Abstract

The COVID-19 Vaccination Survey in China was conducted in July 2021 to understand refugees' accessibility and willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccination in China. UNHCR stresses that no one can be left behind in the global effort against COVID-19 and is monitoring the inclusion of refugees and asylum seekers in vaccination plans around the world. At the time, Chinese government policy did not provide free vaccines for foreigners without social security. The survey results however show that this policy was implemented with some flexibility, because among the few that were vaccinated already, more than half received a free COVID-19 vaccine. Some refugees reported difficulties or lack of information about vaccine registration or identity documents to book an appointment. Results further show that even though most are willing to get vaccinated, anti-vaccine sentiments are driven by fear of side effects.

Geographic coverage

The survey covers 24 provinces with most respondents residing in the province of Guangdong.

Analysis unit

Households

Universe

The survey was distributed to all 1017 refugees and asylum seekers.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

No sampling was implemented.

Mode of data collection

Self-administered questionnaire: Web-based

Response rate

Out of 1017 distributed surveys, UNHCR received 455 answers (45%). Of those, 30 respondents did not provide consent to participate in the survey.

A global survey on attitudes towards coronavirus COVID-19 vaccinations found out that Chinese people appeared to be less opposed to these newly developed vaccines. As per the survey results generated in December 2020, about 61 percent of the Chinese respondents said that they would take the coronavirus vaccines when the vaccines became available to them.

ObjectiveTo examine the COVID-19 vaccination rate among a representative sample of adults from 31 provinces on the Chinese mainland and identify its influencing factors.MethodsWe gathered sociodemographic information, data on people's awareness and behavior regarding COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccine, the accessibility of COVID-19 vaccination services, community environmental factors influencing people's awareness and behavior regarding the vaccination, information about people's skepticism on COVID-19 vaccine, and information about people's trust in doctors as well as vaccine developers through an online nationwide cross-sectional survey among Chinese adults (18 years and older). The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the statistical associations were estimated using logistic regression models.ResultsA total of 29,925 participants (51.4% females and 48.6% males) responded. 89.4% of the participants had already received a COVID-19 vaccination. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, awareness of COVID-19 pandemic/ COVID-19 vaccine, community environmental factors, awareness and behavior of general vaccinations, we discovered that having no religious affiliation, having the same occupational status as a result of coronavirus epidemic, being a non-smoker, always engaging in physical activity, having a lower social status, perceiving COVID-19 to be easily curable, and having easier access to vaccination are all associated with high vaccination rate (all P

BackgroundVaccination has been considered one of the most effective public health interventions. In the context of the global epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it remains unclear what role general vaccination attitudes and perceptions have on the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine.ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the impact of general attitudes and perceptions toward vaccination on the acceptance of a newly developed vaccine, taking COVID-19 vaccines as an example.MethodA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2,013 Chinese adult participants. Generalized order logistic regression and path analysis models were used to analyze impacts of general attitudes and perceptions toward vaccination on the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine.ResultsThe prevalence of hesitancy to vaccination in general is 49.9% among the Chinese adult population. General perceptions of vaccination were associated with corresponding perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine. A “no hesitancy” attitude toward vaccination is a significant determinant (aOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.36–2.31) of future COVID-19 vaccination compared to vaccine refusers, and perceptions of COVID-19 vaccine remain a significant determinant for the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. Path analysis indicates that perceptions of the importance and safety of vaccination have a positive overall effect on the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine, and that general perceptions of vaccination as a whole on each measure indirectly influence the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine.ConclusionGeneral attitudes and perceptions toward vaccination were associated with those of the COVID-19 vaccine and future vaccination intention. To prepare for possible emergence of diseases in the future, routine health campaigns should be launched by relevant government departments and vaccination authorities to enhance the overall awareness and knowledge of vaccination among the public and to ensure optimal vaccination experience. In addition, targeted knowledge dissemination and mass mobilizations should be urged for newly developed vaccines when some specific infectious diseases emerge, such as COVID-19 at present.

A global survey on attitudes on coronavirus COVID-19 vaccinations found out that the trust in Chinese COVID-19 vaccines was relatively low across 17 surveyed countries or regions. As per the survey results generated in December 2020, about 57 percent of Danish respondents had a negative impression of the coronavirus vaccines produced in China. In comparison, a much smaller proportion of respondents from Indonesia, Mexico, and China shared the same perception.

