Feature layer containing Flood Restrictions in the City (FRIC) for Sioux Falls, South Dakota.Flood Restrictions in the City (FRIC) layer is not intended to be used for Flood Insurance determination. FRIC layer to be used by City of Sioux Falls for floodplain ordinance compliance. Data may need updates over time as new data becomes available.Contains Floodplain Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM), Bases Level Engineering (BLE), and Conditional Letter of Map Revision (CLOMR) data for areas around the City of Sioux Falls as of 2023. BLE data has not yet been adopted by FEMA, adoptions is estimated to be in 2024/2025. BLE is defined as the area without a detailed study from the FIRM where flooding has been modeling using LiDAR data and flood models, removing out areas that are too small or contain too low a depth of flooding.
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License information was derived automatically
This dataset is available on Brisbane City Council’s open data website – data.brisbane.qld.gov.au. The site provides additional features for viewing and interacting with the data and for downloading the data in various formats.
Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study Airport Sub-Model. This dataset contains reports, data and metadata used in the flood study, and results data for the existing floodplain condition scenarios.
Council is committed to ensuring we have the latest flood modelling data to help manage flood risk in Brisbane. Flood studies provide Council with technical data to inform policy and for managing flooding within the Brisbane River and local creek and overland flow catchments.
The Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study comprises a series of 27 individual sub-models which cover the entire Brisbane City Council area. Results data for flood height, depth and hazard (depth x velocity) are available for each individual sub-model for the 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 2000 year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) storm events.
For specific details on how the study was conducted, the areas it covers, and before using the data please read the flood study report. The flood study report, metadata used in the flood study and a detailed map that shows the 27 individual sub-models has also been made available in open data and is called Flood Study — Citywide Overland Flow — reference.
The data on the table tab is the metadata relating to the data used for flood modelling in the Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study.
More information on flood studies and how this information is used can be found on the Brisbane City Council Website.
The image below shows the 27 individual sub-models of the flood study and can be used to identify the sub-model for your location of interest.
The Floodplain Mapping/Redelineation study deliverables depict and quantify the flood risks for the study area. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The Floodplain Mapping/Redelineation flood risk boundaries are derived from the engineering information Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This dataset is available on Brisbane City Council’s open data website – data.brisbane.qld.gov.au. The site provides additional features for viewing and interacting with the data and for downloading the data in various formats.
Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study Cabbage Tree Sub-Model. This dataset contains reports, data and metadata used in the flood study, and results data for the existing floodplain condition scenarios.
Council is committed to ensuring we have the latest flood modelling data to help manage flood risk in Brisbane. Flood studies provide Council with technical data to inform policy and for managing flooding within the Brisbane River and local creek and overland flow catchments.
The Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study comprises a series of 27 individual sub-models which cover the entire Brisbane City Council area. Results data for flood height, depth and hazard (depth x velocity) are available for each individual sub-model for the 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 2000 year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) storm events.
For specific details on how the study was conducted, the areas it covers, and before using the data please read the flood study report. The flood study report, metadata used in the flood study and a detailed map that shows the 27 individual sub-models has also been made available in open data and is called Flood Study — Citywide Overland Flow — reference.
The data on the table tab is the metadata relating to the data used for flood modelling in the Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study.
More information on flood studies and how this information is used can be found on the Brisbane City Council Website.
The image below shows the 27 individual sub-models of the flood study and can be used to identify the sub-model for your location of interest.
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This study explores the use of Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) for semantic segmentation of flood images. Imagery datasets of urban flooding were used to train two DCNN-based models, and camera images were used to test the application of the models with real-world data. Validation results show that both models extracted flood extent with a mean F1-score over 0.9. The factors that affected the performance included still water surface with specular reflection, wet road surface, and low illumination. In testing, reduced visibility during a storm and raindrops on surveillance cameras were major problems that affected the segmentation of flood extent. High-definition web cameras can be an alternative tool with the models trained on the data it collected. In conclusion, DCNN-based models can extract flood extent from camera images of urban flooding. The challenges with using these models on real-world data identified through this research present opportunities for future research.
