity, and based on equations inspired by those used in global water resource models, is developed to explore the driving forces underlying water use changes in domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors. We do this at both the level of the region as a whole, as well as for the nine cities that constitute the PRD separately. We find that, despite strong population and economic growth, the PRD managed to stabilize its absolute water use by significant improvements in industrial water use intensities, and early stabilisation of domestic water use intensities. Results reveal large internal differentiation of sectorial water use among the cities in this region, with industrial water use intensity varying from -80 to +95% and domestic water use intensity by +/- 30% compared to the PRD average. In general, per capita water use is highest in the cities that industrialised first. Yet, all cities except Guangzhou are expected to approach a saturation value of per capita water use much below what is suggested in recent global studies. Therefore, existing global assessments probably have overestimated future domestic water use in developing countries. Although scarce and uncertain input data and model limitations lead to a high level of uncertainty, the presented conceptualization of water use is useful in exploring the underlying driving forces of water use trends.