Comparison of educational level and residents’ happiness data between Han and minority nationalities.

Based on the data of China General Social Survey (CGSS), this study adopts empirical analysis method to explore the impact of education on residents’ subjective well-being and its differentiated mechanism in different ethnic groups. The results show that, first of all, education significantly improves residents’ subjective well-being, and the conclusion is still robust after controlling for endogenous problems. Secondly, compared with Han nationality, education has a more significant effect on the subjective well-being of ethnic minority residents. Finally, by comparing the internal mechanism of education on the subjective well-being of Han and ethnic minority residents, the research finds that education mainly improves subjective well-being by improving residents’ relative income level and enhancing their social class identification, in which the intermediary effect of income is particularly prominent. However, in the Han population, education may weaken the sense of fairness, and thus reduce happiness to some extent; This phenomenon has not been verified in ethnic minority groups. This study not only expands the literature on the relationship between education and subjective well-being, but also has important policy implications, providing a strong empirical basis for formulating more accurate education policies, improving the happiness of ethnic minority residents, and enhancing national cohesion.

In 1980, the National Institute of Justice awarded a grant to the Cornell University College of Human Ecology for the establishment of the Center for the Study of Race, Crime, and Social Policy in Oakland, California. This center mounted a long-term research project that sought to explain the wide variation in crime statistics by race and ethnicity. Using information from eight ethnic communities in Oakland, California, representing working- and middle-class Black, White, Chinese, and Hispanic groups, as well as additional data from Oakland's justice systems and local organizations, the center conducted empirical research to describe the criminalization process and to explore the relationship between race and crime. The differences in observed patterns and levels of crime were analyzed in terms of: (1) the abilities of local ethnic communities to contribute to, resist, neutralize, or otherwise affect the criminalization of its members, (2) the impacts of criminal justice policies on ethnic communities and their members, and (3) the cumulative impacts of criminal justice agency decisions on the processing of individuals in the system. Administrative records data were gathered from two sources, the Alameda County Criminal Oriented Records Production System (CORPUS) (Part 1) and the Oakland District Attorney Legal Information System (DALITE) (Part 2). In addition to collecting administrative data, the researchers also surveyed residents (Part 3), police officers (Part 4), and public defenders and district attorneys (Part 5). The eight study areas included a middle- and low-income pair of census tracts for each of the four racial/ethnic groups: white, Black, Hispanic, and Asian. Part 1, Criminal Oriented Records Production System (CORPUS) Data, contains information on offenders' most serious felony and misdemeanor arrests, dispositions, offense codes, bail arrangements, fines, jail terms, and pleas for both current and prior arrests in Alameda County. Demographic variables include age, sex, race, and marital status. Variables in Part 2, District Attorney Legal Information System (DALITE) Data, include current and prior charges, days from offense to charge, disposition, and arrest, plea agreement conditions, final results from both municipal court and superior court, sentence outcomes, date and outcome of arraignment, disposition, and sentence, number and type of enhancements, numbers of convictions, mistrials, acquittals, insanity pleas, and dismissals, and factors that determined the prison term. For Part 3, Oakland Community Crime Survey Data, researchers interviewed 1,930 Oakland residents from eight communities. Information was gathered from community residents on the quality of schools, shopping, and transportation in their neighborhoods, the neighborhood's racial composition, neighborhood problems, such as noise, abandoned buildings, and drugs, level of crime in the neighborhood, chances of being victimized, how respondents would describe certain types of criminals in terms of age, race, education, and work history, community involvement, crime prevention measures, the performance of the police, judges, and attorneys, victimization experiences, and fear of certain types of crimes. Demographic variables include age, sex, race, and family status. For Part 4, Oakland Police Department Survey Data, Oakland County police officers were asked about why they joined the police force, how they perceived their role, aspects of a good and a bad police officer, why they believed crime was down, and how they would describe certain beats in terms of drug availability, crime rates, socioeconomic status, number of juveniles, potential for violence, residential versus commercial, and degree of danger. Officers were also asked about problems particular neighborhoods were experiencing, strategies for reducing crime, difficulties in doing police work well, and work conditions. Demographic variables include age, sex, race, marital status, level of education, and years on the force. In Part 5, Public Defender/District Attorney Survey Data, public defenders and district attorneys were queried regarding which offenses were increasing most rapidly in Oakland, and they were asked to rank certain offenses in terms of seriousness. Respondents were also asked about the public's influence on criminal justice agencies and on the performance of cert

