This data package includes the underlying data and files to replicate the calculations, charts, and tables presented in WTO'ing a Resolution to the China Subsidy Problem, PIIE Working Paper 19-17.

If you use the data, please cite as: Bown, Chad P., and Jennifer A. Hillman. (2019). WTO'ing a Resolution to the China Subsidy Problem. PIIE Working Paper 19-17. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

This research examines whether and to what extent political protests affect media coverage on external conflict in China for the purpose of diversion. Though there has been little evidence suggesting a diversionary use of force in contemporary China, we argue that, as the number of political protests increases, state-owned media are likely to expose the populace to media reports of external conflict as a way to divert public attention from domestic troubles/issues and instigate their nationalist sentiments. Our time-series analyses of China's weekly data from Global Times, one of the most influential Chinese tabloids, from February 2011 through December 2018 confirm this expectation. By weighting news reports based on the number of reposts of each report, which is significantly influenced by the 50c's activities, this study also accounts for the extent to which political protests affect the government's diversionary efforts.

Vale SA faces financial challenges as Chinese economic issues lead to falling iron ore prices, prompting a strategic pivot in its operations.

China State-Owned Capital Management Expenditure: Central: Resolving Historical Problem and Reforming Cost data was reported at 10,315.000 RMB mn in 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10,789.000 RMB mn for 2023. China State-Owned Capital Management Expenditure: Central: Resolving Historical Problem and Reforming Cost data is updated yearly, averaging 20,982.000 RMB mn from Dec 2016 (Median) to 2024, with 9 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 79,677.000 RMB mn in 2016 and a record low of 10,315.000 RMB mn in 2024. China State-Owned Capital Management Expenditure: Central: Resolving Historical Problem and Reforming Cost data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Finance. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table CN.FAS: Final Account: State-Owned Capital Management Revenue & Expenditure: Central.

This study is part of a quadrennial series designed to investigate the opinions and attitudes of the general public on matters related to foreign policy, and to define the parameters of public opinion within which decision-makers must operate. This public opinion study of the United States focused on respondents' opinions of the United States leadership role in the world and the challenges the country faces internationally and is comprised of two parts, the July 2008 and the September 2008 surveys. In particular, the July 2008 survey covers United States foreign policy, globalization, trade and immigration, the rise of China, and the United States-Japan relationship. Regarding United States foreign policy, respondents were asked to give their views on whether the United States should take an active part in world affairs, threats to vital interests in the next ten years, foreign policy goals, treaties and agreements, the United Nations and the United Nations Security Council, conflict between Christians and Muslims, and combating terrorism. Additional questions included whether respondents favored the United States having military bases in other countries, their opinions about justifications for the use of United States troops abroad, the Iraq War, nuclear weapons and nuclear fuel, and participants' views on several countries and world organizations. Regarding globalization, trade, and immigration, respondents gave their opinions on whether globalization is good or bad for the United States, lowering trade barriers, the trade practices of various countries, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), economic competitiveness of the United States economy, and the future of United States power and the next generation of Americans. In addition, on the topic of globalization and immigration, queries included the importance of Asia and Europe, the pace of globalization, fairness of income distribution, foreign investments in American companies, the level of legal immigration into the United States and whether or not immigration is good. Concerning the rise of China, respondents were asked to compare the size and potential of the United States and China economies and their implications, loans between the countries, how to deal with China's increase in power, and whether China or Japan is more important to the United States. On the subject of the United States-Japan relationship, participants gave their opinions regarding the amending of Japan's constitution to allow for a wider range of military activities, Japan's development of nuclear weapons, and what factors contribute to Japan's global influence. Part 2, the September 2008 survey, commissioned to gauge whether any substantial changes in attitudes occurred due to the financial crisis, repeated a subset of questions from the July 2008 survey and focused on respondents' attitudes toward trade and globalization. Demographic and other background information includes age, race, gender, marital status, religious affiliation, political party affiliation, employment status, education, household composition, type of housing, state of residence, and access to the Internet.

This survey focuses on the views and behaviors of the mass public in China with respect to economic and governmental factors at the local countryside level in the post-Mao era. The data were collected approximately eight months after the June 1989 conflict in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in the household by advanced students from Beijing University. Major topics addressed include perceived seriousness of problems such as health care, pricing, public order, industrial development, economic well-being, consumer behavior, personal problems and how to overcome them, perceived local problems, views about leaders and important groups, political interest, media behavior, civic competence and political reform, and perceptions of injustice. Demographic variables include sex, age, ethnicity, education level, occupation, marital status, military service, household income, political party affiliation, age and number of children, and the number of people in the household.

