Among countries with the highest number of overseas Chinese on each continent, the largest Chinese diaspora community is living in Indonesia, numbering more than ten million people. Most of these people are descendants from migrants born in China, who have moved to Indonesia a long time ago. On the contrary, a large part of overseas Chinese living in Canada and Australia have arrived in these countries only during the last two decades. China as an emigration country Many Chinese people have emigrated from their home country in search of better living conditions and educational chances. The increasing number of Chinese emigrants has benefited from loosened migration policies. On the one hand, the attitude of the Chinese government towards emigration has changed significantly. Overseas Chinese are considered to be strong supporters for the overall strength of Chinese culture and international influence. On the other hand, migration policies in the United States and Canada are changing with time, expanding migration opportunities for non-European immigrants. As a result, China has become one of the world’s largest emigration countries as well as the country with the highest outflows of high net worth individuals. However, the mass emigration is causing a severe loss of homegrown talents and assets. The problem of talent and wealth outflow has raised pressing questions to the Chinese government, and a solution to this issue is yet to be determined. Popular destinations among Chinese emigrants Over the last decades, English speaking developed countries have been popular destinations for Chinese emigrants. In 2022 alone, the number of people from China naturalized as U.S. citizens had amounted to over 27,000 people, while nearly 68,000 had obtained legal permanent resident status as “green card” recipients. Among other popular immigration destinations for Chinese riches are Canada, Australia, Europe, and Singapore.

As of June 2025, there were around 3.11 million ethnic Chinese residents in Singapore. Singapore is a multi-ethnic society, with residents categorized into four main racial groups: Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Others. Each resident is assigned a racial category that follows the paternal side. This categorization would have an impact on both official as well as private matters. Modelling a peaceful, multi-ethnic society The racial categorization used in Singapore stemmed from its colonial past and continues to shape its social policies, from public housing quotas along the ethnic composition in the country to education policies pertaining second language, or ‘mother tongue’, instruction. Despite the emphasis on ethnicity and race, Singapore has managed to maintain a peaceful co-existence among its diverse population. Most Singaporeans across ethnic levels view the level of racial and religious harmony there to be moderately high. The level of acceptance and comfort with having people of other ethnicities in their social lives was also relatively high across the different ethnic groups. Are Singaporeans ready to move away from the CMIO model of ethnic classification? In recent times, however, there has been more open discussion on racism and the relevance of the CMIO (Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others) ethnic model for Singaporean society. The global discourse on racism has brought to attention the latent discrimination felt by the minority ethnic groups in Singapore, such as in the workplace. In 2010, Singapore introduced the option of having a ‘double-barreled’ race classification, reflecting the increasingly diverse and complicated ethnic background of its population. More than a decade later, there have been calls to do away from such racial classifications altogether. However, with social identity and policy deeply entrenched along these lines, it would be a challenge to move beyond race in Singapore.

As of 2025, the population of Indian Singaporeans between the ages of 40 to 44 years stood at approximately ******. Singapore is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society. Residents are categorized under four different ethnic groups under the CMIO rubric: Chinese, Malay, Indian and Other ethnicities.

Dataset from Singapore Department of Statistics. For more information, visit https://data.gov.sg/datasets/d_fb8ce4a963b3045ce9f97bafee289c0b/view

Singapore Population: Mid Year: Residents: Chinese data was reported at 2,969.281 Person th in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,948.252 Person th for 2017. Singapore Population: Mid Year: Residents: Chinese data is updated yearly, averaging 2,059.130 Person th from Jun 1960 (Median) to 2018, with 59 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,969.281 Person th in 2018 and a record low of 1,251.600 Person th in 1960. Singapore Population: Mid Year: Residents: Chinese data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Department of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Singapore – Table SG.G001: Population: Mid Year.

Inspiration

Inspired by another Kaggle user who did a similar project with Indian emigrants (https://www.kaggle.com/rajacsp/indian-migration-history)

Content

Data sourced from World Bank database at https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/global-bilateral-migration-database. In addition to selecting the decades from 1960-2000, I added a "Total" column and a least squares regression rate column. The original CSV (SG_IMMIGRANTS.csv) is a bit messy and contains a lot of blanks because ... well Singapore is a small country.

For the two limited "melted" versions, I used pandas pd.melt() to restructure the different decades into a new column "Year" with it's corresponding "Total". Only a select few countries with substantial number of total immigrants are included (Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, India, Malaysia, Vietnam, United Kingdom). Here, the ratio refers to either the ratio of gender to decade's total or the ratio of that decade's total to the country's all-time cumulative total . e.g. Male 1960 CHN Ratio =0.510563203 means males made up 51% of the total Chinese immigrants to SG in 1960 e.g. Total 1960 MYS Ratio = 0.081202409 means 1960 contributed only 8% of the total Malaysian immigrants to SG

Hope this is clear, leave a comment if anything needs clarification!