Abstract Health diplomacy has played a vital role worldwide during the coronavirus outbreak. One crucial mechanism in this regard has been “vaccine diplomacy,” which describes country efforts to share COVID-19 vaccines. China and India are ahead of other countries in bilateral vaccine donations due to their South-South Cooperation policies. Looking forward, how and why are these two countries employing their vaccine diplomacy strategies? We compare the engagement of both in this field using a Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis framework. Our results suggest that neither is acting only for altruistic reasons, because economic and political interests are the main drivers behind their strategies.

This statistic presents the results of a survey on perceived percentage of infants who receive all the WTO recommended vaccinations in China as of October 2018. According to data published by Ipsos, Chinese respondents underestimated the coverage of vaccinations of infants in China. On average, the respondents thought that around 70 out of every 100 Chinese infants under 12 months have had all the recommended vaccines for diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, and measles, when the actual infant vaccination coverage was 99 percent in China.

Background: In the United States, patients with limited English proficiency face significant barriers to comprehending and acting upon health-related information, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The ability of health professionals to communicate COVID-19-related information to Mandarin-speaking patients has proved critical in discussions about vaccine efficacy, side effects, and post-vaccine protection.

Methods: The authors created a one-hour educational module to help Mandarin-speaking medical students better convey COVID-19 vaccine information to Mandarin-only speakers. The module is composed of an educational guide, which introduced key terminology and addressed commonly asked questions, and pre- and post-surveys. The authors recruited 59 Mandarin-speaking medical students from 31 U.S. academic medical centers, all of whom had previously completed a medical Mandarin elective. The module and surveys were distributed and completed in August 2021. Data analysis measured the change in aggregate mean for subjective five-point Likert-scale questions and change in percent accuracy for objective knowledge-based questions.

Results: The educational module significantly improved participants' subjective comfort level in discussing the COVID-19 vaccine in English and Mandarin. The largest improvement in both English and Mandarin was demonstrated in the participant's ability to explain differences between the COVID-19 vaccines, with an aggregate mean improvement of 0.39 for English and 1.48 for Mandarin. Survey respondents also demonstrated increased percent accuracy in knowledge-based objective questions in Mandarin.

Conclusions: This module provides Mandarin-learning medical students with skills to deliver reliable information to the general population and acts as a model for the continued development of educational modules for multilingual medical professionals.

High vaccination coverage is essential to prevent and control the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. Currently, the real-world acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines among adolescents aged 12–17 years in China has not been reported. We aimed to assess the acceptance rate of COVID-19 vaccination among adolescents in eastern China and to identify factors associated with the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19. We conduct a cross-sectional questionnaire survey among adolescents from three provinces in the eastern part of China from 16 August to 28 October 2021. The questionnaires were distributed to 2,100 students, and 2,048 students completed the questionnaires. The results showed that 98.4% (2,016/2,048) of adolescents had received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and 1.6% (32/2,048) declined the vaccination. The participants from rural districts, or whose parents were vaccinated, were more likely to accept the vaccine. The main reason for declining vaccination was worry about vaccine safety (25%). The main adverse event after the vaccination was pain at the injection site. In conclusion, the vaccine coverage rate reached 98.4% among the adolescents in this study, which met the criteria for herd immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The high vaccination rate is beneficial to the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic.

While vaccine hesitancy has become a salient issue, few studies have examined the influence of international collaboration and vaccine developments on people’s attitudes toward vaccines. The international collaboration especially with China has been an integral part of the field of influenza. In recent years, attitudes toward vaccines and China are both heavily politicized in the U.S. with a deepening partisan divide. Republicans are more likely than Democrats to be vaccine hesitant, and they are also more likely to view China negatively. At the same time, the U.S. has economic, security and medical collaboration with Japan and most Americans display a very positive view of the country. Thus, does a more international collaboration or more country specific vaccine development have an influence on U.S. vaccine hesitancy? This study conducts a survey-embedded question-wording experiment to assess the roles of US-China and US-Japan collaboration and partisanship in people’s willingness to get the flu vaccine. Despite the previously successful and effective US-China collaboration, this study finds that respondents especially Republicans are much less likely to receive a US-China flu vaccine than a US-Japan or US alone. Interestingly, both Democrats and Republicans are as willing to receive a US-Japan vaccine as US alone. These results point to critical roles of partisanship and international relations.