In 2025, **** percent of the Malaysian population were classified as Bumiputera, **** percent were classified as ethnic Chinese, and *** percent as ethnic Indians. Those who do not fall under these three main ethnic groups are classified as ‘Other.’ Malaysia is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society with three main ethnicities and language groups. Who are Malaysia’s Bumiputera? Bumiputera, meaning sons of the soil, is a term used to categorize the Malays, as well as the indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia, also known as "orang asli", and the indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawak. As 2024, the Bumiputera share of the population in Sabah was ** percent, while that in Sarawak was **** percent. Thus, the incorporation of the states of Sabah and Sarawak during the formation of Malaysia ensured that the ethnic Malays were able to maintain a majority share of the Malaysian population. Bumiputera privileges and ethnic-based politics The rights and privileges of the Malays and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak are enshrined in Article 153 of Malaysia’s constitution. This translated, in practice, to a policy of affirmative action to improve the economic situation of this particular group, through the New Economic Policy introduced in 1971. 50 years on, it is questionable whether the policy has achieved its aim. Bumiputeras still lag behind the other ethnic two major groups in terms of monthly household income. However, re-thinking this policy will certainly be met by opposition from those who have benefitted from it.

Eduhigh, economy and residents’ subjective well-being.

Eduhigh, fairness and residents’ subjective well-being.

Descriptive statistics of main research variables.

Mediating effect test results under the Bootstrap method.

Poverty in multi-ethnic regions has always been a concern due to its complex factors and persistent nature. Using a sample of 8,482 ethnic majority-headed households and 2,011 ethnic minority-headed households distributed in 200 villages of Wangqing County, China, this study uses hierarchical linear models to examine the factors of income at the household level, the ethnic disparities of the household-level effect, and the contextual effect on household-level outcomes. The findings suggest that, in comparison to the majority group, there exists a smaller income gap between male-headed and female-headed poor households within the minority group. Moreover, the positive impact of participating in off-farm work and receiving welfare payments on the income of poor households is significantly stronger within the minority group. These results not only highlight ethnic disparities in household-level effects but also underscore potential influences of ethnicity on the income dynamics of poor households. The contextual effect demonstrates that modifying the environment of poor households can either enhance or diminish some of the impacts resulting from factors at the household level, thereby facilitating the formulation of more effective targeting strategies at different levels. This study provides an important reference for understanding the ethnic differences of poor households and the mechanism of their income from a multilevel perspective.

