The graph shows national debt in China related to gross domestic product until 2024, with forecasts to 2030. In 2024, gross national debt ranged at around 88 percent of the national gross domestic product. The debt-to-GDP ratio In economics, the ratio between a country's government debt and its gross domestic product (GDP) is generally defined as the debt-to-GDP ratio. It is a useful indicator for investors to measure a country's ability to fulfill future payments on its debts. A low debt-to-GDP ratio also suggests that an economy produces and sells a sufficient amount of goods and services to pay back those debts. Among the important industrial and emerging countries, Japan displayed one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios. In 2024, the estimated national debt of Japan amounted to about 250 percent of its GDP, up from around 180 percent in 2004. One reason behind Japan's high debt load lies in its low annual GDP growth rate. Development in China China's national debt related to GDP grew slowly but steadily from around 23 percent in 2000 to 34 percent in 2012, only disrupted by the global financial crisis in 2008. In recent years, China increased credit financing to spur economic growth, resulting in higher levels of debt. China's real estate crisis and a difficult global economic environment require further stimulating measures by the government and will predictably lead to even higher debt growth in the years ahead.

When COVID-19 first emerged in China, there was speculation that the outbreak would trigger public anger and weaken the Chinese regime. By analyzing millions of social media posts from Sina Weibo made between December 2019 and February 2020, we describe the content and sentiment of public, online discussions pertaining to COVID-19 in China. We find that discussions of COVID-19 became widespread on January 20, 2020, consisting primarily of personal reflections, opinion, updates, and appeals. We find that the largest bursts of discussion, which contain simultaneous spikes of criticism and support targeting the Chinese government, coincide with the January 23 lockdown of Wuhan and the February 7 death of Dr. Li Wenliang. Criticisms are directed at the government for perceived lack of action, incompetence, and wrongdoing---in particular, censoring information relevant to public welfare. Support is directed at the government for aggressive action and positive outcomes. As the crisis unfolds, the same events are interpreted differently by different people, with those who criticize focusing on the government's shortcomings and those who praise focusing on the government's actions.

In 2018, in China's asset-backed securitization (ABS) market, residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) had the highest penetration rate at 2.27 percent, which was much lower than that in the United States. After the global financial crisis in 2008, the Chinese government relaunched the RMBS program four years later. Featured as a low-risk investment option, RMBS then became hugely popular among Chinese homebuyers and investors.

This dataset includes the replication dataset and code (do file for stata) for a forthcoming article in Foreign Policy Analysis, titled "The Crisis of COVID-19 and the Political Economy of China’s Vaccine Diplomacy"

This article identifies the root of the government debt crisis focusing on the role of hydropower in form of the provision of the new short term credit of china. Outlining the options as well as policy recommendations for Laos on the reform of the energy sector.

Top 5 policy subjects with highest NrmDegree centrality (%).

In 2024, China’s monetary authority, the People’s Bank of China, issued more than 13 trillion yuan which was the highest amount issued in one year so far. Over the past years, the value of printed money increased steadily. The issuing of currency was one function of a central bank. Maintaining price stability One of the main policy objectives of the People’s Bank of China was to maintain price stability. Typically, countries set the desired inflation target and the central bank implements the necessary policies to achieve the said target. Usually, China keeps its inflation target at around three percent, but in 2021, the inflation rate dropped to under one percent. If the inflation rate is too low, central banks can issue more currency and decrease the interest rate. In the opposite scenario, if the inflation rate is too high central banks try to reduce the amount of money in circulation by increasing the interest rate or decreasing bond prices. Managing the economy In capitalist market economies, economies usually undergo a boom and bust cycle. Central banks attempt to counteract this cyclical development to soften the impact for its citizens. For instance, the Chinese government aims to maintain an unemployment rate of around four percent. However, crises such as the 2008 financial crisis and the outbreak of COVID-19 have an unforseen impact on the economy. To lower the employment rate, the People’s Bank engaged specific monetary policies to stimulate the economy with the aim of increasing job creation.

In 2024, China’s level of total investment reached around 40.4 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). This value is expected to remain stable in 2025 and increase slightly in the following years. Final consumption accounted for 55.7 percent in 2023. International comparison of total investments The GDP of a country can be calculated by the expenditure approach, which sums up final consumption (private and public), total investment, and net exports. The ratio of consumption to investment may vary greatly between different countries.Matured economies normally consume a larger share of their economic output. In the U.S. and many European countries, total investment ranges roughly at only 20 to 25 percent of the GDP. In comparison, some emerging economies reached levels of 30 to 40 percent of investment during times of rapid economic development. Level of total investment in China China is among the countries that spend the highest share of their GDP on investments. Between 1980 and 2000, 30 to 40 percent of its economic output were invested, roughly on par with South Korea or Japan. While the latter’s investment spending ratio decreased in later years, China’s even grew, especially after the global financial crisis, peaking at staggering 47 percent of GDP in 2011.However, returns on those investments declined year by year, indicated by lower GDP growth rates. This resulted in a quickly growing debt burden, which reached nearly 285 percent of the GDP in 2023, up from only 135 percent in 2008. The Chinese government defined the goal to shift to consumption driven growth, but the transformation takes longer than expected.