Background: Although inactivated COVID-19 vaccines are proven to be safe and effective in the general population, the dynamic response and duration of antibodies after vaccination in the real world should be further assessed.

Methods: We enrolled 1067 volunteers who had been vaccinated with one or two doses of CoronaVac in Zhejiang Province, China. Another 90 healthy adults without previous vaccinations were recruited and vaccinated with three doses of CoronaVac, 28 days and 6 months apart. Serum samples were collected from multiple timepoints and analyzed for specific IgM/IgG and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) for immunogenicity evaluation. Antibody responses to the Delta and Omicron variants were measured by pseudovirus-based neutralization tests.

Results: Our results revealed that binding antibody IgM peaked 14–28 days after one dose of CoronaVac, while IgG and NAbs peaked approximately 1 month after the second dose and then declined slightly over time. Antibody responses had waned by month 6 after vaccination and became undetectable in the majority of individuals at 12 months. Levels of NAbs to live SARS-CoV-2 were correlated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and NAbs to pseudovirus, but not IgM. Homologous booster around 6 months after primary vaccination activated anamnestic immunity and raised NAbs 25.5-fold. The neutralized fraction subsequently rose to 36.0% for Delta (p=0.03) and 4.3% for Omicron (p=0.004), and the response rate for Omicron rose from 7.9% (7/89) to 17.8% (16/90).

Conclusions: Two doses of CoronaVac vaccine resulted in limited protection over a short duration. The inactivated vaccine booster can reverse the decrease of antibody levels to prime strain, but it does not elicit potent neutralization against Omicron; therefore, the optimization of booster procedures is vital.

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to threaten human health, and health professionals, including nursing students, usually work in healthcare frontiers with a high risk of infection. Vaccination is currently one of the most effective preventive measures. This study aimed to explore the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in nursing students.MethodsIn November 2022, a sample of undergraduate nursing students was recruited from several medical schools in Anhui Province, China, and an online cross-sectional survey was conducted using the questionnaire star platform (Wenjuanxin). A Chi-square test was used to explore vaccine hesitancy among nursing students with different social demographic characteristics and vaccine attitudes. Binary logistic regression analysis was then used to determine the influence factors of vaccine hesitancy among nursing students.ResultsA total of 1,090 valid samples were collected in this study. Of these, 27.06% (295) of nursing students reported COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. The results showed “the need to go out of town recently” (OR = 0.670), “very confident that the outbreak could be controlled sustainably” (OR = 0.393), “feeling at risk of infection” (OR = 0.658), “not being worried/being generally worried about the vaccine's safety” (OR = 0.226 and OR = 0.686, respectively), and “not being worried about the vaccine's effectiveness” (OR = 0.411). These five factors are protective factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in nursing students. The factors “considering the country completely safe from an outbreak” (OR = 3.436), “considering themselves safe because others are vaccinated” (OR = 2.239), and “Agreeing that other protective measures can be relaxed after vaccination with the COVID-19 vaccine” (OR = 2.007) are risk factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among nursing students (P < 0.05).ConclusionOverall, relatively few nursing students had COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Schools and relevant institutions still need to actively guide them to improve their confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine, strengthen the prevention and control measures of the epidemic, and improve their awareness of the crisis to improve the vaccination rate to reduce the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in nursing students.

