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TwitterApache License, v2.0https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
License information was derived automatically
Basic Information:
Number of entries: 374,661 Number of features: 19 Data Types:
15 integer columns 3 float columns 1 object column (label) Column Names:
id, Time, Is_CH, who CH, Dist_To_CH, ADV_S, ADV_R, JOIN_S, JOIN_R, SCH_S, SCH_R, Rank, DATA_S, DATA_R, Data_Sent_To_BS, dist_CH_To_BS, send_code, Consumed Energy, label Explore the Dataset First Five Rows:
id Time Is_CH who CH Dist_To_CH ADV_S ADV_R JOIN_S JOIN_R SCH_S SCH_R Rank DATA_S DATA_R Data_Sent_To_BS dist_CH_To_BS send_code Consumed Energy label 0 101000 50 1 101000 0.00000 1 0 0 25 1 0 0 0 1200 48 0.00000 1 0.00000 Attack 1 101001 50 0 101044 75.32345 0 4 1 0 0 1 2 38 0 0 0.00000 1 0.09797 Normal 2 101002 50 0 101010 46.95453 0 4 1 0 0 1 19 41 0 0 0.00000 1 0.09797 Normal 3 101003 50 0 101044 64.85231 0 4 1 0 0 1 16 38 0 0 0.00000 1 0.09797 Normal 4 101004 50 0 101010 4.83341 0 4 1 0 0 1 0 41 0 0 0.00000 1 0.09797 Normal Missing Values: No missing values detected in the dataset.
Statistical Summary:
The dataset includes various features related to network operations such as Time, Is_CH, who CH, Dist_To_CH, and more. The target variable label contains categorical values such as "Attack" and "Normal". Analyze Class Distribution Let's analyze the distribution of the classes within the dataset.
python Copy code class_distribution = dataset['label'].value_counts() class_distribution Handle Class Imbalance If a class imbalance is identified, appropriate techniques such as undersampling, oversampling, or SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) will be applied to balance the dataset.
Next Steps:
Identify the class distribution. Apply balancing techniques if necessary. Continue with data preprocessing and feature engineering. We will perform the class distribution analysis and balancing in the subsequent step.
i have found some duplicate values and drop them dataset.duplicated().sum() dataset.drop_duplicates(inplace=True)
ChatGPT Duplicate Handling Initial Duplicate Count Duplicates found: 8,873 Action Taken Duplicates dropped: The dataset has been cleaned by removing all duplicate entries. Verification Duplicates after cleaning: 0 The dataset is now free of duplicate entries. We can proceed with the analysis of the class distribution and any necessary steps to handle class imbalance.
Analyze Class Distribution Let's analyze the distribution of the label column to understand the balance between the classes.
python Copy code class_distribution = dataset['label'].value_counts() class_distribution I'll compute this now.
Class Distribution Analysis The distribution of the classes within the dataset is as follows:
Normal: 332,040 Grayhole: 13,909 Blackhole: 10,049 TDMA: 6,633 Flooding: 3,157 Observations There is a significant class imbalance, with the majority class being "Normal" (332,040 instances). Minority classes include "Grayhole", "Blackhole", "TDMA", and "Flooding".
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TwitterThe dataset contains images of three animal classes: Cats, Dogs, and Snakes. It is balanced and cleaned, designed for supervised image classification tasks.
| Class | Number of Images | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Cats | 1,000 | Includes multiple breeds and poses |
| Dogs | 1,000 | Covers various breeds and backgrounds |
| Snakes | 1,000 | Includes multiple species and natural settings |
Total Images: 3,000
Image Properties:
| Set | Percentage | Number of Images |
|---|---|---|
| Training | 70% | 2,100 |
| Validation | 15% | 450 |
| Test | 15% | 450 |
Images in the dataset have been standardized to support machine learning pipelines:
import os
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
# Path to dataset
dataset_path = "path/to/dataset"
# ImageDataGenerator for preprocessing
datagen = ImageDataGenerator(
rescale=1./255,
validation_split=0.15 # 15% for validation
)
# Load training data
train_generator = datagen.flow_from_directory(
dataset_path,
target_size=(224, 224),
batch_size=32,
class_mode='categorical',
subset='training',
shuffle=True
)
# Load validation data
validation_generator = datagen.flow_from_directory(
dataset_path,
target_size=(224, 224),
batch_size=32,
class_mode='categorical',
subset='validation',
shuffle=False
)
# Example: Iterate over one batch
images, labels = next(train_generator)
print(images.shape, labels.shape) # (32, 224, 224, 3) (32, 3)
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TwitterAttribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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Different estimator’s average best validation performance for the class balancing pipeline.
