As of May 2025, China had the largest armed forces in the world by active duty military personnel, with about *********** active soldiers. India, the United States, North Korea, and Russia rounded out the top five largest armies. Difference between active and reserve personnel Active personnel, also known as active duty in the United States and active service in the United Kingdom, are those individuals whose full-time occupation is being part of a military force. Active duty contrasts with a military’s reserve force, which are individuals who have both a military role and a civilian career. The number of active duty forces in the U.S. is much larger than its reserve membership. What is the strongest army? The strength of a country’s armed forces is not only determined by how many personnel they maintain, but also the number and quality of their military equipment. For example, looking only at personnel does not factor in the overwhelmingly higher number of nuclear warheads owned by Russia and the United States compared to other countries. One way to answer this question is to look at the total amount of money each country spends on their military, as spending includes both personnel and technology. In terms of countries with the highest military spending, the United States leads the world with an annual budget almost ***** times larger than second-placed China.

In 2023, China's military, the People's Liberation Army (PLA), had around ***** million active-duty military personnel. Together with reserve military and paramilitary groups it had a total force of around ***** million people.

As of 2025, China had an estimated active military personnel of more than ***********, followed by India with an estimated number of **** million soldiers. Comparatively, Bhutan had an estimated military personnel strength of *** thousand as of 2025.

In 2023, China's total expenditure on military services was estimated at 207.9 U.S. dollars per capita of the population. This was equivalent to a total spending on the military of 296.4 billion U.S. dollars. Total military spending was estimated to be significantly higher than the official national defense budget.

The People S Liberation Army Of China Export Import Data. Follow the Eximpedia platform for HS code, importer-exporter records, and customs shipment details.

Abstract (en): The China Multi-Generational Panel Dataset - Liaoning (CMGPD-LN) is drawn from the population registers compiled by the Imperial Household Agency (neiwufu) in Shengjing, currently the northeast Chinese province of Liaoning, between 1749 and 1909. It provides 1.5 million triennial observations of more than 260,000 residents from 698 communities. The population mainly consists of immigrants from North China who settled in rural Liaoning during the early eighteenth century, and their descendants. The data provide socioeconomic, demographic, and other characteristics for individuals, households, and communities, and record demographic outcomes such as marriage, fertility, and mortality. The data also record specific disabilities for a subset of adult males. Additionally, the collection includes monthly and annual grain price data, custom records for the city of Yingkou, as well as information regarding natural disasters, such as floods, droughts, and earthquakes. This dataset is unique among publicly available population databases because of its time span, volume, detail, and completeness of recording, and because it provides longitudinal data not just on individuals, but on their households, descent groups, and communities. Possible applications of the dataset include the study of relationships between demographic behavior, family organization, and socioeconomic status across the life course and across generations, the influence of region and community on demographic outcomes, and development and assessment of quantitative methods for the analysis of complex longitudinal datasets. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Created variable labels and/or value labels.; Standardized missing values.; Created online analysis version with question text.; Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. Smallest Geographic Unit: Chinese banners (8) The data are from 725 surviving triennial registers from 29 distinct populations. Each of the 29 register series corresponded to a specific rural population concentrated in a small number of neighboring villages. These populations were affiliated with the Eight Banner civil and military administration that the Qing state used to govern northeast China as well as some other parts of the country. 16 of the 29 populations are regular bannermen. In these populations adult males had generous allocations of land from the state, and in return paid an annual fixed tax to the Imperial Household Agency, and provided to the Imperial Household Agency such home products as homespun fabric and preserved meat, and/or such forest products as mushrooms. In addition, as regular bannermen they were liable for military service as artisans and soldiers which, while in theory an obligation, was actually an important source of personal revenue and therefore a political privilege. 8 of the 29 populations are special duty banner populations. As in the regular banner population, the adult males in the special duty banner populations also enjoyed state allocated land free of rent. These adult males were also assigned to provide special services, including collecting honey, raising bees, fishing, picking cotton, and tanning and dyeing. The remaining populations were a diverse mixture of estate banner and servile populations. The populations covered by the registers, like much of the population of rural Liaoning in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, were mostly descendants of Han Chinese settlers who came from Shandong and other nearby provinces in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries in response to an effort by the Chinese state to repopulate the region. 2016-09-06 2016-09-06 The Training Guide has been updated to version 3.60. Additionally, the Principal Investigator affiliation has been corrected, and cover sheets for all PDF documents have been revised.2014-07-10 Releasing new study level documentation that contains the tables found in the appendix of the Analytic dataset codebook.2014-06-10 The data and documentation have been updated following re-evaluation.2014-01-29 Fixing variable format issues. Some variables that were supposed to be s...

