Annual estimates of balanced UK regional gross domestic product (GDP). Current price estimates and chained volume measures for combined authorities and city regions.

A comparison of growth rates of city regions, as well as individual components of change – births, deaths, internal migration and international migration.

Annual labour productivity (output per hour and output per job) indices by city regions.

Annual estimates of UK regional gross disposable household income (GDHI) for combined authorities and city regions.

London was by far the largest urban agglomeration in the United Kingdom in 2025, with an estimated population of *** million people, more than three times as large as Manchester, the UK’s second-biggest urban agglomeration. The agglomerations of Birmingham and Leeds / Bradford had the third and fourth-largest populations, respectively, while the biggest city in Scotland, Glasgow, was the fifth largest. Largest cities in Europe Two cities in Europe had larger urban areas than London, with Istanbul having a population of around **** million and the Russian capital Moscow having a population of over **** million. The city of Paris, located just over 200 miles away from London, was the second-largest city in Europe, with a population of more than **** million people. Paris was followed by London in terms of population size, and then by the Spanish cities of Madrid and Barcelona, at *** million and *** million people, respectively. The Italian capital, Rome, was the next largest city at *** million, followed by Berlin at *** million. London’s population growth Throughout the 1980s, the population of London fluctuated from a high of **** million people in 1981 to a low of **** million inhabitants in 1988. During the 1990s, the population of London increased once again, growing from ****million at the start of the decade to **** million by 1999. London's population has continued to grow since the turn of the century, and despite declining between 2019 and 2021, it reached *** million people in 2023 and is forecast to reach almost *** million by 2047.

Annual estimates of balanced UK regional gross value added (GVA(B)). Current price estimates, chained volume measures and implied deflators for combined authorities, city regions, and other economic and enterprise regions, with a detailed industry breakdown.

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A best fit lookup between 2011 Output Areas (OA) and Major Towns and Cities (TCITY) as at December 2015 in England and Wales. The TCITY statistical geography provides a precise definition of the major towns and cities in England and Wales. The geography has been developed specifically for the production and analysis of statistics, and is based on the Built-Up Areas geography that was created for the release of 2011 Census data. (File Size - 4 MB). REST URL of Feature Access Service – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/OA11_TCITY15_EW_LU_65267a69bf06490d81a4ee1458747f48/FeatureServer For more information and an overview of best-fitting follow this link - https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/f0aac7ccbfd04cda9eb03e353c613faa/about

The population of the United Kingdom in 2024 was estimated to be approximately 69.3 million, with over 9.6 million people living in South East England. London had the next highest population, at almost 9.1 million people, followed by the North West England at 7.7 million. With the UK's population generally concentrated in England, most English regions have larger populations than the constituent countries of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, which had populations of 5.5 million, 3.2 million, and 1.9 million respectively. English counties and cities The United Kingdom is a patchwork of various regional units, within England the largest of these are the regions shown here, which show how London, along with the rest of South East England had around 18 million people living there in this year. The next significant regional units in England are the 47 metropolitan and ceremonial counties. After London, the metropolitan counties of the West Midlands, Greater Manchester, and West Yorkshire were the biggest of these counties, due to covering the large urban areas of Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds respectively. Regional divisions in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland The smaller countries that comprise the United Kingdom each have different local subdivisions. Within Scotland these are called council areas, whereas in Wales the main regional units are called unitary authorities. Scotland's largest Council Area by population is that of Glasgow City at over 650,000, while in Wales, it was the Cardiff Unitary Authority at around 384,000. Northern Ireland, on the other hand, has eleven local government districts, the largest of which is Belfast with a population of approxiamtely 352,000.