The aging population is a common problem faced by most countries in the world. This study uses 18 years (from 2002 to 2019) of panel data from 31 regions in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan Province), and establishes a panel threshold regression model to study the non-linear impact of the aging population on economic development. It is different from traditional research in that this paper divides 31 regions in China into three regions: Eastern, Central, and Western according to the classification standard of the National Bureau of Statistics of China and compares the different impacts of the aging population on economic development in the three regions. Although this study finds that the aging population promotes the economy of China’s eastern, central, and western regions, different threshold variables have dramatically different influences. When the sum of export and import is the threshold variable, the impact of the aging population on the eastern and the central region of China is significantly larger than that of the western region of China. However, when the unemployment rate is the threshold variable, the impact of the aging population on the western region of China is dramatically higher than the other regions’ impact. Thus, one of the contributions of this study is that if the local government wants to increase the positive impact of the aging population on the per capita GDP of China, the local governments of different regions should advocate more policies that align with their economic situation rather than always emulating policies from other regions.

Top 5 industries with degree centrality.

Top 5 critical industries.

Top 5 industries with induction coefficient.

Evaluation results of industry network.

According to a survey conducted among business travelers in China in 2023, nearly ** percent of respondents admited that a major difficulty they encounter when it comes to business travel is getting very tired on a long business trip. In addition, challenges related to foreign customs and languages were quoted by ** percent of respondents.

Top 5 industries with betweenness centrality.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) were an important part of China’s economy, but they faced challenges to growth due to financing difficulties. Government subsidies are considered as a potential way to address this problem. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the Chinese government’s subsidy program aimed at improving the accessibility of financing for SMEs. We analyze a comprehensive dataset of Chinese firms’ subsidy programs from 2011 to 2020. We classify subsidies into unconditional and conditional categories and use fixed-effects regression models to control for the effects of time and between-group variation to more accurately assess the effectiveness of government subsidies. In addition, we use a PSM-DID model to reduce the effect of selectivity bias to more accurately estimate the causal effect of subsidies on financing strategies. We also use a mediated effects model to help understand the mechanisms by which different types of subsidies affect financing strategies. The results show that government subsidies can significantly improve SMEs’ financing ability, but different types of subsidies produce subtle differences. Conditional subsidies support debt financing mainly through incentives, while unconditional subsidies help SMEs improve their equity financing ability through information effects. Furthermore, we find that over-reliance on a single subsidy type may reduce its effectiveness, suggesting a complex relationship between government intervention and SME financing. Thus, well-designed policies are crucial for promoting SMEs and fostering economic growth.

The aging population is a common problem faced by most countries in the world. This study uses 18 years (from 2002 to 2019) of panel data from 31 regions in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan Province), and establishes a panel threshold regression model to study the non-linear impact of the aging population on economic development. It is different from traditional research in that this paper divides 31 regions in China into three regions: Eastern, Central, and Western according to the classification standard of the National Bureau of Statistics of China and compares the different impacts of the aging population on economic development in the three regions. Although this study finds that the aging population promotes the economy of China’s eastern, central, and western regions, different threshold variables have dramatically different influences. When the sum of export and import is the threshold variable, the impact of the aging population on the eastern and the central region of China is significantly larger than that of the western region of China. However, when the unemployment rate is the threshold variable, the impact of the aging population on the western region of China is dramatically higher than the other regions’ impact. Thus, one of the contributions of this study is that if the local government wants to increase the positive impact of the aging population on the per capita GDP of China, the local governments of different regions should advocate more policies that align with their economic situation rather than always emulating policies from other regions.

The aging population is a common problem faced by most countries in the world. This study uses 18 years (from 2002 to 2019) of panel data from 31 regions in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan Province), and establishes a panel threshold regression model to study the non-linear impact of the aging population on economic development. It is different from traditional research in that this paper divides 31 regions in China into three regions: Eastern, Central, and Western according to the classification standard of the National Bureau of Statistics of China and compares the different impacts of the aging population on economic development in the three regions. Although this study finds that the aging population promotes the economy of China’s eastern, central, and western regions, different threshold variables have dramatically different influences. When the sum of export and import is the threshold variable, the impact of the aging population on the eastern and the central region of China is significantly larger than that of the western region of China. However, when the unemployment rate is the threshold variable, the impact of the aging population on the western region of China is dramatically higher than the other regions’ impact. Thus, one of the contributions of this study is that if the local government wants to increase the positive impact of the aging population on the per capita GDP of China, the local governments of different regions should advocate more policies that align with their economic situation rather than always emulating policies from other regions.

A survey conducted in January 2022 concluded that more than three out of four people in China were suffering from sleeping problems. Unsatisfactory sleeping quality would affect people's mental state during the day and thus can create a vicious circle of lasting complications.

According to a Chinese survey conducted in December 2020, fatigue, pressure, and anxiety almost became a universal emotional problem, as more than *********** respondents experienced these issues within six months before the survey. Other negative emotions were also widespread, with *********** reporting desperation, and ********************* reporting loneliness.

This statistic illustrates the leading challenges for the development of China's Greater Bay Area as of 2019. According to a survey conducted among company executives between July and September of 2019, around ** percent of respondents considered that unclear policies and regulations could be the biggest barrier for the development of China's Greater Bay Area, up from ** percent in the previous survey.

According to a Chinese survey conducted in January 2022, more than half of the people shared concerns about being killed by sudden cardiac arrest. One percent of the respondents have such concerns every day, while 49 percent have occasional concerns. Ironically, younger generations tend to have higher levels of concern over sudden cardiac death than older people.