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TwitterBalanced Accuracy Metrics for 🤗 Evaluate
A minimal, production-ready set of balanced accuracy metrics for imbalanced vision/NLP tasks, implemented as plain Python scripts that you can load with evaluate from a dataset-type repo on the Hugging Face Hub.
What this is Three drop‑in metrics that focus on fair evaluation under class imbalance:
balanced_accuracy.py — binary & multiclass balanced accuracy with options for sample_weight, threshold="auto" (Youden’s J), ignore_index… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/OliverOnHF/balanced-accuracy.
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Twitterhttps://cdla.io/permissive-1-0/https://cdla.io/permissive-1-0/
This dataset contains a comprehensive collection of waste images designed for training machine learning models to classify different types of waste materials, with a strong focus on electronic waste (e-waste) and mixed materials. The dataset includes 7 electronic device categories alongside traditional recyclable materials, making it ideal for modern waste management challenges where electronic devices constitute a significant portion of waste streams. The dataset has been carefully curated and balanced to ensure optimal performance for multi-category waste classification tasks using deep learning approaches.
The dataset includes 17 distinct waste categories covering various types of materials commonly found in waste management scenarios:
balanced_waste_images/
├── category_1/
│ ├── image_001.jpg
│ ├── image_002.jpg
│ └── ... (400 images)
├── category_2/
│ ├── image_001.jpg
│ └── ... (400 images)
└── ... (17 categories total)
Note: Dataset is not pre-split. Users need to create train/validation/test splits as needed.
Since the dataset is not pre-split, you'll need to create train/validation/test splits:
import splitfolders
# Split dataset: 80% train, 10% val, 10% test
splitfolders.ratio(
input='balanced_waste_images',
output='split_data',
seed=42,
ratio=(.8, .1, .1),
group_prefix=None,
move=False
)
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
# Data generators with preprocessing
train_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1./255)
val_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1./255)
train_generator = train_datagen.flow_from_directory(
'split_data/train/',
target_size=(224, 224),
batch_size=32,
class_mode='categorical'
)
val_generator = val_datagen.flow_from_director...
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TwitterSubsampling of the dataset Amazon_employee_access (4135) with
seed=4 args.nrows=2000 args.ncols=100 args.nclasses=10 args.no_stratify=True Generated with the following source code:
def subsample(
self,
seed: int,
nrows_max: int = 2_000,
ncols_max: int = 100,
nclasses_max: int = 10,
stratified: bool = True,
) -> Dataset:
rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
x = self.x
y = self.y
# Uniformly sample
classes = y.unique()
if len(classes) > nclasses_max:
vcs = y.value_counts()
selected_classes = rng.choice(
classes,
size=nclasses_max,
replace=False,
p=vcs / sum(vcs),
)
# Select the indices where one of these classes is present
idxs = y.index[y.isin(classes)]
x = x.iloc[idxs]
y = y.iloc[idxs]
# Uniformly sample columns if required
if len(x.columns) > ncols_max:
columns_idxs = rng.choice(
list(range(len(x.columns))), size=ncols_max, replace=False
)
sorted_column_idxs = sorted(columns_idxs)
selected_columns = list(x.columns[sorted_column_idxs])
x = x[selected_columns]
else:
sorted_column_idxs = list(range(len(x.columns)))
if len(x) > nrows_max:
# Stratify accordingly
target_name = y.name
data = pd.concat((x, y), axis="columns")
_, subset = train_test_split(
data,
test_size=nrows_max,
stratify=data[target_name],
shuffle=True,
random_state=seed,
)
x = subset.drop(target_name, axis="columns")
y = subset[target_name]
# We need to convert categorical columns to string for openml
categorical_mask = [self.categorical_mask[i] for i in sorted_column_idxs]
columns = list(x.columns)
return Dataset(
# Technically this is not the same but it's where it was derived from
dataset=self.dataset,
x=x,
y=y,
