Completion of a survey of dermatoglyphic variables for all ethnic groups in an ethnically diverse country like China is a huge research project, and an achievement that anthropological and dermatoglyphic scholars in the country could once only dream of. However, through the endeavors of scientists in China over the last 30 years, the dream has become reality. This paper reports the results of a comprehensive analysis of dermatoglyphics from all ethnic groups in China. Using cluster analysis and principal component analysis of dermatoglyphics, it has been found that Chinese populations can be generally divided into a southern group and a northern group. Furthermore, there has been considerable debate about the origins of many Chinese populations and about proper assignment of these peoples to larger ethnic groups. In this paper, we suggest that dermatoglyphic data can inform these debates by helping to classify a Chinese population as a northern or southern group, using selected reference populations and quantitative methods. This study is the first to assemble and investigate dermatoglyphics from all 56 Chinese ethnic groups. It is fortunate that data on population dermatoglyphics, a field of physical anthropology, have now been collected for all 56 Chinese ethnic groups, because intermarriage between individuals from different Chinese ethnic groups occurs more frequently in recent times, making population dermatoglyphic research an ever more challenging field of inquiry.

This statistic shows the number of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) members from 2013 to 2023, by ethnic group. In December 2023, approximately **** million CCP members had belonged to an ethnic minority in China.

These datasets contain supporting data for "Essays on Chinese Ethnicity and Attitudes towards China: Insights from Thailand."These datasets are divided into three groups.Interview records and verbatim transcriptsField notesSurvey dataThe first group was obtained from in-person interviews I conducted in Bangkok, Thailand, from July to August 2024. The total number of interviews is 46, comprising 37 ethnic Chinese Thais and nine non-ethnic Chinese Thais. On average, each interview lasts 25 minutes. The verbatim transcripts, formatted as document files, contain the exact words of the interviews, with personal identifiers of both the interviewer and interviewee filtered out.The second group was also obtained during the interviews. In addition to audio recording, I jotted down some notes I learnt from the interviewee. All notes, except for two, were created digitally by typing on the Qualtrics platform and later downloaded as a readable dataset. The remaining two notes were created digitally by typing on Microsoft Word and saved as PDF files. The third group was obtained online and was further divided into two dub groups. The first sub-group, i.e., the pilot batch, was collected in March 2025 and comprises 110 responses. Each response contains demographic information, attitudes towards foreign countries, and reactions to a foreign country's public diplomacy efforts. The second sub-group, i.e., the full batch, was collected in April 2025 and comprises 1118 responses. Each response contains the same information as that of the pilot batch mentioned above. Please refer to HKU_DataSet_README.txt for further details.

Pairwise genetic distance among Chinese ethnic groups.

BackgroundConsiderable research has shown that ethnic trust reflects the existence of friendly relations among all ethnic groups and ethnic individuals, and can help in resolving ethnic conflicts and contradictions, promoting exchanges among various ethnic groups, which is highly relevant to social stability.MethodsThis research, including three studies, aimed to explore the conceptual structure of ethnic trust in China, and develop and validate a measurement of the ethnic trust scale. In the first study, we used free association and in-depth interview methodology, applied cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling analysis, and grounded theory to construct the theoretical framework of Chinese people’s ethnic trust concept. In the second study, we constructed an initial inventory based on the concept dimensions of ethnic trust established in the first study. We screened items by item analysis and extracted common factors using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), thus determining a total of 48 items in the two subscales (interpersonal-oriented ethnic trust subscale and the intergroup-oriented subscale), which consisted of two dimensions including particular trust and universal trust. In the third study, we used first-and second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the scale’s construct validity.ResultsThe results indicated a good fit between the two-factor model and the data. And the ethnic trust scale showed very good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha >0.89) and test-retest reliability >0.70.DiscussionBased on our results, have formed a ethnic trust scale by keeping 48 items, which can beused to measure the levels of interpersonal-oriented and group-oriented ethnic trust within the Chinese cultural context.

According to a survey on racial and religious harmony in Singapore, 37.5 percent of Chinese respondents claimed that they somewhat agree with the statement that they liked meeting and getting to know people from other ethnic groups than their own. Singapore is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, with citizens categorized into four main ethnic groups, known as CMIO: Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Others. Those categorized under the "Others" include Eurasians, Caucasians, Arabs, and Filipinos, among others. Those from an ethnic Chinese background make up the majority of the population in Singapore.

As of June 2024, the population of Chinese Singaporeans between 30 to 34 years was approximately *******. Singapore is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society. Residents are categorized under four different ethnic groups under the CMIO rubric: Chinese, Malay, Indian and Other ethnicities.