https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/d2b40c11-c9cd-48c8-bfb7-bc254e7db1bf/flood-modelling-simulations-for-can-tho-city-vietnam#licence-infohttps://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/d2b40c11-c9cd-48c8-bfb7-bc254e7db1bf/flood-modelling-simulations-for-can-tho-city-vietnam#licence-info
The dataset describes the inundation results simulated by high-performance integrated hydrodynamic modelling system (HiPIMS) model for the pluvial flooding and fluvial flooding in Can Tho city Vietnam. Wherein, the pluvial flooding results simulated by HiPIMS are driven by the design rainfall in the 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 years return period, respectively, and the fluvial flooding results simulated by HiPIMS are driven by the river water level boundary in 2011. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/585ce4f2-0070-490f-adb2-ed7f1207605b
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Rainfall events have become more frequent and more serious, leading to rampant floods. Floods in urban areas greatly impair the serviceability of the transport system and cause disruption to commuting. However, little is known about the commute response under various rainfall scenarios in developing country cities despite the uncertainty of climate change. A high-resolution flood modeling module and a commute simulation module were integrated to examine the impact on commuting under floods. Flood maps under three rainfall scenarios with increasing rainfall intensity and duration were obtained, and road vulnerability was assessed considering the speed drop. We innovatively employed location-based service big data to perform commute simulation under floods based on the shortest time cost principle. The results show that a large amount of passable but affected commuters become disconnected commuters as the rainfall intensity increases. Also, commute loss of each traffic zone would not increase linearly, which means that the emphasis and strategy of disaster prevention and mitigation are not the same in different rainfall scenarios. We integrated hot spots of flood exposure, road vulnerability, and commuting loss and found that there was inconsistent spatial distribution between the three indicators. This indicates that areas need to take different measures according to the local damage characteristics. This work studied the relationship between severe weather conditions and commuting activity performance at the city level and has important practical guiding significance for building resilient cities.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This dataset is available on Brisbane City Council’s open data website – data.brisbane.qld.gov.au. The site provides additional features for viewing and interacting with the data and for downloading the data in various formats.
Brisbane City Council Cubberla Creek Flood Study. This dataset contains reports, data and metadata used in the flood study for the existing and ultimate floodplain condition scenarios.
Council is committed to ensuring we have the latest flood modelling data to help manage flood risk in Brisbane. Flood studies provide Council with technical data to inform policy and for managing flooding within the Brisbane River and local creek catchments.
For specifics details on how the study was conducted or areas it covers, and before using the data please read the following flood study reports:
• Cubberla Creek Flood Study - Volume 1 of 2
• Cubberla Creek Flood Study - Volume 2 of 2
The data on the table tab is the metadata relating to the data used for flood modelling in the Brisbane City Council Cubberla Creek flood study.
The metadata covers all resources in this dataset as well as the flood study reports provided as links in the dataset description.
More information on Flood studies and how this information is used can be found on the Brisbane City Council Website.
The image below indicates the locality of the catchment area of the flood study and creek centreline of the model.
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Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study Inner West Sub-Model. This dataset contains reports, data and metadata used in the flood study, and results data for the existing floodplain condition scenarios.Council is committed to ensuring we have the latest flood modelling data to help manage flood risk in Brisbane. Flood studies provide Council with technical data to inform policy and for managing flooding within the Brisbane River and local creek and overland flow catchments.The Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study comprises a series of 27 individual sub-models which cover the entire Brisbane City Council area. Results data for flood height, depth and hazard (depth x velocity) are available for each individual sub-model for the 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 2000 year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) storm events. For specific details on how the study was conducted, the areas it covers, and before using the data please read the flood study report. The flood study report, metadata used in the flood study and a detailed map that shows the 27 individual sub-models has also been made available in open data and is called Flood Study — Citywide Overland Flow — reference.The data on the table tab is the metadata relating to the data used for flood modelling in the Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study. More information on flood studies and how this information is used can be found on the Brisbane City Council Website.The image below shows the 27 individual sub-models of the flood study and can be used to identify the sub-model for your location of interest.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This dataset is available on Brisbane City Council’s open data website – data.brisbane.qld.gov.au. The site provides additional features for viewing and interacting with the data and for downloading the data in various formats.
Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study Lower Bulimba Sub-Model. This dataset contains reports, data and metadata used in the flood study, and results data for the existing floodplain condition scenarios.