Opinion on questions concerning security policy. East-West comparison.

Topics: Satisfaction with the standard of living; attitude to France, Great Britain, Italy, USA, USSR, Red China and West Germany; preferred East-West-orientation of one´s own country and correspondence of national interests with the interests of selected countries; judgement on the American, Soviet and Red Chinese peace efforts; judgement on the foreign policy of the USA and the USSR; trust in the foreign policy capabilities of the USA; the most powerful country in the world, currently and in the future; comparison of the USA with the USSR concerning economic and military strength, nuclear weapons and the areas of culture, science, space research, education as well as the economic prospects for the average citizen; significance of a landing on the moon; Soviet citizen or American as first on the moon; assumed significance of space research for military development; attitude to a united Europe and Great Britain´s joining the Common Market; preferred relation of a united Europe to the United States; fair share of the pleasant things of life; lack of effort or fate as reasons for poverty; general contentment with life; perceived growth rate of the country´s population and preference for population growth; attitude to the growth of the population of the world; preferred measures against over-population; attitude to a birth control program in the developing countries and in one´s own country; present politician idols in Europe and in the rest of the world; attitude to disarmament; trust in the alliance partners; degree of familiarity with the NATO and assessment of its present strength; attitude to a European nuclear force; desired and estimated loyalty of the Americans to the NATO alliance partners; evaluation of the development of the UN; equal voice for all members of the UN; desired distribution of the UN financial burdens; attitude to an acceptance of Red China in the United Nations; knowledge about battles in Vietnam; attitude to the Vietnam war; attitude to the behavior of America, Red China and the Soviet Union in this conflict; attitude to the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam and preferred attitude of one´s own country in this conflict and in case of a conflict with Red China; opinion on the treatment of colored people in Great Britain, America and the Soviet Union; judgement on the American Federal Government and on the American population regarding the equality of Negros; degree of familiarity with the Chinese nuclear tests; effects of this test on the military strength of Red China; attitude to American private investments in the Federal Republic; the most influential groups and organizations in the country; party preference; religiousness.

Interviewer rating: social class of respondent.

Additionally encoded were: number of contact attempts; date of interview.

Main Department Of Weapons And Military Equipment Development Of The Central Military Council Of The People S Republic Of China Export Import Data. Follow the Eximpedia platform for HS code, importer-exporter records, and customs shipment details.

In April 2024, 13.1% of people in non-officer roles in the armed forces were from ethnic minorities, compared with 7.9% in April 2012.