China: Demographic pressures, 0 (low) - 10 (high): The latest value from 2024 is 6.2 index points, a decline from 6.5 index points in 2023. In comparison, the world average is 5.80 index points, based on data from 176 countries. Historically, the average for China from 2007 to 2024 is 7.26 index points. The minimum value, 5.6 index points, was reached in 2020 while the maximum of 9 index points was recorded in 2009.

Indigenous food systems can affect multiple aspects of Indigenous people's health. In China, the government declared that there are no Indigenous people in China and used the term “ethnic minority groups” instead. However, to date, no attempt has been made to investigate the nutrition status and dietary practices of all 55 ethnic minority groups. To understand this pertinent issue, a systematic review is required. The main selection criteria were publications should be about nutrition status or dietary practices among ethnic minority groups in China, specify the name of the ethnic minority group, and be published within the past 10 years. For this literature review, 111 publications were selected through Wanfang Med Online for Chinese publications and Google Scholar for English publications. Linear regressions were applied to explore what factors can affect the total number of publications for an ethnic minority group. The main findings include that only 15 ethnic minority groups have dietary intake data representing the general people of the ethnic group; only seven ethnic minority groups have data for both nutrition status (anthropometric and nutrients intake/deficiency) and dietary practices (dietary intake and dietary habits); there are still 10 ethnic minority groups with a total number of population 845,420 that lack studies on both nutrition status and dietary practices; ethnic minority groups are suffering from double-burden malnutrition and consuming unbalanced diets; primary and middle school students are the most prevalent study population than any other age group due to easy access; and an ethnic minority group is likely to have more publications about nutrition status and dietary practices if they have a larger population or are unique to a region. The results indicate that more national-level programs and timely nutrition and dietary reports should be implemented to address double-burden malnutrition and unbalanced diets among ethnic minority groups in China. More studies involving maternal nutrition, targeting underrepresented ethnic minority groups and age groups, and exploring traditional food systems in China are also essential to better understand and address this issue.

Table showing ethnic group statistics by aggregated groupings.

Categories covered:

• White - includes White British, Irish, Gypsy or Irish Traveller, and Other
• Black - includes Black African, Caribbean, and Other
• Asian - includes Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese and Other
• Mixed/Other - includes White and Black Caribbean, White and Asian, White and Black African, Other Mixed, Arab and any Other ethnicity not covered above.

Figures may not add exactly due to rounding. Numbers rounded to the nearest thousand.

Data is from the Annual Population Survey.

The 2006 Census estimated 5.1 million individuals who belonged to a visible minority. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour’. The visible minority population has grown steadily over the last 25 years. In 1981, when data for the four Employment Equity designated groups were first derived, the estimated 1.1 million visible minorities represented 4.7% of Canada's total population. In 1991, 2.5 million people were members of the visible minority population, 9.4% of the total population. The visible minority population further increased to 3.2 million in 1996, or 11.2% of the total population. By 2001, their numbers had reached an estimated 3.9 million or 13.4% of the total population. In 2006, the visible minorities accounted for 16.2% of Canada’s total population. This map shows the percentage of visible minorities (chinese population) by census subdivisions.

According to a survey on racial and religious harmony in Singapore, 70.7 percent of Malay respondents said that they knew of someone from the Chinese community with whom they could speak with to clarify issues regarding practices from said community. Singapore is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, with citizens categorized into four main ethnic groups, known as CMIO: Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Others. Those categorized under the "Others" include Eurasians, Caucasians, Arabs, and Filipinos, among others. Those from an ethnic Chinese background make up the majority of the population in Singapore.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Components of DBI-16.

Table showing ethnic group statistics by aggregated groupings. Categories covered: White - includes White British, Irish, Gypsy or Irish Traveller, and Other Black - includes Black African, Caribbean, and Other Asian - includes Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese and Other Mixed/Other - includes White and Black Caribbean, White and Asian, White and Black African, Other Mixed, Arab and any Other ethnicity not covered above. Figures may not add exactly due to rounding. Numbers rounded to the nearest thousand. Data is from the Annual Population Survey.