Importance: COVID-19 vaccine development has progressed at unprecedented speed. Widespread public uptake of the vaccine is crucial to stem the pandemic. Objective: To examine the factors associated with survey participants’ self-reported likelihood of selecting and receiving a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine. Design, Setting and Participants: A survey of a nonprobability convenience sample of 2000 recruited participants including a choice-based conjoint analysis was conducted to estimate respondents’ probability of choosing a vaccine and willingness to receive vaccination . Participants were then asked to evaluate their willingness to receive each vaccine individually. The survey presented respondents with 5 choice tasks. In each, participants evaluated 2 hypothetical COVID-19 vaccines and were asked whether they would choose vaccine A, vaccine B, or neither vaccine . Vaccine attributes included efficacy, protection duration, major side effects, minor side effects, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process, national origin of vaccine, and endorsement. Levels of each attribute for each vaccine were randomly assigned and attribute order was randomized across participants. Survey data wereas collected on July 9, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Average marginal component effect sizes and marginal means were calculated to estimate the relationship between each vaccine attribute-level and the probability of the respondent choosing a vaccine and self-reported willingness to receive vaccination . Results: A total of 1,971 US adults responded to the survey (median age 43; IQR: 30 to 58); 999 (51%) were women, 1,432 (73%) White, 277 (14%) Black, and 190 (10%) Latinx. An increase in efficacy from 50% to 70% was associated with a higher n increased the estimated probability of choosing a vaccine ofby .07 [95% CI: .06 to .09]; and an increase from 50% to 90% was associated with a higher probability of choosing a vaccine of .16 [95% CI: .15 to .18]. An increase in protection duration from 1 to 5 years was associated with a higher probability of choosing a vaccine of .05 [95% CI: .04 to .07]. A decrease in the incidence of major side effects from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 was associated with a higher probability of choosing a vaccine of .07 [95% CI: .05 to .08]. An FDA emergency use authorization was associated with a lower probability of choosing a vaccine of -.03 [95% CI: -.01 to -.04] compared with full FDA approval. A vaccine that originated from a non-US country was associated with a lower probability of choosing a vaccine [China: -.13 (95% CI: -.11 to -.15 UK: -.04 (95% CI: -.02 to -.06)]. Endorsements from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [.09 (95% CI: .07 to .11)] and World Health Organization [.06 (95% CI: .04 to .08)], compared with an endorsement from President Trump, were associated with higher probabilities of choosing a vaccine. Analyses of participants’ willingness to receive each vaccine when assessed individually yield similar results. Efficacy was the most important factor. An increase in efficacy from 50% to 90% was associated with a 10% higher marginal mean willingness to receive a vaccine [.51 to .61]. A reduction in the incidence of major side effects was associated with a 4% higher marginal mean willingness to receive a vaccine [.54 to .58]. A vaccine originating in China was associated with a 10% lower willingness to receive a vaccine versus one developed in the US [.60 to .50] Endorsements from the CDC and WHO were associated with substantial increases in willingness to receive a vaccine, 7% and 6%, respectively , from a baseline endorsement by President Trump [.52 to .59; .52 to .58]. Conclusions and Relevance: In this survey study of US adults, vaccine-related attributes and political characteristics were associated with self-reported preferences for choosing a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine and self-reported willingness to receive vaccination. These results may help inform public health campaigns to address vaccine hesitancy when a COVID-19 vaccine becomes available.

Background: Despite the insupportable burden caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and high vaccine acceptability, vaccination programs are not currently available for men who have sex with men (MSM). We aimed to assess HPV infection by examining the willingness for vaccination among MSM and cost-effectiveness of the Chinese 2-valent HPV vaccine.Methods: We recruited MSM in Shenyang, China between July and December 2020 to conduct anal HPV testing and an online survey regarding HPV-related knowledge and vaccine acceptability. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis to evaluate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of the Chinese 2-valent HPV vaccine.Results: A total of 234 participants completed the online survey; of those, 203 were successfully tested for HPV. The median age was 30 years [interquartile range (IQR): 23–38 years]. Most participants had at least undergraduate education (136/234, 58.1%). The acceptability rate for the free HPV vaccine was 57.7% (135/234). The prevalence of HPV types 16 and 18 was 14.9% (18/121) and 26.8% (22/82) in the willing and unwilling to vaccinate groups, respectively (P > 0.05). The prevalence of high-risk HPV among participants aged

Snapshot img

Influenza Vaccine Market Size 2024-2028

The influenza vaccine market size is forecast to increase by USD 3.76 billion at a CAGR of 8.09% between 2023 and 2028. The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing prevalence and incidence of severe influenza cases, particularly among children. The Global Influenza Program's emphasis on vaccination as a preventative measure is driving market expansion. Combination vaccines, which offer protection against multiple strains of the virus, are gaining popularity due to their convenience and effectiveness. Furthermore, the development of mRNA vaccines, which utilize advanced technology to produce a more potent immune response, is a promising trend in the market. The market for Influenza vaccines encompasses various types, including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, quadrivalent vaccines, mono vaccine, trivalent vaccines, pnemucoccol vaccine, pediatric vaccines, and adult vaccines. Despite these advancements, challenges persist, including the difficulty in diagnosing influenza due to its non-specific symptoms and the need for annual revaccination to maintain immunity. Overall, the market is poised for continued growth as the demand for effective vaccines to prevent the spread of influenza remains high.