Demographic characteristics of Canada's military and veteran population: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with partsFrequency: OccasionalTable: 98-10-0142-01Release date: 2023-11-15Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census metropolitan area, Census agglomeration, Census metropolitan area part, Census agglomeration partUniverse: Population aged 17 and over in private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample dataVariable List: Visible minority (15), Religion (25), Generation status (4), Age (10B), Gender (3), Statistics (3), Military service status (4A)Footnotes: 1 Religion Religion refers to the person's self-identification as having a connection or affiliation with any religious denomination, group, body, or other religiously defined community or system of belief. Religion is not limited to formal membership in a religious organization or group. For infants or children, religion refers to the specific religious group or denomination in which they are being raised, if any. Persons without a religious connection or affiliation can self-identify as atheist, agnostic or humanist, or can provide another applicable response. 2 Generation status Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada. 3 Age 'Age' refers to the age of a person (or subject) of interest at last birthday (or relative to a specified, well-defined reference date). 4 Gender Gender refers to an individual's personal and social identity as a man, woman or non-binary person (a person who is not exclusively a man or a woman). Gender includes the following concepts: gender identity, which refers to the gender that a person feels internally and individually; gender expression, which refers to the way a person presents their gender, regardless of their gender identity, through body language, aesthetic choices or accessories (e.g., clothes, hairstyle and makeup), which may have traditionally been associated with a specific gender. A person's gender may differ from their sex at birth, and from what is indicated on their current identification or legal documents such as their birth certificate, passport or driver's licence. A person's gender may change over time. Some people may not identify with a specific gender. 5 Given that the non-binary population is small, data aggregation to a two-category gender variable is sometimes necessary to protect the confidentiality of responses provided. In these cases, individuals in the category “non-binary persons” are distributed into the other two gender categories and are denoted by the “+” symbol. 6 Visible minority Visible minority refers to whether a person is a visible minority or not, as defined by the Employment Equity Act. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as persons other than Aboriginal peoples who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian Chinese Black Filipino Arab Latin American Southeast Asian West Asian Korean and Japanese." 7 Military service status Military service status refers to whether or not the person is currently serving or has previously served in the Canadian military. Military service status is asked of all Canadians aged 17 and older. For the purposes of the 2021 Census, Canadian military service includes service with the Regular Force or Primary Reserve Force as an Officer or Non-Commissioned Member. It does not include service with the Cadets, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) instructors or the Canadian Rangers. 8 For more information on religion variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Religion Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021. 9 For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021. 10 Visible minority" refers to whether a person is a visible minority or not as defined by the Employment Equity Act. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons other than Aboriginal peoples who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian Chinese Black Filipino Arab Latin American Southeast Asian West Asian Korean and Japanese. In 2021 Census analytical and communications products the term "visible minority" has been replaced by the terms "racialized population" or "racialized groups" reflecting the increased use of these terms in the public sphere."11 For more information on visible minority and population group variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021. 12 For more information on the military service status variable, including data quality and comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Canadian Military Experience Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Interest in strategic culture research increased significantly after the Cold War, when a consensus emerged in security policy studies that culture could have a significant impact on the grand strategies of states and their behaviour in general. In contrast to realism, which understands state behaviour solely as a consequence of opportunities and constraints arising from the material environment, strategic culture scholars consider the influences of culture, ideas and norms that determine the motivations of states and their leaders. The research approach is based on the first generation of strategic culture presumptions and considers strategic culture as a context and a component of behaviour. Research focuses on the defence-security aspect of great power behaviour in armed conflicts and security crises where there has been no direct use of military force. The historical experience in the field of defence and security, which is evident from the study of past defence-security behaviour, is an integral part of contemporary strategic cultures of states. The study of strategic culture is limited to the USA, the Russian Federation (RF) (until 1991 Soviert Union) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC), which enjoy the international status of military superpowers. The objectives of this research are to examine the strategic cultures of the USA, RF and PRC, their official, valid defence-security documents and defence-security behaviour. Moreover, to provide an insight into the triangle of relationships that defines the relationships between strategic culture, official, valid defence-security documents and defence-security behaviour, and to determine to what extent defence-security behaviour can be explained by strategic culture or by what is written in official documents.

How many soldiers does Russia have? The Russian Armed Forces had 3.57 million troops as of 2025, with 37 percent of them, or 1.32 million, being active military personnel. Two million were reserve service members, and 250,000 were paramilitary forces. The number of people in the Russian military was increased twice after the invasion of Ukraine; the respective presidential decrees came into force in January and December 2023. Largest armies worldwide The Russian Army had the fourth-largest available active military manpower in 2025, having shared that rank with North Korea. The militaries of China, India, and the United States had more active soldiers. In terms of defense spending, Russia ranked third after the U.S. and China. Military personnel of Ukraine and NATO Russia’s active troops outnumbered Ukraine’s by 420,000 as of 2025. Furthermore, reserve and paramilitary forces of Russia were higher. When comparing Russia’s active military personnel to that of the countries in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), it was roughly 2.6 times smaller. In total, NATO members were estimated to over 3.4 million troops, including active, reserve, and paramilitary units. The U.S., Turkey, and Poland have the largest armies in NATO.