Thoughts/to-do:

Future version with global database csv, SG emigrants csv For select top origin/destination countries, show a positive-negative bar plot, coloured according to immigration/emigration multiple

As of June 2024, the population of Chinese Singaporeans between 30 to 34 years was approximately 236,040. Singapore is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society. Residents are categorized under four different ethnic groups under the CMIO rubric: Chinese, Malay, Indian and Other ethnicities.

In 2020, Malaysians made up the largest share of Asian immigrants in Singapore, with around 1.13 million people. In that year, close to 43 percent of the Singapore population were immigrants. This includes both the non-resident population as well as permanent residents, students, and work pass holders.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an atopic disease which affects about 600 million people worldwide and results from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. However genetic association studies on known candidate genes yielded variable results. The aim of this study is to identify the genetic variants that influence predisposition towards allergic rhinitis in an ethnic Chinese population in Singapore using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach. A total of 4461 ethnic Chinese volunteers were recruited in Singapore and classified according to their allergic disease status. The GWAS included a discovery stage comparing 515 atopic cases (including 456 AR cases) and 486 non-allergic non-rhinitis (NANR) controls. The top SNPs were then validated in a replication cohort consisting of a separate 2323 atopic cases (including 676 AR cases) and 511 NANR controls. Two SNPs showed consistent association in both discovery and replication phases; MRPL4 SNP rs8111930 on 19q13.2 (OR = 0.69, Pcombined = 4.46×10−05) and BCAP SNP rs505010 on chromosome 10q24.1 (OR = 0.64, Pcombined = 1.10×10−04). In addition, we also replicated multiple associations within known candidates regions such as HLA-DQ and NPSR1 locus in the discovery phase. Our study suggests that MRPL4 and BCAP, key components of the HIF-1α and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways respectively, are two novel candidate genes for atopy and allergic rhinitis. Further study on these molecules and their signaling pathways would help in understanding of the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and identification of targets for new therapeutic intervention.

Figures and forecasts are as of ADB's Asian Development Outlook (ADO) 2023, released in September 2023.

Note: The newly industrialized economies are Hong Kong, China, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taipei,China.

According to a survey on racial and religious harmony, **** percent of Chinese respondents agreed that they did not experience any form of racial tension in their daily lives. By comparison, this figure was at **** percent for Indian respondents.

Singapore is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, with citizens categorized into four main ethnic groups, known as CMIO: Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Others. Those categorized under the "Others" include Eurasians, Caucasians, Arabs, and Filipinos, among others. Those from an ethnic Chinese background make up the majority of the population in Singapore.

Singapore Exports to China was US$70.68 Billion during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Singapore Exports to China - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on December of 2025.

The Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort Phase 2 (MEC2) is an extension of MEC1 that expands the cohort by recruiting new participants, again from Chinese, Indian, and Malay ethnic groups and aged 21 years and older during recruitment. Participants were recruited from household visitations at government housing estates (where > 80% of Singaporeans reside) in different parts of Singapore. Since recruitment, data has been collected at 2 different timepoints: baseline, 2013 to 2016 (MEC2_T1); and first follow-up, 2016 to 2021 (MEC2_T2).

According to a survey on racial and religious harmony in Singapore, **** percent of respondents stated that they were comfortable with having a local-born Chinese as a next-door neighbor in Singapore. Singapore is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, with citizens categorized into **** main ethnic groups, known as CMIO: Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Others. Those categorized under the "Others" include Eurasians, Caucasians, Arabs, and Filipinos, among others. Those from an ethnic Chinese background make up the majority of the population in Singapore.

Baseline characteristic of individuals by smoking status in Singapore Chinese Health Study.

BackgroundHRQoL is an important outcome to guide and promote healthcare. Clinical and socioeconomic factors may influence HRQoL according to ethnicity.MethodologyA multiethnic cross-sectional national cohort (N = 7198) of the Singapore general population consisting of Chinese (N = 4873), Malay (N = 1167) and Indian (N = 1158) adults were evaluated using measures of HRQoL (SF-36 version 2), family functioning, health behaviours and clinical/laboratory assessments. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify determinants of physical and mental HRQoL in the overall population and their potential differential effects by ethnicity. No a priori hypotheses were formulated so all interaction effects were explored.Principal FindingsHRQoL levels differed between ethnic groups. Chinese respondents had higher physical HRQoL (PCS) than Indian and Malay participants (p

The interview data were collected by Dr Zinian Zhang from his fieldwork conducted in Hangzhou, the capital city of the Zhejiang Province, the People's Republic of China in May 2017. The interviews focused on the question of how the Chinese court conducts equal distribution in commercial judgment enforcements to deliver fairness between competing creditors. In total, there were sixteen law practitioners, including four judges and twelve lawyers, interviewed. Among twelve lawyers, nine once represented judgment creditors seeking equal distribution, and three represented clients who have to share. The data reveal that fair distribution is not as often used as thought, and that fair distribution is unable to fill the gap left by a corporate bankruptcy system.