Data containing the Output Areas and Output Areas to higher geographies within Glasgow City Council based on the 2011 Census aggregates. It shows a output area codes for Glasgow and a lookup of postcode to output area, data zone, intermediate geography, electoral ward code and other higher geographies with their corresponding Easting and Northing. Output Areas are the main building bricks for census areas. They are derived from aggregating a small number of neighbouring postcodes although in few cases, some postcodes are large enough to become single output areas. Output Areas will aggregate exactly to council areas but not necessarily to other higher geographies. Glasgow City Council Area Code used in the 2011 census is S12000046. For a more detailed report on the classification of Output areas used in the 2011 census, please click here. Data extracted 2013-11-13T11:12:42 Contains NRS data (c) Crown copyright 2013. Contains Ordnance Survey data (c) Crown copyright 2013. Licence: None output-area.zip - https://dataservices.open.glasgow.gov.uk/Download/Organisation/cb95330b-d7c0-472b-b3a7-a1b520bffd18/Dataset/39016946-3b63-448e-931e-04ead35a138f/File/3cc12f2d-513d-4176-a19c-0e4121507b47/Version/d169dac5-8b3e-498f-8b6b-9aa849dfdd6f output-areas-to-higher-areas.zip - https://dataservices.open.glasgow.gov.uk/Download/Organisation/cb95330b-d7c0-472b-b3a7-a1b520bffd18/Dataset/39016946-3b63-448e-931e-04ead35a138f/File/cb26c01d-c177-44dc-89cc-7446fad75817/Version/e5637660-4c0a-4850-8372-0e9229a13bbe output-areas-to-higher-areas.geojson - https://dataservices.open.glasgow.gov.uk/Download/Organisation/cb95330b-d7c0-472b-b3a7-a1b520bffd18/Dataset/39016946-3b63-448e-931e-04ead35a138f/File/f86e025e-750f-4e0e-a735-b21a0a8312ae/Version/7ed87d76-1907-4924-b664-6716a11a9621 glasgow-2011-output-area.geojson - https://dataservices.open.glasgow.gov.uk/Download/Organisation/cb95330b-d7c0-472b-b3a7-a1b520bffd18/Dataset/39016946-3b63-448e-931e-04ead35a138f/File/759cf6b9-95d8-4739-a2bc-f77d8cbc6a59/Version/8d51f7e6-347f-4a42-aef9-dce91b748e63

A best fit lookup between 2011 Workplace Zones (WZ) and Major Towns and Cities (TCITY) as at December 2015 in England and Wales. The TCITY statistical geography provides a precise definition of the major towns and cities in England and Wales. The geography has been developed specifically for the production and analysis of statistics, and is based on the Built-up Areas geography that was created for the release of 2011 Census data (File Size 1.3MB).REST URL of Feature Access Service – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/WZ11_TCITY15_EW_LU_a7a1a2f6feb24aac800596276d82f5ad/FeatureServer

For more information and an overview of best-fitting follow this link - https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/f0aac7ccbfd04cda9eb03e353c613faa/about

This is the ONS Postcode Directory (ONSPD) for the United Kingdom as at February 2024 in Comma Separated Variable (CSV) and ASCII text (TXT) formats. This file contains the multi CSVs so that postcode areas can be opened in MS Excel. To download the zip file click the Download button. The ONSPD relates both current and terminated postcodes in the United Kingdom to a range of current statutory administrative, electoral, health and other area geographies. It also links postcodes to pre-2002 health areas, 1991 Census enumeration districts for England and Wales, 2001 Census Output Areas (OA) and Super Output Areas (SOA) for England and Wales, 2001 Census OAs and SOAs for Northern Ireland and 2001 Census OAs and Data Zones (DZ) for Scotland. It now contains 2021 Census OAs and SOAs for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It helps support the production of area-based statistics from postcoded data. The ONSPD is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The ONSPD is issued quarterly. (File size - 231 MB) Please note that this product contains Royal Mail, Gridlink, LPS (Northern Ireland), Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.