Beurteilung von Sicherheitsfragen. Ost-West-Vergleich. Themen: Zufriedenheit mit dem Lebensstandard; Einstellung zuFrankreich, Großbritannien, Italien, USA, UdSSR, Rotchina,Westdeutschland; präferierte Ost-West-Orientierung des eigenenLandes und Übereinstimmung der Landesinteressen mit denInteressen ausgewählter Länder; Beurteilung derFriedensbemühungen Amerikas, der Sowjetunion und Rotchinas;Beurteilung der Außenpolitik der USA und der UdSSR; Vertrauenin die außenpolitischen Fähigkeiten der USA; mächtigstes Landder Erde, derzeit und zukünftig; Vergleich der USA mit derUdSSR bezüglich der militärischen und wirtschaftlichen Stärke,der Atomwaffen und auf den Gebieten Kultur, Wissenschaft,Weltraumforschung, Bildung sowie der wirtschaftlichenAussichten für den Durchschnittsbürger; Bedeutung einerMondlandung; Sowjetbürger oder Amerikaner als erster auf demMond; vermutete Bedeutung der Weltraumforschung für diemilitärische Entwicklung; Einstellung zu einem vereinten Europaund zu einem Beitritt Großbritanniens zum Gemeinsamen Markt;präferierte Beziehung eines vereinten Europas zu denVereinigten Staaten; gerechter Anteil an den angenehmen Dingendes Lebens; fehlende Anstrengung oder Schicksal als Gründe fürArmut; allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit; perzipierte Zuwachsrateder Bevölkerung im Lande und Präferenz für Bevölkerungszuwachs;Einstellung zu einem Anwachsen der Weltbevölkerung; präferierteMaßnahmen zur Bekämpfung einer Überbevölkerung; Einstellung zueinem Geburtenkontrollprogramm in den Entwicklungsländern undim eigenen Lande; gegenwärtige Politikeridole in Europa und inder übrigen Welt; Einstellung zur Abrüstung; Vertrauen in dieBündnispartner; Bekanntheitsgrad der Nato und Einschätzungihrer derzeitigen Stärke; Einstellung zu einer europäischenAtomstreitmacht; gewünschte und eingeschätzte Loyalität derAmerikaner gegenüber den Nato-Bündnispartnern; Einschätzung derEntwicklung der UNO; gleiches Mitspracherecht für alleUNO-Mitglieder; gewünschte Verteilung der UNO-Finanzlasten;Einstellung zu einer Aufnahme Rotchinas in die VereintenNationen; Kenntnisse über Kämpfe in Vietnam; Einstellung zumVietnamkrieg; Einstellung zum Verhalten Amerikas, Rotchinas undder Sowjetunion in diesem Konflikt; Einstellung zum Rückzugamerikanischer Truppen aus Vietnam und präferierte Haltung deseigenen Landes in diesem Konflikt und im Falle eines Konfliktesmit Rotchina; Beurteilung der Behandlung von Farbigen inGroßbritannien, Amerika und der Sowjetunion; Beurteilung deramerikanischen Bundesregierung und der amerikanischenBevölkerung in bezug auf die Gleichberechtigung für Neger;Bekanntheitsgrad der chinesischen Atombombenversuche;Auswirkungen dieses Versuchs auf die militärische StärkeRotchinas; Einstellung zu amerikanischen Privatinvestitionen inder Bundesrepublik; einflußreichste Gruppen und Organisationenim Lande; Parteipräferenz; Religiosität. Interviewerrating: Schichtzugehörigkeit des Befragten. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Anzahl der Kontaktversuche;Interviewdatum. Opinion on questions concerning security policy. East-West comparison. Topics: Satisfaction with the standard of living; attitude to France,Great Britain, Italy, USA, USSR, Red China and West Germany; preferredEast-West-orientation of one´s own country and correspondence ofnational interests with the interests of selected countries; judgementon the American, Soviet and Red Chinese peace efforts; judgement on theforeign policy of the USA and the USSR; trust in the foreign policycapabilities of the USA; the most powerful country in the world,currently and in the future; comparison of the USA with the USSRconcerning economic and military strength, nuclear weapons and theareas of culture, science, space research, education as well as theeconomic prospects for the average citizen; significance of a landingon the moon; Soviet citizen or American as first on the moon; assumedsignificance of space research for military development; attitude to aunited Europe and Great Britain´s joining the Common Market; preferredrelation of a united Europe to the United States; fair share of thepleasant things of life; lack of effort or fate as reasons for poverty;general contentment with life; perceived growth rate of the country´spopulation and preference for population growth; attitude to the growthof the population of the world; preferred measures againstover-population; attitude to a birth control program in the developingcountries and in one´s own country; present politician idols in Europeand in the rest of the world; attitude to disarmament; trust in thealliance partners; degree of familiarity with the NATO and assessmentof its present strength; attitude to a European nuclear force; desiredand estimated loyalty of the Americans to the NATO alliance partners;evaluation of the development of the UN; equal voice for all members ofthe UN; desired distribution of the UN financial burdens; attitude toan acceptance of Red China in the United Nations; knowledge aboutbattles in Vietnam; attitude to the Vietnam war; attitude to thebehavior of America, Red China and the Soviet Union in this conflict;attitude to the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam andpreferred attitude of one´s own country in this conflict and in case ofa conflict with Red China; opinion on the treatment of colored peoplein Great Britain, America and the Soviet Union; judgement on theAmerican Federal Government and on the American population regardingthe equality of Negros; degree of familiarity with the Chinese nucleartests; effects of this test on the military strength of Red China;attitude to American private investments in the Federal Republic; themost influential groups and organizations in the country; partypreference; religiousness. Interviewer rating: social class of respondent. Additionally encoded were: number of contact attempts; date of interview.