This application demonstrates that the quality of legal institutions can matter for economic development and that important policy lessons can be learned by China from the UK in this regard. This application recognises that China has been a remarkable economic success story but the country also faces new challenges as its economy enters a more mature phase. In particular, it needs to avoid the 'middle income trap' i.e. where a country has costs that are now too high to compete with low-income countries but where productivity does not match those in high-income countries. There are economies in Asia including Singapore and Hong Kong SAR that have emerged successfully from middle income status. Both these economies are built on UK law and are renowned for the quality of their legal infrastructure in supporting development of the financial system. The application suggests how China might also benefit from the UK experience in building its legal infrastructure. But the application recognises China's singular journey and avoids simplistic conclusions that certain consequences will inevitably follow form certain formal changes. It recognises the need for a continuous process of adaptation and development; learning appropriately from experience and responding sensitively to local conditions. The application demonstrates in particular how legal reforms can support economic growth through - enhancing the protections available to minority investors - supporting the availability of credit and contributing to lower-cost credit - supporting the restructuring of ailing businesses.

n these areas we seek to provide options for enhancing and reforming the legal and financial system in China that are based upon the UK and other experience. We acknowledge that there are choices to be made between means and ends and that the relationship between means and ends is contingent and uncertain. The data we rely on will come principally from the World Bank Doing Business (DB) reports and rankings which are grounded on the notion that smarter business regulation promotes economic growth. The DB rankings have been issued annually since 2004 and the 2016 rankings includes 11 sets of indicators for 189 economies. Each economy is ranked on the individual indicators and also in an overall table. Currently, the UK is 6th in this table and China 84th but Singapore is 1st and Hong SAR is 5th which shows that it is possible for Asian economies to rank highly. In our project, we will explore deep into the detail underlying the Protecting Minority Investors, Getting credit and Resolving Insolvency indicators. These 3 indicators appear particularly pertinent to the development of a mature financial system and in relation to them all China ranks far below the UK. On protecting investors, China is ranked as 134th whereas the UK is 4th. We show how the gap can be bridged and how China can learn from the UK experience by examining critically how the UK has protected minority investors and ascertaining what measures of protection might work most effectively in Chinese conditions. Our approach takes the relevant DB rankings as a guide but subjects them to critical scrutiny and engaging systematically with the methodology underpinning the rankings; addressing the robustness of this methodology and considering alternative approaches. For instance, we will test the robustness and limitations of the DB 'resolving insolvency' data on China using Jiande Municipal People's Court in Zhejiang Province as a case study. This makes the process of data collection and analysis more manageable. 20 interviews with creditors and practitioners will be undertaken in Zhejiang Province and data on business closures from the local branches of the China Business Registration Authorities and the China Pension Management Authorities will also be collected. We will also use econometric analyses based on detailed micro data from other data sources

Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates for ADB's developing member countries. Figures and forecasts are as of ADB's Asian Development Outlook Update (ADO) 2023, released in September 2023.

Note: The newly industrialized economies are Hong Kong, China, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taipei,China.

*Model adjusted for age, body mass index, dialect (Hokkein, Cantonese), education level, history of physician diagnosed hypertension, diabetes, known heart disease or stroke, alcohol use and intake of ginseng.

Close view of ML lineages containing Chinese CRF01_AE clades and the most closely related global sequences. The color of branches represents the geographic region from where the sequence originated, as explained in Figure 1. The names of CRF01_AE strains include reference to geographic region, country of origin, year of isolation, province (in case of Chinese sequences) and GenBank Accession number. Geographic regions represented are South and Southeast Asia (SSE), West and Central Europe (WCE), and East Asia (EA). Countries represented are Thailand (TH), Vietnam (VN), Japan (JP), Singapore (SG), Myanmar (MM), Great Britain (GB), and China (CN). Chinese provinces represented are Yunnan (YN), Guangxi (GX), Fujian (FJ), Liaoning (LN), Hebei (HEB), Hubei (HUB) and Henan (HEN). The aLRT support values are indicated only at key nodes. (DOCX)