As a response to the damage caused by the spread of COVID-19, the Chinese government has implemented severe quarantine measures that have greatly affected the operational patterns of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This paper explores the critical role of dynamic capabilities (DCs) in helping Chinese SMEs manage crises, adjust their business strategies, and mitigate the uncertainty caused by the epidemic. Although the importance of DCs in promoting organizational resilience is well recognized, academic research on their specific contributions to business model innovation (BMI) and SME performance improvement during crises remains scarce. Our study fills this gap by pioneering the development and empirical testing of a microintegrated mediation model linking DCs, BMI and organizational performance. By surveying 257 Chinese SMEs severely affected by a pandemic, we verify our hypotheses using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Our results strongly show a positive relationship between DCs and BMI and SME performance. In addition, we found that BMI plays a partial mediating role in the interrelationship between DCs and SME performance. Our findings clarify the critical role of BMI as a channel through which SMEs’ DCs can be transformed into higher performance in the face of sudden crises. Thus, our results not only contribute to the broader discussion of strategic management and organizational theory but also provide theoretical and practical insights into the mechanisms by which SMEs can increase their flexibility and resilience in a crisis. Thus, our results not only contribute to the broader discussion of strategic management and organizational theory but also provide theoretical and practical insights into the mechanisms by which SMEs can increase their flexibility and resilience in a crisis. Importantly, this study suggests policy and market strategies that can support SMEs in leveraging DCs and BMI for sustained performance, thereby contributing valuable insights for policymakers and business leaders aiming to fortify economic stability and growth in the face of global health emergencies.

Part of the policy targets/instruments extraction process.

In 2023, the construction industry accounted for about 6.8 percent of China's gross domestic product (GDP), representing a slight increase of 0.1 percent from the previous year.

A vital industry for the economy Since the 1998 housing reform, China's real estate industry has expanded dramatically and has become one of the country's pillar industries. Similarly, China's infrastructure construction has also boomed since the early 2000s. To mitigate the impact of the 2008 global financial crisis and maintain the country's economic output, the Chinese government launched a four trillion yuan stimulus plan and invested substantial resources in infrastructure development across the country, such as high-speed railway and highway projects. These developments have all made the construction industry one of the most important segments of the Chinese economy.

An important employer nationwide The construction industry also plays a key role in China's labor market, with more than 50 million people employed in the sector in 2023. It is also one of the top sectors for China's migrant workers, with more than 15 percent working in construction in 2023. However, due to the challenging working environment, more and more young migrant workers are choosing to work in other professions, such as couriers and food delivery. With China's real estate sector facing significant headwinds, infrastructure construction stagnating, and local governments now under substantial fiscal pressure, the future of China's construction industry is becoming increasingly uncertain.

Crisis motivates people to track news closely, and this increased engagement can expose individuals to politically sensitive information unrelated to the initial crisis. We use the case of the COVID-19 outbreak in China to examine how crisis affects information seeking in countries that normally exert significant control over access to media. The crisis spurred censorship circumvention and access to international news and political content on websites blocked in China. Once individuals circumvented censorship, they not only received more information about the crisis itself but also accessed unrelated information that the regime has long censored. Using comparisons to democratic and other authoritarian countries also affected by early outbreaks, the findings suggest that people blocked from accessing information most of the time might disproportionately and collectively access that long-hidden information during a crisis. Evaluations resulting from this access, negative or positive for a government, might draw on both current events and censored history.

Background: In response to the potentially concurrent mental health crisis due to the COVID-19 outbreak, there have been ongoing mental health policies put in place in China. This review aims to systematically synthesize the implemented national-level mental health policies released by the Chinese government during the COVID-19 outbreak, and summarize the implementation of those mental health policies.Methods: Six databases and two websites were systematically searched, including published studies and gray literature published between December 1, 2019 and October 29, 2020.Results: A total of 40 studies were included. Among them, 19 were national-level policies on mental health released by the Chinese government, and 21 studies reported data on the implementation of those mental health policies. Mental health policies were issued for COVID-19 patients, suspected cases, medical staff, the general population, patients with mental illness, and mental institutions. In the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, attention was paid to psychological crisis intervention. In the later stage of the epidemic, the government focused mainly on psychological rehabilitation. During the COVID-19 outbreak, more than 500 psychiatrists from all over China were sent to Wuhan, about 625 hotlines were notified in 31 provinces, several online psychological consultation platforms were established, social software such as TikTok, Weibo, and WeChat were used for psychological education, and many books on mental health were published. Responding quickly, maximizing the use of resources, and emphasizing the importance of policy evaluation and implementation quality were characteristics of the mental health policies developed during the COVID-19 outbreak. Challenges facing China include a low rate of mental health service utilization, a lack of evaluation data on policy effects, and no existing national-level emergency response system and designated workforce to provide psychological crisis interventions during a national emergency or disaster.Conclusions: This review suggests that China has responded quickly and comprehensively to a possible mental health crisis during the COVID-19 outbreak, appropriate mental health policies were released for different members of the population. As the epidemic situation continues to change, the focus of mental health policies has been adjusted accordingly. However, we should note that there has been a lack of separate policies for specific mental health issues during the COVID-19 outbreak.