Estimates for the total death count of the Second World War generally range somewhere between 70 and 85 million people. The Soviet Union suffered the highest number of fatalities of any single nation, with estimates mostly falling between 22 and 27 million deaths. China then suffered the second greatest, at around 20 million, although these figures are less certain and often overlap with the Chinese Civil War. Over 80 percent of all deaths were of those from Allied countries, and the majority of these were civilians. In contrast, 15 to 20 percent were among the Axis powers, and the majority of these were military deaths, as shown in the death ratios of Germany and Japan. Civilian deaths and atrocities It is believed that 60 to 67 percent of all deaths were civilian fatalities, largely resulting from war-related famine or disease, and war crimes or atrocities. Systematic genocide, extermination campaigns, and forced labor, particularly by the Germans, Japanese, and Soviets, led to the deaths of millions. In this regard, Nazi activities alone resulted in 17 million deaths, including six million Jews in what is now known as The Holocaust. Not only was the scale of the conflict larger than any that had come before, but the nature of and reasoning behind this loss make the Second World War stand out as one of the most devastating and cruelest conflicts in history. Problems with these statistics Although the war is considered by many to be the defining event of the 20th century, exact figures for death tolls have proven impossible to determine, for a variety of reasons. Countries such as the U.S. have fairly consistent estimates due to preserved military records and comparatively few civilian casualties, although figures still vary by source. For most of Europe, records are less accurate. Border fluctuations and the upheaval of the interwar period mean that pre-war records were already poor or non-existent for many regions. The rapid and chaotic nature of the war then meant that deaths could not be accurately recorded at the time, and mass displacement or forced relocation resulted in the deaths of many civilians outside of their homeland, which makes country-specific figures more difficult to find. Early estimates of the war’s fatalities were also taken at face value and formed the basis of many historical works; these were often very inaccurate, but the validity of the source means that the figures continue to be cited today, despite contrary evidence.

In comparison to Europe, estimate ranges are often greater across Asia, where populations were larger but pre-war data was in short supply. Many of the Asian countries with high death tolls were European colonies, and the actions of authorities in the metropoles, such as the diversion of resources from Asia to Europe, led to millions of deaths through famine and disease. Additionally, over one million African soldiers were drafted into Europe’s armies during the war, yet individual statistics are unavailable for most of these colonies or successor states (notably Algeria and Libya). Thousands of Asian and African military deaths went unrecorded or are included with European or Japanese figures, and there are no reliable figures for deaths of millions from countries across North Africa or East Asia. Additionally, many concentration camp records were destroyed, and such records in Africa and Asia were even sparser than in Europe. While the Second World War is one of the most studied academic topics of the past century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a clear number for the lives lost in the conflict.

According to a survey conducted in September and October 2021, around ** percent of Australian residents with a Chinese ancestry said that China's military activities in the region had a positive influence on their view of China. In contrast, only **** percent of representative respondents from the total Australian population indicated that China's military activities had a positive effect on their view of the country.