categorical_mask=categorical_mask,
columns=columns,
)
Facebook
TwitterThis dataset is a modified version of the classic CIFAR 10, deliberately designed to be imbalanced across its classes. CIFAR 10 typically consists of 60,000 32x32 color images in 10 classes, with 5000 images per class in the training set. However, this dataset skews these distributions to create a more challenging environment for developing and testing machine learning algorithms. The distribution can be visualized as follows,
https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F7862887%2Fae7643fe0e58a489901ce121dc2e8262%2FCifar_Imbalanced_data.png?generation=1686732867580792&alt=media" alt="">
The primary purpose of this dataset is to offer researchers and practitioners a platform to develop, test, and enhance algorithms' robustness when faced with class imbalances. It is especially suited for those interested in binary and multi-class imbalance learning, anomaly detection, and other relevant fields.
The imbalance was created synthetically, maintaining the same quality and diversity of the original CIFAR 10 dataset, but with varying degrees of representation for each class. Details of the class distributions are included in the dataset's metadata.
This dataset is beneficial for: - Developing and testing strategies for handling imbalanced datasets. - Investigating the effects of class imbalance on model performance. - Comparing different machine learning algorithms' performance under class imbalance.
Usage Information:
The dataset maintains the same format as the original CIFAR 10 dataset, making it easy to incorporate into existing projects. It is organised in a way such that the dataset can be integrated into PyTorch ImageFolder directly. You can load the dataset in Python using popular libraries like NumPy and PyTorch.
License: This dataset follows the same license terms as the original CIFAR 10 dataset. Please refer to the official CIFAR 10 website for details.
Acknowledgments: We want to acknowledge the creators of the CIFAR 10 dataset. Without their work and willingness to share data, this synthetic imbalanced dataset wouldn't be possible.
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Comparison of simulated raw data (4 classes) and oversampled data, repeated 100 times. Displayed results are mean (s.d.).
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ApacheJIT: A Large Dataset for Just-In-Time Defect Prediction
This archive contains the ApacheJIT dataset presented in the paper "ApacheJIT: A Large Dataset for Just-In-Time Defect Prediction" as well as the replication package. The paper is submitted to MSR 2022 Data Showcase Track.
The datasets are available under directory dataset. There are 4 datasets in this directory.
In addition to the dataset, we also provide the scripts using which we built the dataset. These scripts are written in Python 3.8. Therefore, Python 3.8 or above is required. To set up the environment, we have provided a list of required packages in file requirements.txt. Additionally, one filtering step requires GumTree [1]. For Java, GumTree requires Java 11. For other languages, external tools are needed. Installation guide and more details can be found here.
The scripts are comprised of Python scripts under directory src and Python notebooks under directory notebooks. The Python scripts are mainly responsible for conducting GitHub search via GitHub search API and collecting commits through PyDriller Package [2]. The notebooks link the fixed issue reports with their corresponding fixing commits and apply some filtering steps. The bug-inducing candidates then are filtered again using gumtree.py script that utilizes the GumTree package. Finally, the remaining bug-inducing candidates are combined with the clean commits in the dataset_construction notebook to form the entire dataset.
More specifically, git_token handles GitHub API token that is necessary for requests to GitHub API. Script collector performs GitHub search. Tracing changed lines and git annotate is done in gitminer using PyDriller. Finally, gumtree applies 4 filtering steps (number of lines, number of files, language, and change significance).