Council is committed to ensuring we have the latest flood modelling data to help manage flood risk in Brisbane. Flood studies provide Council with technical data to inform policy and for managing flooding within the Brisbane River and local creek and overland flow catchments.
The Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study comprises a series of 27 individual sub-models which cover the entire Brisbane City Council area. Results data for flood height, depth and hazard (depth x velocity) are available for each individual sub-model for the 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 2000 year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) storm events.
For specific details on how the study was conducted, the areas it covers, and before using the data please read the flood study report. The flood study report, metadata used in the flood study and a detailed map that shows the 27 individual sub-models has also been made available in open data and is called Flood Study — Citywide Overland Flow — reference.
The data on the table tab is the metadata relating to the data used for flood modelling in the Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study.
More information on flood studies and how this information is used can be found on the Brisbane City Council Website.
The image below shows the 27 individual sub-models of the flood study and can be used to identify the sub-model for your location of interest.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This dataset is available on Brisbane City Council’s open data website – data.brisbane.qld.gov.au. The site provides additional features for viewing and interacting with the data and for downloading the data in various formats.
Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study Brookfield Sub-Model. This dataset contains reports, data and metadata used in the flood study, and results data for the existing floodplain condition scenarios.
Council is committed to ensuring we have the latest flood modelling data to help manage flood risk in Brisbane. Flood studies provide Council with technical data to inform policy and for managing flooding within the Brisbane River and local creek and overland flow catchments.
The Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study comprises a series of 27 individual sub-models which cover the entire Brisbane City Council area. Results data for flood height, depth and hazard (depth x velocity) are available for each individual sub-model for the 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 2000 year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) storm events.
For specific details on how the study was conducted, the areas it covers, and before using the data please read the flood study report. The flood study report, metadata used in the flood study and a detailed map that shows the 27 individual sub-models has also been made available in open data and is called Flood Study — Citywide Overland Flow — reference.
The data on the table tab is the metadata relating to the data used for flood modelling in the Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study.
More information on flood studies and how this information is used can be found on the Brisbane City Council Website.
The image below shows the 27 individual sub-models of the flood study and can be used to identify the sub-model for your location of interest.
Flood models generated from LiDAR for the Jefferson City area. Heights are for river heights of 33 -37 feet.
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This table includes the report metrics that are used by the Flood Awareness Map solution to generate a report for each parcel (property lot) and property holding in Brisbane City Council local government area. It was produced by running a series on intersections and rules on each property lot in the Brisbane City Council local government area with flood mapping layers and recording the derived metrics.Descriptions for each metric in this dataset and definitions, can be found in the Brisbane City Council dataset called Flood — Awareness — Property Parcel Metrics — reference.NOTE: This information is not intended for use for due diligence and/or conveyancing matters. To obtain planning information for due diligence and conveyancing matters, an application for a planning and development certificate should be lodged with Brisbane City Council. Please refer to the Brisbane City Council website.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This dataset is available on Brisbane City Council’s open data website – data.brisbane.qld.gov.au. The site provides additional features for viewing and interacting with the data and for downloading the data in various formats.
Brisbane City Council Sandy Creek Flood Study. This dataset contains reports, data and metadata used in the flood study for the existing and ultimate floodplain condition scenarios.
Council is committed to ensuring we have the latest flood modelling data to help manage flood risk in Brisbane. Flood studies provide Council with technical data to inform policy and for managing flooding within the Brisbane River and local creek catchments.
For specifics details on how the study was conducted or areas it covers, and before using the data please read the following flood study reports:
• Sandy Creek Flood Study 2023 - Volume 1 of 2
• Sandy Creek Flood Study 2023 - Volume 2 of 2
The data on the table tab is the metadata relating to the data used for flood modelling in the Brisbane City Council Sandy Creek flood study. The metadata covers all resources in this dataset as well as the flood study reports provided as links in the dataset description.
More information on Flood studies and how this information is used can be found on the Brisbane City Council Website.
Note: Brisbane City Council’s information products — Flood Awareness Maps (FAM), FloodWise Property Reports (FWPR) and City Plan Flood Overlay Code — may not have the latest report data incorporated.
The image below indicates the locality of the catchment area of the flood study and creek centreline of the model.