The analysis of polymorphic variations in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genomic region on the short-arm of chromosome 6 is a scientific enquiry to better understand the diversity in population structure and the effects of evolutionary processes such as recombination, mutation, genetic drift, demographic history, and natural selection. In order to investigate associations between the polymorphisms of HLA-DRB1 gene and recent Alu insertions (POALINs) in the HLA class II region, we genotyped HLA-DRB1 and five Alu loci (AluDPB2, AluDQA2, AluDQA1, AluDRB1, AluORF10), and determined their allele frequencies and haplotypic associations in 12 minority ethnic populations in China. There were 42 different HLA-DRB1 alleles for ethnic Chinese ranging from 12 alleles in the Jinuo to 28 in the Yugur with only DRB1∗08:03, DRB1∗09:01, DRB1∗12:02, DRB1∗14:01, DRB1∗15:01, and DRB1∗15:02 present in all ethnic groups. The POALINs varied in frequency between 0.279 and 0.514 for AluDPB2, 0 and 0.127 for AluDQA2, 0.777 and 0.995 for AluDQA1, 0.1 and 0.455 for AluDRB1 and 0.084 and 0.368 for AluORF10. By comparing the data of the five-loci POALIN in 13 Chinese ethnic populations (including Han-Yunnan published data) against Japanese and Caucasian published data, marked differences were observed between the populations at the allelic or haplotypic levels. Five POALIN loci were in significant linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DRB1 in different populations and AluDQA1 had the highest percentage association with most of the HLA-DRB1 alleles, whereas the nearby AluDRB1 indel was strongly haplotypic for only DRB1∗01, DRB1∗10, DRB1∗15 and DRB1∗16. There were 30 five-locus POALIN haplotypes inferred in all populations with H5 (no Alu insertions except for AluDQA1) and H21 (only AluDPB2 and AluDQA1 insertions) as the two predominant haplotypes. Neighbor joining trees and principal component analyses of the Alu and HLA-DRB1 polymorphisms showed that genetic diversity of these genomic markers is associated strongly with the population characteristics of language family, migration and sociality. This comparative study of HLA-DRB1 alleles and multilocus, lineage POALIN frequencies of Chinese ethnic populations confirmed that POALINs whether investigated alone or together with the HLA class II alleles are informative genetic and evolutionary markers for the identification of allele and haplotype lineages and genetic variations within the same and/or different populations.

Data showing the percentage of NHS staff from Asian, Black, Chinese, Mixed, White and Other ethnic groups.

Data is broken down by ethnicity, type of role, and grade.

This data is taken from NHS workforce statistics and is published on 'Ethnicity facts and figures'.

According to a survey on racial and religious harmony, 40.6 percent of Malay respondents stated that they felt that Singaporean Malays would have to work harder than other ethnic groups to have a decent life in Singapore.

Singapore is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, with citizens categorized into four main ethnic groups, known as CMIO: Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Others. Those categorized under the "Others" include Eurasians, Caucasians, Arabs, and Filipinos, among others. Those from an ethnic Chinese background make up the majority of the population in Singapore.

We examined the importance of parental culture maintenance behaviour, bilingualism, ethnic identity, and national identity for the well-being of adolescents in multicultural Indonesia. We tested a mediation model in which the link between (perceived) parental culture maintenance behaviour and well-being is mediated through speaking Bahasa at home and national identity on the one hand and speaking the ethnic language at home and ethnic identity on the other hand. Participants were 448 adolescents (261 females) from four Indonesian ethnic groups (Chinese from Java, Chinese from North Sumatra, Batak, and Javanese), aged between 12 and 19 years (Mage = 15.92 years). We found support that parental culture maintenance was positively related to both ethnic and national identity, was correlated to the usage of ethnic language at home, but not correlated to usage of Bahasa Indonesia at home, language usage was not associated with identity; there was no link between parental culture maintenance behaviour and usage of languages at home with well-being, but both national and ethnic identity were positively associated with children’s well-being across groups. We conclude that parental culture maintenance, ethnic identity, and national identity are important for the well-being of adolescents, whereas speaking the language is independent from well-being and ethnic identity.

In 2020, about six percent of Ping An Insurance's workforce were from ethnic minorities. China has 56 ethnic groups and depending on the region, ethnic minorities can make up up to 90 percent of the local population.

As of June 2024, there were around 3.09 million ethnic Chinese residents in Singapore. Singapore is a multi-ethnic society, with residents categorized into four main racial groups: Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Others. Each resident is assigned a racial category that follows the paternal side. This categorization would have an impact on both official as well as private matters. Modelling a peaceful, multi-ethnic society The racial categorization used in Singapore stemmed from its colonial past and continues to shape its social policies, from public housing quotas along the ethnic composition in the country to education policies pertaining second language, or ‘mother tongue’, instruction. Despite the emphasis on ethnicity and race, Singapore has managed to maintain a peaceful co-existence among its diverse population. Most Singaporeans across ethnic levels view the level of racial and religious harmony there to be moderately high. The level of acceptance and comfort with having people of other ethnicities in their social lives was also relatively high across the different ethnic groups. Are Singaporeans ready to move away from the CMIO model of ethnic classification? In recent times, however, there has been more open discussion on racism and the relevance of the CMIO (Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others) ethnic model for Singaporean society. The global discourse on racism has brought to attention the latent discrimination felt by the minority ethnic groups in Singapore, such as in the workplace. In 2010, Singapore introduced the option of having a ‘double-barreled’ race classification, reflecting the increasingly diverse and complicated ethnic background of its population. More than a decade later, there have been calls to do away from such racial classifications altogether. However, with social identity and policy deeply entrenched along these lines, it would be a challenge to move beyond race in Singapore.