Market Analysis

Request Free Sample

The market is a significant sector within the global healthcare industry, with a continuous demand due to the seasonal nature of the influenza virus and the ongoing threat of potential pandemics. This market caters to various demographics, including children and adults, through various vaccine types and administration methods. Seasonal influenza vaccines are the primary focus of the market, with two main types: inactivated vaccines and live attenuated vaccines. Inactivated vaccines, also known as flu shots, use killed viruses to stimulate an immune response, while live attenuated vaccines, or nasal sprays, use weakened live viruses.

Furthermore, both types offer protection against the three or four strains of the virus predicted to cause the most significant impact during a season. Quadrivalent vaccines, a more recent addition to the market, protect against an additional B strain, broadening the scope of coverage and potentially reducing the risk of infection. Trivalent vaccines, which protect against three strains, continue to be available and are often used in mass vaccination programs. The pediatric segment of the market is of significant importance due to the vulnerability of children to severe influenza cases. The global influenza program, a collaborative effort between the World Health Organization (WHO) and various national health organizations, plays a crucial role in ensuring the availability of vaccines for children and other at-risk populations.

In addition, combination vaccines, which offer protection against influenza and other diseases, are gaining popularity in the market due to their convenience and potential for reducing the number of vaccinations required. MRNA vaccines, a newer technology, have shown promising results in clinical trials and may become a significant player in the market in the coming years. The market is influenced by several factors, including the severity of seasonal epidemics, the availability and affordability of vaccines, and the public's perception of vaccine efficacy and safety. Hospital and retail pharmacies serve as essential distribution channels for these vaccines, ensuring they reach the end consumer in a timely and convenient manner.

Furthermore, swine flu vaccines, while not a regular component of the seasonal the market, are produced and distributed in response to outbreaks or pandemics. The production and distribution of these vaccines require a rapid response and significant resources, highlighting the importance of a strong global influenza program and the flexibility of vaccine manufacturers. In conclusion, the market is a dynamic and evolving sector within the healthcare industry. With ongoing research and development, the market continues to offer new solutions to protect against the influenza virus, ensuring public health and safety.

Market Segmentation

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Distribution Channel

  Hospitals and pharmacies
  Government and institutional
  Others


Type

  Live attenuated influenza vaccines
  Recombinant influenza vaccines


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    UK


  Asia

    China
    India


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Distribution Channel Insights

The hospitals and pharmacies segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.The market in the US is categorized by distributio

Snapshot img

Mono Vaccine Market Size 2025-2029

The mono vaccine market size is forecast to increase by USD 2.67 billion at a CAGR of 4.6% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing pediatric population and the ongoing trend of mergers and acquisitions in the healthcare industry. The expanding pediatric population necessitates a larger demand for vaccines, particularly mono vaccines, which protect against single diseases. Tuberculosis screening programs rely on these tests to identify individuals with tuberculosis sensitivity. Artificial intelligence and advanced diagnostics are increasingly utilized to enhance the accuracy of diagnoses, enabling more effective interventions. Furthermore, the consolidation of players in the healthcare sector through mergers and acquisitions is creating opportunities for vaccine manufacturers to expand their reach and increase market share. However, the development, storage, and handling of vaccines pose challenges for market participants.
Ensuring the stability and efficacy of vaccines throughout their supply chain is crucial to prevent wastage and maintain public trust. The complexities of vaccine production and distribution require robust logistical capabilities and stringent regulatory compliance. Companies must navigate these challenges to effectively capitalize on market opportunities and meet the evolving needs of their customer base. One major concern is ensuring the human vaccines maintain their potency and stability, which requires an airtight seal and proper preservation.

What will be the Size of the Mono Vaccine Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
Request Free Sample

Mono vaccines play a crucial role in preventing infectious diseases, particularly in high-risk populations such as those in rapid vaccination campaigns for tuberculosis and hepatitis B. Tuberculosis screening programs and hepatitis B vaccination initiatives are gaining momentum, driven by the need to mitigate the spread of these diseases in correctional institutions, long-term-care facilities, and residential facilities. MRNA technology and viral vector platforms are revolutionizing vaccine development, enabling the creation of target-conferred vaccines for various diseases, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, false negative results in diagnostic test procedures, such as the Mantoux method or chest X-rays, can pose challenges in clinical use.
Specific pathogens, like Hodgkin's lymphoma, require intradermal tests for accurate diagnosis. Old tuberculin tests, which were once the standard, have been largely replaced by more sensitive methods. Intravenous drug users and adults with gastric carcinomas or children with endemic Burkitt's lymphoma are among those who benefit from these advancements. Mono vaccines are essential in addressing infectious diseases, especially in adult and children applications in nursing homes/facilities and mental institutions. Tuberculin sensitivity and infectious diseases like tuberculosis and hepatitis B continue to pose significant health concerns, necessitating ongoing research and innovation in the market.