As a share of gross domestic product (GDP), Ukraine spent more on its military than any other country in 2024, reaching 35 percent of the country's GDP. The high figure is due to the country being invaded by Russia in February 2022. Israel, that is fighting Hamas in the Gaza war, and Algeria followed behind.Leading military spending countriesIn gross terms, the countries with the highest military spending are the United States, China, and Russia. However, these are countries with large populations and GDPs, and smaller countries usually cannot compete alone, regardless of how much they invest. For this reason, they form alliances such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). NATO countries aim to pool two percent of their GDP towards their own militaries and to aid each other in case of war. Regional differencesThe past decade has seen an increase in global military spending. This has not been distributed evenly. That period saw large positive changes in military spending from several Asian countries, including a large increase from China. While this does not reflect the number of active conflicts, it reflects growing tensions in global affairs.

In 1800, it is estimated that approximately 9.4 million people lived in the region of modern-day South Korea (and 13.8 million on the entire peninsula). The population of this region would remain fairly constant through much of the 19th century, but would begin to grow gradually starting in the mid-1800s, as the fall of the Joseon dynasty and pressure from the U.S. and Japan would end centuries of Korean isolationism. Following the opening of the country to foreign trade, the Korean peninsula would begin to modernize, and by the start of the 20th century, it would have a population of just over ten million. The Korean peninsula was then annexed by Japan in 1910, whose regime implemented industrialization and modernization policies that saw the population of South Korea rising from just under ten million in 1900, to over fifteen million by the start of the Second World War in 1939.

The Korean War Like most regions, the end of the Second World War coincided with a baby boom, that helped see South Korea's population grow by almost two million between 1945 and 1950. However, this boom would stop suddenly in the early 1950s, due to disruption caused by the Korean War. After WWII, the peninsula was split along the 38th parallel, with governments on both sides claiming to be the legitimate rulers of all Korea. Five years of tensions then culminated in North Korea's invasion of the South in June 1950, in the first major conflict of the Cold War. In September, the UN-backed South then repelled the Soviet- and Chinese-backed Northern army, and the frontlines would then fluctuate on either side of the 38th parallel throughout the next three years. The war came to an end in July, 1953, and had an estimated death toll of three million fatalities. The majority of fatalities were civilians on both sides, although the North suffered a disproportionate amount due to extensive bombing campaigns of the U.S. Unlike North Korea, the South's total population did not fall during the war.

Post-war South Korea Between the war's end and the late 1980s, the South's total population more than doubled. In these decades, South Korea was generally viewed as a nominal democracy under authoritarian and military leadership; it was not until 1988 when South Korea transitioned into a stable democracy, and grew its international presence. Much of South Korea's rapid socio-economic growth in the late 20th century was based on the West German model, and was greatly assisted by Japanese and U.S. investment. Today, South Korea is considered one of the world's wealthiest and most developed nations, ranking highly in terms of GDP, human development and life expectancy; it is home to some of the most valuable brands in the world, such as Samsung and Hyundai; and has a growing international cultural presence in music and cinema. In the past decades, South Korea's population growth has somewhat slowed, however it remains one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with total population of more than 51 million people.

In 1800, the population of Japan was just over 30 million, a figure which would grow by just two million in the first half of the 19th century. However, with the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the emperor in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan would begin transforming from an isolated feudal island, to a modernized empire built on Western models. The Meiji period would see a rapid rise in the population of Japan, as industrialization and advancements in healthcare lead to a significant reduction in child mortality rates, while the creation overseas colonies would lead to a strong economic boom. However, this growth would slow beginning in 1937, as Japan entered a prolonged war with the Republic of China, which later grew into a major theater of the Second World War. The war was eventually brought to Japan's home front, with the escalation of Allied air raids on Japanese urban centers from 1944 onwards (Tokyo was the most-bombed city of the Second World War). By the war's end in 1945 and the subsequent occupation of the island by the Allied military, Japan had suffered over two and a half million military fatalities, and over one million civilian deaths.

The population figures of Japan were quick to recover, as the post-war “economic miracle” would see an unprecedented expansion of the Japanese economy, and would lead to the country becoming one of the first fully industrialized nations in East Asia. As living standards rose, the population of Japan would increase from 77 million in 1945, to over 127 million by the end of the century. However, growth would begin to slow in the late 1980s, as birth rates and migration rates fell, and Japan eventually grew to have one of the oldest populations in the world. The population would peak in 2008 at just over 128 million, but has consistently fallen each year since then, as the fertility rate of the country remains below replacement level (despite government initiatives to counter this) and the country's immigrant population remains relatively stable. The population of Japan is expected to continue its decline in the coming years, and in 2020, it is estimated that approximately 126 million people inhabit the island country.