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License information was derived automatically
Flood modeling, as an important part of coastal hazard assessment, is highly influenced by topography dataset and specifically ground elevation. Lower resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are usually used because of their availability and less computational burden. However, inherent errors in these DEMs propagate into flood risk analysis through spatial modeling. This study aims to explore the DEM resolution effects on coastal flood risk assessments. For this purpose, deterministic and probabilistic approaches are employed. Flood inundation modeling is carried out using hydrologically connected bathtub method. Given the high resolution Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) DEM, different resolution maps are obtained used resampling techniques and incorporated into an error analysis framework along with USGS national elevation dataset (NED) DEMs. The probabilistic framework is developed by simulating the spatial variability of elevation errors compared to LiDAR DEM through a Monte Carlo based method called sequential Gaussian simulation. The proposed methodology is applied to the lower Manhattan in New York City. By integrating the flood model into the developed framework, this approach results in flood inundation probability at each grid cells. In this study, using the concept of accuracy-efficiency tradeoffs, a framework for selecting a suitable spatial resolution for probabilistic flood risk assessment has been suggested. The results show that by exercising a range of options presented in this paper, a broader insight into mapping resolution can be made for making better flood assessment, evacuation zones, and mitigation plans depending upon the data availability in a region for flood preparedness.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This dataset is available on Brisbane City Council’s open data website – data.brisbane.qld.gov.au. The site provides additional features for viewing and interacting with the data and for downloading the data in various formats.
Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study reference files. This dataset contains the Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping flood study report, metadata used in the flood study and a detailed map that shows the 27 individual sub-models of the flood study and can be used to identify the sub-model for your location of interest.
Council is committed to ensuring we have the latest flood modelling data to help manage flood risk in Brisbane. Flood studies provide Council with technical data to inform policy and for managing flooding within the Brisbane River and local creek and overland flow catchments.
The Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study comprises a series of 27 individual sub-models which cover the entire Brisbane City Council area. Results data for flood height, depth and hazard (depth x velocity) are available for each individual sub-model for the 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 2000 year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) storm events.
For specific details on how the study was conducted and the areas it covers, and before using the data please read the Citywide Creek & Overland Flow Path Mapping Report. A list of the individual sub-models is also available in the report. Information on how the sub-models were delineated can be found in the report.
The individual sub-model results data files for each storm event for flood height, depth and hazard will be gradually added to open data. Results data files for sub-models may also be uploaded to open data upon request. Please use the contact link in the footer of this webpage if you cannot find the data for the sub-model for your location of interest.
More information on flood studies and how this information is used can be found on the Brisbane City Council Website.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study reference files. This dataset contains the Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping flood study report, metadata used in the flood study and a detailed map that shows the 27 individual sub-models of the flood study and can be used to identify the sub-model for your location of interest. Council is committed to ensuring we have the latest flood modelling data to help manage flood risk in Brisbane. Flood studies provide Council with technical data to inform policy and for managing flooding within the Brisbane River and local creek and overland flow catchments.
The Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study comprises a series of 27 individual sub-models which cover the entire Brisbane City Council area. Results data for flood height, depth and hazard (depth x velocity) are available for each individual sub-model for the 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 2000 year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) storm events.
For specific details on how the study was conducted and the areas it covers, and before using the data please read the Citywide Creek & Overland Flow Path Mapping Report. A list of the individual sub-models is also available in the report. Information on how the sub-models were delineated can be found in the report.
The individual sub-model results data files for each storm event for flood height, depth and hazard will be gradually added to open data. Results data files for sub-models may also be uploaded to open data upon request. Please use the contact link in the footer of this webpage if you cannot find the data for the sub-model for your location of interest.
More information on flood studies and how this information is used can be found on the Brisbane City Council Website.