This thesis develops a conceptual framework that outlines how critical variations in information properties defined in qualitative terms—interactive complexity and descriptive complexity—actively shape individual behaviors and organizational structures. It empirically tests the proposed framework through a series of analyses of policy crisis intelligence in China, examining how government agencies gather and process information during latent periods, when threats loom but have not yet erupted. The study employs causal process tracing (CPT) to analyze China’s policy intelligence management through official documents and field interviews with 10 governmental officials in mainland China. This dataset includes the informed consent letter and interview summary involved in this study.

The China Rice Industry size was valued at USD 6.9 Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 7.1 Million by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 2.70 % during the forecast periods. Key factors driving this growth include the benefits of hybrid seeds, government initiatives, rising food security concerns, and technological advancements. Hybrid seeds offer higher yields, resistance to pests and diseases, and improved nutritional content. The Chinese government has also implemented initiatives to promote rice production, such as subsidies and technical assistance. Rising food security concerns have led to increased demand for rice, while technological advancements have improved production efficiency. Major players in the hybrid rice seed market include Yuan Longping Hi-Tech Agriculture, Hangzhou Wufeng Hi-Tech Seeds, and Beijing Dabeinong Technology Group. Recent developments include: March 2022: Prices of rice exported from Vietnam rose as trade routes to China reopened, with some traders betting on additional demand from buyers looking for alternate sources due to the Russia-Ukraine crisis., January 2020: A trade agreement was signed by China and the United States, where China agreed to establish a 5,320,000 metric ton tariff-rate quota for rice. This gives the US rice farmers access to the Chinese market, and it is predicted that in the future, US rice exports to China will total USD 300 million annually.. Key drivers for this market are: Rising Consumption of Cashew Nuts in the Country, Favorable Government Initiatives. Potential restraints include: Hazardous Climatic Condition Hinders Cashew Production, Stringent Regulations Related to Food Quality Standards. Notable trends are: Various Measures are adopted to enhance the Rice Production.

Flight bookings during the Chinese New Year holiday season from China were severely affected by the coronavirus COVID-19 crisis and the following travel restrictions. As of January 19, outbound travel bookings from China (excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan) to worldwide regions increased by 7.3 percent from the same equivalent period in last year. One week later, this figure declined by 13.8 percent after the Chinese government imposed a ban on outbound tour groups. The bookings to the Americas, with a market share of seven percent, dropped by 22.5 percent during the same period.

Over the five years through 2024, revenue for the Securities Investment industry in China has been increasing at a CAGR of 11.6%. This includes expected industry revenue increase of 6.2% in the current year. Due to uncertainty brought about by the COVID-19, the international political geopolitical crisis and the fluctuation of the international financial market, the industry experienced significant fluctuations over the last five years.The strong growth of 33.1% and 49.7% in 2020 and 2021 was due to the surging initial public offering (IPO) activities in China and the strong performance of securities investments. In 2022 and 2023, due to the decline of major stock indices in China, industry revenue decreased by 11.9% and 7.1%.The Securities Investment industry in China has experienced dramatic developments since the establishment of China's securities market. Due to the intrinsically volatile nature and early stage of China's securities markets, the industry has been subject to high volatility. The industry competition is very fierce. In the next five years, the number of enterprises will increase at a CAGR of 0.2% while the number of establishments increase at a CAGR of 1.0%.Industry revenue is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 8.5% over the five years through 2029. Institutional investors, including securities investment funds, securities companies and qualified foreign institutional investors will make up greater shares of the market, with government policies encouraging the healthy and stable development of the country's securities markets. The industry will be more active as the comprehensive implementation of the registration system reform and influx of new listed companies into the securities market.

Subjective priority of traceable information preferred by consumers in the case of pork.

International flight bookings during the Chinese New Year holiday season to China were severely affected by the coronavirus COVID-19 crisis and the following travel restrictions. As of January 19, inbound travel bookings in China increased by 4.5 percent from the same equivalent period in last year. One week later, this figure declined by 7.2 percent after the Chinese government imposed travel restrictions. The bookings from the Americas, accounting for 14 percent of market share, fell from 0.4 percent to minus 13.4 percent during the same period.

Attributes & explanation.