References:
1. GumTree
Jean-Rémy Falleri, Floréal Morandat, Xavier Blanc, Matias Martinez, and Martin Monperrus. 2014. Fine-grained and accurate source code differencing. In ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE ’14,Vasteras, Sweden - September 15 - 19, 2014. 313–324
2. PyDriller
Davide Spadini, Maurício Aniche, and Alberto Bacchelli. 2018. PyDriller: Python Framework for Mining Software Repositories. In Proceedings of the 2018 26th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering(Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA)(ESEC/FSE2018). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 908–911
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TwitterGAP is a gender-balanced dataset containing 8,908 coreference-labeled pairs of (ambiguous pronoun, antecedent name), sampled from Wikipedia and released by Google AI Language for the evaluation of coreference resolution in practical applications.
To use this dataset:
import tensorflow_datasets as tfds
ds = tfds.load('gap', split='train')
for ex in ds.take(4):
print(ex)
See the guide for more informations on tensorflow_datasets.
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TwitterAG is a collection of more than 1 million news articles. News articles have been gathered from more than 2000 news sources by ComeToMyHead in more than 1 year of activity. ComeToMyHead is an academic news search engine which has been running since July, 2004. The dataset is provided by the academic comunity for research purposes in data mining (clustering, classification, etc), information retrieval (ranking, search, etc), xml, data compression, data streaming, and any other non-commercial activity. For more information, please refer to the link http://www.di.unipi.it/~gulli/AG_corpus_of_news_articles.html .
The AG's news topic classification dataset is constructed by Xiang Zhang (xiang.zhang@nyu.edu) from the dataset above. It is used as a text classification benchmark in the following paper: Xiang Zhang, Junbo Zhao, Yann LeCun. Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classification. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (NIPS 2015).
The AG's news topic classification dataset is constructed by choosing 4 largest classes from the original corpus. Each class contains 30,000 training samples and 1,900 testing samples. The total number of training samples is 120,000 and testing 7,600.
To use this dataset:
import tensorflow_datasets as tfds
ds = tfds.load('ag_news_subset', split='train')
for ex in ds.take(4):
print(ex)
See the guide for more informations on tensorflow_datasets.
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TwitterAttribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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Tea leaf dataset consists of two folders: Healthy leaves and Diseased leaves. The folder: “Healthy leaves” consists of images of leaves that is free from infection. The folder: “diseased leaves” consists of into 5 classes: Blister Blight, Brown Blight, Tea Mosquito Bug, Leaf Red Rust and Red Spider Mite. Each class is balanced in the dataset, that is1500 images in each class. Using python programming, raw images are first resized to 256*256 dimensions and then augmented using zoom, flip, rotation, shift and shear. Images are further enhanced using median filter.
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TwitterAttribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Percentage of the number of pixels of each class on Maupiti data, based on expert mapping.
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License information was derived automatically
Hyperparameters used in Scikit-learn package in Python [56], including both the default and customized values yielding robust classification on both the 15D and 7D feature space.
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TwitterThis dataset contains images of - Handwritten Bangla numerals - balanced dataset of total 6000 Bangla numerals (32x32 RGB coloured, 6000 images), each having 600 images per class(per digit). Handwritten Devanagari numerals - balanced dataset of total 3000 Devanagari numerals (32x32 RGB coloured, 3000 images), each having 300 images per class(per digit). Handwritten Telugu numerals - balanced dataset of total 3000 Telugu numerals (32x32 RGB coloured, 3000 images), each having 300 images per class(per digit).
CMATERdb is the pattern recognition database repository created at the 'Center for Microprocessor Applications for Training Education and Research' (CMATER) research lab, Jadavpur University, India.
To use this dataset:
import tensorflow_datasets as tfds
ds = tfds.load('cmaterdb', split='train')
for ex in ds.take(4):
print(ex)
See the guide for more informations on tensorflow_datasets.
https://storage.googleapis.com/tfds-data/visualization/fig/cmaterdb-bangla-1.0.0.png" alt="Visualization" width="500px">
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Results comparing raw Tecator data (3 classes) and oversampled with a 10-fold cross validation, iterated 100 times. Displayed results are mean (s.d.).