Digital flood-inundation maps for a 4.46-mile reach of the Blue River near Kansas City, Missouri, were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the City of Kansas City, Missouri. The flood-inundation maps, accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Program website at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/ , depict estimates of the spatial extent and depth of flooding corresponding to select-water levels (stages) at the USGS streamgage 06893195 Blue River at Red Bridge Road, Kansas City, Missouri reference streamgage. Near-real-time stage data from the streamgage may be obtained from the USGS National Water Information System database at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN. . Flood profiles were computed for the reach by means of a one-dimensional hydraulic model. The model was calibrated by using the current stage-streamflow relations at USGS streamgages upstream and downstream from the study reach. The hydraulic model was used to compute water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1-foot intervals referenced to the streamgage datum ranging from the estimated bankfull streamflow, through the stage corresponding to, or exceeding, the estimated 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability flood (500-year recurrence interval flood). The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model with a maximum 10-centimeter vertical root mean square error and 4.0-ft horizontal resolution to delineate the area flooded at each 1-foot increment of stage. The availability of these maps, along with information regarding current stage from the USGS streamgage and forecasted high-flow stages from the National Weather Service, will provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood mitigation, preparedness and planning, flood-response activities such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post flood recovery efforts. The data are provided in the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) shapefile format compressed into a zip archive that is named BlueR_RedBrRd_shapefile.zip.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This dataset is available on Brisbane City Council’s open data website – data.brisbane.qld.gov.au. The site provides additional features for viewing and interacting with the data and for downloading the data in various formats.
Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study Norman Sub-Model. This dataset contains reports, data and metadata used in the flood study, and results data for the existing floodplain condition scenarios.
Council is committed to ensuring we have the latest flood modelling data to help manage flood risk in Brisbane. Flood studies provide Council with technical data to inform policy and for managing flooding within the Brisbane River and local creek and overland flow catchments.
The Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study comprises a series of 27 individual sub-models which cover the entire Brisbane City Council area. Results data for flood height, depth and hazard (depth x velocity) are available for each individual sub-model for the 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 2000 year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) storm events.
For specific details on how the study was conducted, the areas it covers, and before using the data please read the flood study report. The flood study report, metadata used in the flood study and a detailed map that shows the 27 individual sub-models has also been made available in open data and is called Flood Study — Citywide Overland Flow — reference.
The data on the table tab is the metadata relating to the data used for flood modelling in the Brisbane City Council Citywide Creek and Overland Flow Path Mapping Flood Study.
More information on flood studies and how this information is used can be found on the Brisbane City Council Website.
The image below shows the 27 individual sub-models of the flood study and can be used to identify the sub-model for your location of interest.
This web map is designed to provide an enriched geospatial platform to ascertain the flood potential status of our local place of residence and other land-use activities. Information on the flood risk distribution can be extracted by 5 major magnitudes (very high, high, moderate, low, and very low). The buildings, roads, and rail tracks that are susceptible to flooding based on the identified magnitudes are also included in the web map. In addition, the historical or flood inventory layer, which contains information on the previous flooding disasters that have occurred within the river basin, is included.
This web map is the result of extensive research using available data, open source and custom datasets that are extremely reliable.The collaborative study was done by Dr. Felix Ndidi Nkeki (GIS-Unit, BEDC Electricity PLC, 5, Akpakpava Road, Benin City, Nigeria and Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of Benin, Nigeria), Dr. Ehiaguina Innocent Bello (National Space Research and Development Agency, Obasanjo Space Centre, FCT-Abuja, Nigeria) and Dr. Ishola Ganiy Agbaje (Centre for Space Science Technology Education, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria). The study results are published in a reputable leading world-class journal known as the International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. The methodology, datasets, and full results of the study can be found in the paper.
The major sources of data are: ALOS PALSAR DEM; soil data from Harmonised World Soil Database-Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO); land-use and surface geologic datasets from CSSTE, OAU Campus, Ile-Ife, Nigeria and Ibadan Urban Flood Management Project (IUFMP), Oyo State, Nigeria; transport network data was extracted from Open Street Map; building footprint data was mined from Google open building; and finally, rainfall grid data was downloaded from the Centre for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing (CHRS).
Feature layer containing Flood Restrictions in the City (FRIC) for Sioux Falls, South Dakota.Flood Restrictions in the City (FRIC) layer is not intended to be used for Flood Insurance determination. FRIC layer to be used by City of Sioux Falls for floodplain ordinance compliance. Data may need updates over time as new data becomes available.Contains Floodplain Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM), Bases Level Engineering (BLE), and Conditional Letter of Map Revision (CLOMR) data for areas around the City of Sioux Falls as of 2023. BLE data has not yet been adopted by FEMA, adoptions is estimated to be in 2024/2025. BLE is defined as the area without a detailed study from the FIRM where flooding has been modeling using LiDAR data and flood models, removing out areas that are too small or contain too low a depth of flooding.