BackgroundStudies have reported that the age at natural menopause may vary between different ethnic groups. Chinese Han and Tibetan women exhibit substantial differences in their living environment, dietary habits, and lifestyle; however, few studies have specifically investigated the potential differences in their age at natural menopause. This study was designed to identify the discrepancy in the age at natural menopause between postmenopausal women of Chinese Han and Tibetan ethnicities.MethodsA cross-section study has been conducted on 5,562 Han and 1,049 Tibetan postmenopausal women who were recruited by the China Multi-ethnic Cohort study from May 2018 to September 2019. The participants have resided in Chengdu City and Aba Prefecture, respectively, with ethnicity set as the primary exposure variable. Linear and multinomial logistic regression model was used to assess the association of the age at natural menopause with influencing factors and odds ratios for the association between premature ovarian failure, early and late menopause with the ethnicity, and influencing factors.ResultsThe mean age at natural menopause of Han women was 0.74 year earlier than Tibetan women (P = 0.003). The Han women also showed a lower likelihood for experiencing late menopause with an adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) of 0.54 (0.34, 0.88) compared with the Tibetan women. Factors associated with later menopause have included older age at survey, ever married, high school and above educational level, annual household income of ≥200,000 RMB, no smoking, habit of eating spicy food, no history of severe food shortage, more gravidity, less parity, use of intrauterine device, and no history of using oral contraceptives.ConclusionsThe age at natural menopause of Chinese Han women was earlier than that of Chinese Tibetan women. Demographic, lifestyle, dietary habits, and reproductive factors may influence the age at natural menopause.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a growing public health issue which has caused global concern. Previous evidence has identified several genes significantly associated with alcohol-related traits. However, it remains unclear whether these associations are robust across different ethnic groups and whether they may be moderated by some specific social factors. The current study aimed to investigate the associations between candidate SNPs and AUD and to examine whether the associations could be moderated by socioeconomic status and social environment among a cohort of young Chinese males. A cross-sectional survey using convenient sampling was conducted in 2017 in four communities of Guangzhou, China. The current cohort consists of 320 male drinkers aged 18–31 years. Logistic regression was employed to explore the influence of candidate SNPs on AUD. And then, moderation regression model was constructed to investigate the potential moderation effects of multiple social factors measured by attitudes towards alcohol (ATA), personal income level, work-related stress, peer drinking behaviors, and childhood traumas. Of the ten candidate SNPs incorporated in the current study, four (ALDH2 rs671, COMT rs165774, OPRK1 rs6473797, and GABRA2 rs279858) were significantly associated with AUD. Moderation analyses revealed that the protective effect of the minor allele of ALDH2 rs671 was moderated by ATA; the effect of COMT rs165774 was moderated by personal income level; and childhood trauma moderated the association between OPRK1 rs6473797 and AUD. Additionally, COMT rs165774 moderated the relationship between work-related stress and AUD risk. This study closely aligned with previous research conducted in Chinese populations and highlighted the importance of considering both genetic and environmental factors in AUD research.

Results of the multivariate random effects regression model.

BackgroundCancer has become the leading cause of mortality in Singapore and among other Asian populations worldwide. Despite the presence of National Cancer Screening programmes in Singapore, less than half of the population has had timely screening according to guidelines. The underlying factors of poor cancer screening rates and health outcomes among Asian ethnic groups remain poorly understood. We therefore examined cancer screening participation rates and screening behavior in a multi-ethnic Singapore population.MethodsWe collected data from 7,125 respondents of the 2015–2016 Singapore Community Health Study. Factors associated with cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer screening were evaluated using modified Poisson regression. Adjusted prevalence ratios were computed with 95% confidence intervals after adjusting for confounders.ResultsThe mean age of the respondents was 57.7 ± 10.9 years; 58.9% were female and were predominately Chinese (73.0%), followed by Malay (14.2%), and Indian (10.9%). Less than half of the respondents in the recommended age groups had undergone cancer screening (cervical, 43%; breast, 35.1%; colorectal, 27.3%). Malay respondents were significantly less likely to screen as recommended for cervical (aPR = 0.75, CI = 0.65–0.86, p < 0.001), breast (aPR = 0.83, CI = 0.68–0.99, p = 0.045), and colorectal cancer (aPR = 0.55, CI = 0.44–0.68, p < 0.001), as compared to Chinese respondents. Respondents who had obtained lower secondary level education were 42% more likely to screen for cervical cancer (aPR = 1.42, CI = 1.23–1.64, p < 0.001), and 22% more likely to screen for breast cancer (aPR = 1.22, CI = 1.02–1.46, p = 0.032), compared to those with primary level education and below. Respondents with a household income ≥S$10,000/month were 71% more likely to screen for breast cancer (aPR = 1.71, CI = 1.37–2.13, p < 0.001), as compared with