Throughout the Common Era, Japan's population saw relatively steady growth between each century. Failed invasions and distance from Asia's mainland meant that Japan was unaffected by many pandemics, primarily bubonic plague, therefore its development was not drastically impeded in the same way as areas such as China or Europe. Additionally, religious practices meant that hygiene was prioritized much more in Japan than in other regions, and dietary customs saw lower rates of meat consumption and regular boiling of water in meals or tea; both of these factors contributed to lower rates of infection for many parasitic or water-borne diseases. Fewer international conflicts and domestic stability also saw lower mortality in this regard, and Japan was an considered an outlier by Asian standards, as some shifting trends associated with the demographic transition (such as lower child mortality and fertility) began taking place in the 17th century; much earlier time than anywhere else in the world. Yet the most significant changes came in the 20th century, as Japan's advanced healthcare and sanitation systems saw drastic reductions in mortality. Challenges Japan's isolation meant that, when pandemics did arrive, the population had less protection and viruses could have higher mortality rates; smallpox has been cited as the deadliest of these pandemics, although increased international contact in the late 19th century brought new viruses, and population growth slowed. Earlier isolation also meant that crop failure or food shortages could leave large sections of the population vulnerable, and, as mentioned, the Japanese diet contained relatively little meat, therefore there was a higher reliance on crops and vegetables. It is believed that the shortage of arable land and the acidity of the soil due to volcanic activity meant that agriculture was more challenging in Japan than on the Asian mainland. For most of history, paddy fields were the most efficient source of food production in Japan, but the challenging nature of this form of agriculture and changes in employment trends gradually led to an increased reliance in imported crops. Post-Sakoku Japan Distance from the Asian mainland was not the only reason for Japan's isolation; from 1603 to 1853, under the Tokugawa shogunate, international trade was restricted, migration abroad was forbidden, and most foreign interaction was centered around Nagasaki. American neo-imperialism then forced Japan to open trade with the west, and Japan became an imperial power by the early-1900s. Japanese expansion began with a series of military victories against China and Russia at the turn of the century, and the annexation of Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria by the 1930s, before things escalated further during its invasion of China and the Second World War. Despite its involvement in so many wars, the majority of conflicts involving Japan were overseas, therefore civilian casualties were much lower than those suffered by other Asian countries during this time. After Japan's defeat in 1945, its imperial ambitions were abandoned, it developed strong economic ties with the West, and had the fastest economic growth of any industrial country in the post-WWII period. Today, Japan is one of the most demographically advanced countries in the world, with the highest life expectancy in most years. However, its population has been in a steady decline for over a decade, and low fertility and an over-aged society are considered some of the biggest challenges to Japanese society today.

The Korean War began on June 25, 1950, and ended on July 27, 1953, with an armistice. The “War of June 25” started with an invasion by North Korea and claimed around *** million military casualties, including ******* fatalities. This does not even consider the millions of civilians killed or forced to flee from their homes. Throughout the war, North Korea gained control of almost all of South Korea before South Korean and United Nations forces pushed north to regain control. Nearly all regions and people were affected at some point, with massive destruction everywhere. The unfinished warThe Korean War was the largest international war following the Second World War and one of the few conflicts during the Cold War. The United Nations forces, largely composed of American troops, fought alongside South Korea, while Chinese and Soviet troops supported North Korea. The Korean War unofficially ended with an armistice. This was to be followed by a formal treaty to end the war, but this never happened. Officially, North and South Korea are still at war today. Divided familiesThe Korean War resulted in millions of dead, missing, abducted, and refugee civilians. Over a million North Koreans fled south of the border. The war tore many families apart. Following the inter-Korean summit in 2000, the two governments arranged for family reunions in North Korea. North Korea would not permit the people to leave, so the family members in the south went to meet them. Between 2000 and 2023, more than ** reunions have been held in North Korea. Most of the family members in South Korea are now in their 80s to 90s. Although there is substantial agreement on the need to continue these reunions before the separate families age and pass away, this has not always been possible due to tensions between the two Koreas.