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Google's AudioSet consistently reformatted During my work with Google's AudioSet(https://research.google.com/audioset/index.html) I encountered some problems due to the fact that Weak (https://research.google.com/audioset/download.html) and Strong (https://research.google.com/audioset/download_strong.html) versions of the dataset used different csv formatting for the data, and that also labels used in the two datasets are different (https://github.com/audioset/ontology/issues/9) and also presented in files with different formatting. This dataset reformatting aims to unify the formats of the datasets so that it is possible to analyse them in the same pipelines, and also make the dataset files compatible with psds_eval, dcase_util and sed_eval Python packages used in Audio Processing. For better formatted documentation and source code of reformatting refer to https://github.com/bakhtos/GoogleAudioSetReformatted -Changes in dataset All files are converted to tab-separated `*.tsv` files (i.e. `csv` files with `\t` as a separator). All files have a header as the first line. -New fields and filenames Fields are renamed according to the following table, to be compatible with psds_eval: Old field -> New field YTID -> filename segment_id -> filename start_seconds -> onset start_time_seconds -> onset end_seconds -> offset end_time_seconds -> offset positive_labels -> event_label label -> event_label present -> present For class label files, `id` is now the name for the for `mid` label (e.g. `/m/09xor`) and `label` for the human-readable label (e.g. `Speech`). Index of label indicated for Weak dataset labels (`index` field in `class_labels_indices.csv`) is not used. Files are renamed according to the following table to ensure consisted naming of the form `audioset_[weak|strong]_[train|eval]_[balanced|unbalanced|posneg]*.tsv`: Old name -> New name balanced_train_segments.csv -> audioset_weak_train_balanced.tsv unbalanced_train_segments.csv -> audioset_weak_train_unbalanced.tsv eval_segments.csv -> audioset_weak_eval.tsv audioset_train_strong.tsv -> audioset_strong_train.tsv audioset_eval_strong.tsv -> audioset_strong_eval.tsv audioset_eval_strong_framed_posneg.tsv -> audioset_strong_eval_posneg.tsv class_labels_indices.csv -> class_labels.tsv (merged with mid_to_display_name.tsv) mid_to_display_name.tsv -> class_labels.tsv (merged with class_labels_indices.csv) -Strong dataset changes Only changes to the Strong dataset are renaming of fields and reordering of columns, so that both Weak and Strong version have `filename` and `event_label` as first two columns. -Weak dataset changes -- Labels are given one per line, instead of comma-separated and quoted list -- To make sure that `filename` format is the same as in Strong version, the following format change is made: The value of the `start_seconds` field is converted to milliseconds and appended to the `filename` with an underscore. Since all files in the dataset are assumed to be 10 seconds long, this unifies the format of `filename` with the Strong version and makes `end_seconds` also redundant. -Class labels changes Class labels from both datasets are merged into one file and given in alphabetical order of `id`s. Since same `id`s are present in both datasets, but sometimes with different human-readable labels, labels from Strong dataset overwrite those from Weak. It is possible to regenerate `class_labels.tsv` while giving priority to the Weak version of labels by calling `convert_labels(False)` from convert.py in the GitHub repository. -License Google's AudioSet was published in two stages - first the Weakly labelled data (Gemmeke, Jort F., et al. "Audio set: An ontology and human-labeled dataset for audio events." 2017 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2017.), then the strongly labelled data (Hershey, Shawn, et al. "The benefit of temporally-strong labels in audio event classification." ICASSP 2021-2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2021.) Both the original dataset and this reworked version are licensed under [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Class labels come from the AudioSet Ontology, which is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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Clustering methods are popular for revealing structure in data, particularly in the high-dimensional setting common to contemporary data science. A central statistical question is “are the clusters really there?” One pioneering method in statistical cluster validation is SigClust, but it is severely underpowered in the important setting where the candidate clusters have unbalanced sizes, such as in rare subtypes of disease. We show why this is the case and propose a remedy that is powerful in both the unbalanced and balanced settings, using a novel generalization of k-means clustering. We illustrate the value of our method using a high-dimensional dataset of gene expression in kidney cancer patients. A Python implementation is available at https://github.com/thomaskeefe/sigclust.