As of 2024, the population density in London was by far the highest number of people per square km in the UK, at *****. Of the other regions and countries which constitute the United Kingdom, North West England was the next most densely populated area at *** people per square kilometer. Scotland, by contrast, is the most sparsely populated country or region in the United Kingdom, with only ** people per square kilometer. Countries, regions, and cities In 2024, the population of the United Kingdom reached **** million. The majority of people in the UK live in England, which had a population of **** million that year, followed by Scotland at *** million, Wales at **** million and finally Northern Ireland at just over *** million. Within England, the South East was the region with the highest population at almost *** million, followed by London at just over *****million. In terms of cities, London is the largest urban agglomeration in the United Kingdom, followed by Manchester, and then Birmingham, although both these cities combined would still have a smaller population than the UK capital. London calling London's huge size in relation to other UK cities is also reflected by its economic performance. In 2023, London's GDP was over ****billion British pounds, around a quarter of UK's overall GDP. In terms of GDP per capita, Londoners had a GDP per head of ****** pounds, compared with an average of ****** for the country as a whole. Productivity, expressed as by output per hour worked, was also far higher in London than the rest of the country. In 2023, London was around *****percent more productive than the rest of the country, with South East England the only other region where productivity was higher than the national average.

Rural Urban ClassificationThe 2021 RUC is a statistical classification to provide a consistent and standardised method for classifying geographies as rural or urban. This is based on address density, physical settlement form, population size, and Relative Access to Major towns and cities (populations of over 75,000 people). The classification is produced by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) with advice from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), the Welsh Government and colleagues from the Government Geography Profession (GGP).This is the 2021 rural-urban classification (RUC) of the 2021 Local Authority Districts in England and Wales. This means that the 2021 RUC methodology has been applied to the 2021 LAD boundaries. LAD classifications are divided into four categories based on their populations:<!--1. Majority Rural: had at least 50% of their population residing in Rural OAs.<!--2. Intermediate Rural: 35-50% rural population<!--3. Intermediate Urban: 20-35% rural population<!--4. Urban: 20% or less of the population live in rural OAs.Each 2021 LAD category is split into one of two Relative Access categories, using the same data as the 2021 Output Area RUC. If more than 50% of a LAD population lives in ‘nearer to a major town or city’ OAs, it is deemed ‘nearer a major town or city’; otherwise, it is classified as ‘further from a major town or city.

Where data is unavailable for Super Output Area geographies, it may be appropriate for users to undertake analysis at the LAD level. At this level, the categorisation works slightly differently in that most areas will include a mix of both rural and urban areas - so the LAD RUC categorisation is a reflection of this. A statistical geography may contain substantial portions of open countryside but still be given an ‘Urban’ classification if the majority of the population within the area live in settlements that are urban in nature. Users should take this into consideration to ensure correct interpretations of any analysis of RUC LAD categories

Indicators from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Opinions and Lifestyle Survey to understand the impacts of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on city regions in Great Britain, 2020 and 2021.

This zip file contains the Code History Database for the United Kingdom as at August 2018. To download the zip file click the Download button. The Code History Database (CHD) contains the GSS nine-character codes, where allocated, for current and new statistical geographies from 1 January 2009. The codes consist of a simple alphanumeric structure; the first three characters (ANN) represent the area entity (i.e. type; or category of geography) and the following six characters (NNNNNN) represent the specific area instance. The CHD provides multiple functionality including details of codes, relationships, hierarchies and archived data. The CHD can be used in conjunction with the Register of Geographic Codes (RGC) that summarises the range of area instances within each geographic entity. The GSS Coding and Naming policy for some statistical geographies was implemented on 1 January 2011. From this date, where new codes have been allocated they should be used in all exchanges of statistics and published outputs that normally include codes. For further information on this product, please read the user guide and version notes contained within the product zip file. (File size - 65 MB)Updated Geographies·
Updates to Parishes (E04), Wards (E05), Non-Civil Parished Areas (E43), Sustainability and Transformation Partnerships (E54)·
New Entity for Integrated Care Systems (E59)·
Updates to Health Board areas (S08), Localities (S19), Settlements (S20), Local Administrative Units 1 (S30), Scottish Police Divisions (S32), Integration Authorities (S37), Scottish Fire and Rescue Local Senior Officer Areas (S39), Scottish Fire and Rescue Service Delivery Areas (S40)·
Updates to Registration Districts (W20) and Registration Sub-districts (W21)

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New Entity for City Regions (W42)