How is this Mono Vaccine Industry segmented?

The mono vaccine industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Meningococcal vaccine
  Japanese encephalitis vaccine
  Hepatitis vaccine
  Yellow fever vaccine
  Others


Application

  Adults
  Children


End-user

  Hospitals
  Specialty clinics
  Research institutions
  Pharmaceutical companies


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    Spain
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The meningococcal vaccine segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market is driven by the increasing prevalence of various infectious diseases, such as meningococcal meningitis, tuberculosis, and Epstein-Barr virus. Meningococcal meningitis, a bacterial disease that causes meningitis and can be transmitted through respiratory secretions or direct contact with an infected person, is a significant contributor to the market's growth. Asymptomatic carriers can also spread the infection. The largest and fastest-growing segment of the market is the meningococcal vaccine, which is in high demand due to the severe consequences of the disease, including a fatality rate of over 50% and potential complications. In clinical settings, mono vaccines are used for various indications, including tuberculosis screening programs for high-risk po

COVID-19 DNA Vaccine Market Outlook

The global COVID-19 DNA vaccine market size is projected to witness robust growth, with an estimated value of $1.2 billion in 2023 and forecasted to expand to $6.7 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21.2%. The primary growth factors driving this market include the urgent need for effective vaccines to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, advancements in biotechnology, and increasing investments in vaccine research and development.

One of the significant growth factors for the COVID-19 DNA vaccine market is the unprecedented global demand for vaccines created by the COVID-19 pandemic. The necessity for rapid vaccine development and deployment has accelerated research and regulatory processes, allowing for quicker market entry. Governments and private sectors have invested heavily in vaccine development initiatives, further propelling market growth. Additionally, the global vaccination campaigns have highlighted the need for efficient and scalable vaccine production technologies, driving the adoption of DNA vaccine platforms.

Technological advancements in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering have also significantly contributed to the growth of the COVID-19 DNA vaccine market. DNA vaccines offer several advantages over traditional vaccines, including stability at room temperature, ease of production, and the ability to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. These attributes make DNA vaccines particularly suitable for rapid pandemic response. Furthermore, the ongoing research and development efforts are likely to yield more effective and versatile DNA vaccine candidates, thereby expanding the market potential.

The increasing collaboration between pharmaceutical companies, research institutes, and governments is another critical factor driving the market growth. Public-private partnerships have been instrumental in accelerating the vaccine development process. These collaborations have facilitated resource pooling, shared expertise, and streamlined regulatory approvals. Moreover, the global nature of the pandemic has fostered a sense of urgency and unity among stakeholders, leading to expedited clinical trials and mass production of vaccines. This collaborative approach is expected to continue, fostering sustained market growth.

Regionally, the market outlook is highly optimistic, with North America and Europe expected to dominate the market share due to their established healthcare infrastructure, strong funding for research and development, and early adoption of advanced technologies. The Asia Pacific region is also poised for significant growth, driven by increasing investments in healthcare, rising awareness, and a large population base. Governments in countries like China and India are actively promoting vaccine research and development, contributing to regional market expansion.

Vaccine Type Analysis

The COVID-19 DNA vaccine market is segmented by vaccine type into Plasmid DNA Vaccines and Viral Vector DNA Vaccines. Plasmid DNA vaccines hold a significant share of the market thanks to their simplicity and effectiveness. Plasmid DNA vaccines consist of small, circular DNA molecules that carry the genetic instructions for the antigen. Upon administration, these plasmids enter the host cells, leading to the production of the antigen and stimulating an immune response. The ease of production and stability of plasmids at room temperature are key advantages driving the adoption of this type.

Viral Vector DNA Vaccines use a modified virus as a vector to deliver the DNA encoding the antigen. These vaccines are known for their high efficiency in gene delivery and strong immune responses. Viral vector vaccines have been extensively researched and have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical trials. The ability to induce robust cellular and humoral immunity makes them a valuable tool in combating COVID-19. The segment is expected to grow significantly as more viral vector-based candidates receive regulatory approvals and enter the market.