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Results comparing raw Maupiti data (4 classes) and oversampled with a 5-fold cross validation. Displayed results are mean (s.d.).
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TwitterImagenet2012Fewshot is a subset of original ImageNet ILSVRC 2012 dataset. The
dataset share the same validation set as the original ImageNet ILSVRC 2012
dataset. However, the training set is subsampled in a label balanced fashion. In
5shot configuration, 5 images per label, or 5000 images are sampled; and in
10shot configuration, 10 images per label, or 10000 images are sampled.
To use this dataset:
import tensorflow_datasets as tfds
ds = tfds.load('imagenet2012_fewshot', split='train')
for ex in ds.take(4):
print(ex)
See the guide for more informations on tensorflow_datasets.
https://storage.googleapis.com/tfds-data/visualization/fig/imagenet2012_fewshot-1shot-5.0.1.png" alt="Visualization" width="500px">
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TwitterApache License, v2.0https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
License information was derived automatically
Basic Information:
Number of entries: 374,661 Number of features: 19 Data Types:
15 integer columns 3 float columns 1 object column (label) Column Names:
id, Time, Is_CH, who CH, Dist_To_CH, ADV_S, ADV_R, JOIN_S, JOIN_R, SCH_S, SCH_R, Rank, DATA_S, DATA_R, Data_Sent_To_BS, dist_CH_To_BS, send_code, Consumed Energy, label Explore the Dataset First Five Rows:
id Time Is_CH who CH Dist_To_CH ADV_S ADV_R JOIN_S JOIN_R SCH_S SCH_R Rank DATA_S DATA_R Data_Sent_To_BS dist_CH_To_BS send_code Consumed Energy label 0 101000 50 1 101000 0.00000 1 0 0 25 1 0 0 0 1200 48 0.00000 1 0.00000 Attack 1 101001 50 0 101044 75.32345 0 4 1 0 0 1 2 38 0 0 0.00000 1 0.09797 Normal 2 101002 50 0 101010 46.95453 0 4 1 0 0 1 19 41 0 0 0.00000 1 0.09797 Normal 3 101003 50 0 101044 64.85231 0 4 1 0 0 1 16 38 0 0 0.00000 1 0.09797 Normal 4 101004 50 0 101010 4.83341 0 4 1 0 0 1 0 41 0 0 0.00000 1 0.09797 Normal Missing Values: No missing values detected in the dataset.
Statistical Summary:
The dataset includes various features related to network operations such as Time, Is_CH, who CH, Dist_To_CH, and more. The target variable label contains categorical values such as "Attack" and "Normal". Analyze Class Distribution Let's analyze the distribution of the classes within the dataset.
python Copy code class_distribution = dataset['label'].value_counts() class_distribution Handle Class Imbalance If a class imbalance is identified, appropriate techniques such as undersampling, oversampling, or SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) will be applied to balance the dataset.
Next Steps:
Identify the class distribution. Apply balancing techniques if necessary. Continue with data preprocessing and feature engineering. We will perform the class distribution analysis and balancing in the subsequent step.
i have found some duplicate values and drop them dataset.duplicated().sum() dataset.drop_duplicates(inplace=True)
ChatGPT Duplicate Handling Initial Duplicate Count Duplicates found: 8,873 Action Taken Duplicates dropped: The dataset has been cleaned by removing all duplicate entries. Verification Duplicates after cleaning: 0 The dataset is now free of duplicate entries. We can proceed with the analysis of the class distribution and any necessary steps to handle class imbalance.
Analyze Class Distribution Let's analyze the distribution of the label column to understand the balance between the classes.
python Copy code class_distribution = dataset['label'].value_counts() class_distribution I'll compute this now.
Class Distribution Analysis The distribution of the classes within the dataset is as follows:
Normal: 332,040 Grayhole: 13,909 Blackhole: 10,049 TDMA: 6,633 Flooding: 3,157 Observations There is a significant class imbalance, with the majority class being "Normal" (332,040 instances). Minority classes include "Grayhole", "Blackhole", "TDMA", and "Flooding".