The research and development efforts in both types of DNA vaccines are highly dynamic, with numerous clinical trials underway. Plasmid DNA vaccines are particularly appealing due to their relatively straightforward manufacturing process, which can be quickly scaled up in response to pandemic needs. This scalability is crucial for meeting the urgent global demand for COVID-19 vaccines. Viral vector DNA vaccines, despite being more complex to produce, offer the advantage of potent and rapid immune resp

Encephalitis Vaccination Market Outlook

The encephalitis vaccination market size was valued at approximately USD 2.1 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 3.8 billion by 2032, reflecting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.4% during the forecast period. The market growth is driven by a combination of factors including heightened awareness of encephalitis, increasing incidence of the disease, and advancements in vaccine technology.

One of the key growth drivers for the encephalitis vaccination market is the rising prevalence of encephalitis in various parts of the world. Encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain often caused by viral infections, poses significant health risks, particularly in densely populated regions. As awareness of the disease grows, so does the demand for effective vaccination programs. Governments and healthcare organizations are increasingly investing in vaccination campaigns to mitigate the spread of the disease, thereby driving market growth.

Technological advancements in vaccine development also play a crucial role in market expansion. Innovations such as recombinant DNA technology and vector-based vaccines are making it possible to develop more effective and safer vaccines. These advancements not only enhance the efficacy of vaccinations but also reduce the time and cost involved in vaccine production. Consequently, these technological improvements are expected to fuel the market's growth over the forecast period.

Another significant factor contributing to the market's growth is the increasing support from government bodies and international organizations. Programs initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are facilitating mass immunization drives, particularly in underdeveloped and developing countries. These initiatives are aimed at reducing the incidence of encephalitis through widespread vaccination, thereby providing a substantial boost to the market.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific holds a dominant position in the encephalitis vaccination market. The region's high population density, coupled with the prevalence of encephalitis in countries like India and China, makes it a significant market for vaccination programs. Furthermore, increasing government initiatives and healthcare expenditure in these countries are expected to further drive market growth in the region.

Vaccine Type Analysis

The vaccine type segment of the encephalitis vaccination market includes inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, and recombinant vaccines. Each of these types has its own set of advantages and challenges, contributing to their market dynamics. Inactivated vaccines, which contain killed pathogens, are often preferred for their safety profile. They are less likely to cause adverse reactions, making them suitable for a broader range of individuals, including those with compromised immune systems. As a result, inactivated vaccines hold a significant share of the market.

Live attenuated vaccines, on the other hand, contain weakened forms of the pathogen. These vaccines tend to provide longer-lasting immunity with fewer doses compared to inactivated vaccines. However, they are not suitable for everyone, particularly individuals with weakened immune systems or certain medical conditions. Despite these limitations, live attenuated vaccines are highly effective and are expected to see steady growth over the forecast period.

Recombinant vaccines represent a newer class of vaccines that use DNA technology to produce antigens that trigger an immune response. These vaccines offer the advantages of being highly specific and potentially safer, as they do not use live pathogens. The technological advancements in this segment are likely to drive significant growth, especially as more recombinant vaccines receive regulatory approval and become available in the market.

In terms of market share, inactivated vaccines currently dominate the market due to their established efficacy and safety profiles. However, the recombinant vaccines segment is expected to witness the fastest growth, driven by ongoing research and development efforts aimed at improving vaccine efficacy and safety. The increasing prevalence of encephalitis and the growing need for effective vaccination options are likely to fuel demand across all vaccine types, contributing to overall market growth.

Report Scope

VPM1002 (Tuberculosis BCG Based Vaccine) Market Outlook

The global VPM1002 (Tuberculosis BCG Based Vaccine) market size was valued at approximately USD 0.8 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 2.1 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 11.5% during the forecast period. This market growth is majorly driven by the rising prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide, coupled with ongoing advancements in vaccine development and increasing investments in healthcare infrastructure.

The primary growth factor for the VPM1002 market is the alarming increase in TB cases globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), TB remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, with millions of new cases reported annually. This has necessitated the urgent development and deployment of effective vaccines like VPM1002. In addition, the limitations of the existing BCG vaccine in providing comprehensive immunity against TB have prompted the need for more advanced and effective alternatives, further boosting the demand for VPM1002.

Another significant growth factor is the robust pipeline of TB vaccine research and the increasing focus on innovative vaccine technologies. VPM1002, a genetically modified BCG vaccine, has shown promising results in preclinical and clinical trials, demonstrating improved efficacy and safety profiles. The accelerated pace of research and development (R&D) activities, coupled with favorable regulatory pathways, is expected to drive the market growth substantially over the forecast period.

The increasing government and non-governmental initiatives aimed at eradicating TB are also fueling market growth. Various organizations, including the WHO, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and others, are actively funding TB research and vaccine development programs. These initiatives are not only providing financial support but also facilitating collaborations between public and private entities, thereby expediting the development and distribution of VPM1002 vaccines globally.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe are expected to dominate the VPM1002 market due to their well-established healthcare infrastructure and significant investments in R&D. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the highest growth rate, driven by the high TB burden, increasing healthcare expenditure, and growing awareness about TB prevention and vaccination. Moreover, countries like India and China, with their large population base and high TB incidence, are likely to be key contributors to the market growth.

Product Type Analysis

In the VPM1002 market, product type segmentation is critical as it addresses the specific characteristics and advantages of different vaccine types. The primary segments include live attenuated vaccines and recombinant vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines use a weakened form of the bacterium that causes TB, which can still replicate to a limited extent and elicit a strong immune response. These vaccines have been traditionally used due to their ability to induce long-lasting immunity. However, concerns over safety and the risk of causing disease in immunocompromised individuals have led to the development of recombinant vaccines.

Recombinant vaccines, on the other hand, are designed to provide enhanced safety and efficacy. They are created using genetic engineering techniques to produce antigens that can stimulate the immune system without the risks associated with live bacteria. This innovative approach has gained significant traction in recent years, driven by advancements in biotechnology and a better understanding of TB pathogenesis. Recombinant vaccines like VPM1002 are particularly promising, as they combine the benefits of both traditional and modern vaccine technologies, offering a more robust and safer immunization option.

The live attenuated vaccine segment currently holds a substantial share of the market, owing to its historical use and established efficacy. However, the recombinant vaccine segment is expected to grow at a faster rate during the forecast period. This growth can be attributed to the increasing acceptance of genetic engineering in vaccine development, coupled with ongoing R&D efforts aimed at improving the effectiveness and safety profiles of recombinant vaccines. The shift towards recombinant vaccines is also supported by regulatory agencies that are encouraging the adoption of newer, more advanced vaccine technologies.

Moreover, the growing prevalen

Introduction

The Global Pneumococcal Vaccines Market is expected to reach approximately USD 15.8 billion by 2034, growing from USD 8.6 billion in 2024. This growth reflects a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.3% during the forecast period. The market is witnessing steady expansion due to evolving public health policies, increasing immunization coverage in low-income countries, and recent technological advancements in vaccine formulation.

One of the major growth drivers is the revision of immunization guidelines. In October 2024, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) updated its recommendations to include pneumococcal vaccination for all adults aged 50 and above. Previously, this age group was not universally covered unless they had certain risk factors. The updated policy aims to enhance prevention in populations with higher disease incidence and is expected to significantly increase vaccination rates across this demographic. Similar guideline updates are expected globally, reinforcing market growth.

Demand from low-income and middle-income countries is another key factor. Countries like India, China, and Indonesia have integrated pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) into their national immunization programs. This rollout is projected to contribute over 60 million additional doses globally in the coming years. Programs such as Gavi’s Advance Market Commitment (AMC), which has allocated USD 1.5 billion to subsidize vaccine procurement, are making vaccines affordable and encouraging wider adoption in underserved regions.

Technological innovations in vaccine development are also shaping market dynamics. New vaccines are being designed to offer broader protection against multiple serotypes. In 2024, Merck received U.S. FDA approval for Capvaxive, a vaccine targeting 21 strains of pneumococcal bacteria, specifically for adults aged 18 and older. Likewise, Vaxcyte is developing VAX-31, which has shown promising early results by eliciting strong immune responses against 31 serotypes in adults over 50. These innovations are expected to improve disease prevention and expand the addressable patient population.

In conclusion, the growth of the pneumococcal vaccines market is being driven by policy expansions, increasing demand in lower-income countries, and significant vaccine innovation. With strong support from global health organizations and continued technological progress, the sector is poised to play a crucial role in reducing the burden of pneumococcal diseases worldwide. These growth factors are expected to sustain the market’s upward trajectory through 2034.