This statistic depicts apparel market size projections from 2012 to 2025, by region. The United States' apparel market is expected to grow from 350 billion U.S. dollars in 2015 to 385 billion U.S. dollars in 2025; a CAGR of two percent.Apparel IndustryDespite the current global economic downturn, the global apparel industry continues to grow at a healthy rate and this, coupled with the absence of switching costs for consumers and great product differentiation, means that rivalry within the industry is no more than moderate. The apparel industry is of great importance to the economy in terms of trade, employment, investment and revenue all over the world. This particular industry has short product life cycles, vast product differentiation and is characterized by great pace of demand change coupled with rather long and inflexible supply processes.Even well-established brands have to work hard to maintain their share of the market. Consumers are demanding more versatile wear with wider functionality, which means retailers continue producing new styles of apparel for men and women.Apparel remains largely a discretionary purchase compared to other consumer goods, making it more prone to economic shocks. The global apparel market has been shaped by three contrasting regional movements - robust growth in emerging markets, fragile recovery in the United States, and a sharp slowdown in Western Europe. During 2015, retail sales at clothing and accessories stores in the United States totaled approximately 256 billion U.S. dollars; up from 250.41 billion U.S. dollars the previous year. Apparel retailing has always been a tough, highly competitive business, and many chains rise dramatically and then fail as price pressure from major discounters like Wal-Mart, Target and Kohl's keep profit margins thin at stores that sell moderately priced apparel.The global apparel market is always changing, attempting to adapt to customer trends and new technology that will allow the consumers shopping experience to be more enjoyable and ergonomic.

This timeline shows clothing and clothing accessories store sales in the United States from 1992 to 2023. In 2023, U.S. clothing and clothing accessories store sales amounted to about 307 billion U.S. dollars. According to the NAICS definition, companies operating in this sector are retailing clothing and clothing accessories from fixed point-of-sale locations. The clothing industry in the United States The U.S. apparel market is the largest in the world. Retail sales in clothing stores in the United States regularly exceed 15 billion U.S. dollars on a monthly basis. Most recently, retail sales of clothing reached 18 billion U.S. dollars in clothing stores in March 2024. The revenue of the women's and girls' apparel market in the United States was approximately 187.4 billion U.S. dollars in 2023, whereas the revenue of the men's and boys' apparel market was around 111 billion U.S. dollars in the same period. Leading apparel brands Levi's is one of the most popular apparel brands among U.S. consumers, according to a survey run in the third quarter of 2024. The brand's popularity is reflected in their net sales, reaching an all-time high of 6.2 billion U.S. dollars in 2023.

the Global Apparel Market Report is Segmented by End-User (men, Women, and Children), Type (formal Wear, Casual Wear, Sportswear, Night Wear, and Other Types), and Geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Middle East & Africa). the Report Offers the Market Sizes and Forecasts in Terms of Value (USD) for all the Above Segments.

Explore the Clothing/Apparel Stores Global Market Report 2025 Market trends! Covers key players, growth rate 7.1% CAGR, market size $1381.43 Billion, and forecasts to 2033. Get insights now!

Graph and download economic data for Advance Retail Sales: Clothing and Clothing Accessory Stores (RSCCAS) from Jan 1992 to Feb 2025 about apparel, retail trade, sales, retail, and USA.

It was estimated in 2017, that the apparel market grew by approximately 5.46 percent compared to the previous year. Further growth was forecast for the following years, with a peak growth rate of around 6.2 percent expected in 2020. The United States and China have the largest apparel markets in the world in terms of revenue.

Apparel & footwear market

H&M is one of the largest and most recognizable apparel brands worldwide. In 2017, H&M held the third largest market share within the global apparel and footwear market, with a share of 1.4 percent. The apparel and footwear market is quite a fragmented market due to its highly competitive and saturated nature, meaning that no one company holds a large portion of the whole market. The global apparel and footwear market had retail sales of around 1.7 trillion U.S. dollars in 2017.

Leading apparel companies
Adidas was the third most valuable apparel brand in the world, valued at approximately 17 billion U.S. dollars in 2019. Nike, ZARA, and H&M are some of the other most valuable apparel brands worldwide. When it comes to retail sales, the picture is slightly different as many of the biggest apparel brands design and manufacture clothing as opposed to focusing on the retail side of the industry. TJX Companies, Inditex, and H&M were the leading apparel retailers in the world in 2017. Inditex, whose brands include ZARA and Bershka, had sales of around 28.9 billion U.S. dollars that year.

Success.ai’s Fashion & Apparel Data for Apparel, Fashion & Luxury Goods Professionals in Asia provides a robust dataset tailored for businesses seeking to connect with key players in Asia’s thriving fashion and luxury goods industries. Covering roles such as brand managers, designers, retail executives, and supply chain leaders, this dataset includes verified contact details, professional insights, and actionable business data.

With access to over 700 million verified global profiles and 130 million profiles focused on Asia, Success.ai ensures your outreach, marketing, and business development strategies are supported by accurate, continuously updated, and AI-validated data. Backed by our Best Price Guarantee, this solution positions you to succeed in Asia’s competitive and ever-growing fashion markets.

Why Choose Success.ai’s Fashion & Apparel Data?

1. Verified Contact Data for Precision Outreach

   • Access verified work emails, phone numbers, and LinkedIn profiles of professionals in apparel, fashion, and luxury goods industries across Asia.
   • AI-driven validation ensures 99% accuracy, reducing bounce rates and enhancing communication efficiency.

2. Comprehensive Coverage of Asian Fashion Professionals

   • Includes profiles from major fashion hubs such as China, India, Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia.
   • Gain insights into regional consumer trends, emerging fashion markets, and luxury goods opportunities.

3. Continuously Updated Datasets

   • Real-time updates capture changes in leadership, market expansions, and product launches.
   • Stay aligned with evolving industry trends and capitalize on new opportunities effectively.

4. Ethical and Compliant

   • Fully adheres to GDPR, CCPA, and other global data privacy regulations, ensuring responsible and lawful data usage.

Data Highlights:

• 700M+ Verified Global Profiles: Connect with professionals across the global fashion and apparel industries, with a focus on Asia.
• 130M+ Profiles in Asia: Gain detailed insights into professionals shaping the region’s fashion and luxury goods markets.
• Verified Contact Details: Access work emails, phone numbers, and business locations for precise targeting.
• Leadership Insights: Engage with designers, brand managers, and retail leaders driving Asia’s fashion trends.

Key Features of the Dataset:

1. Comprehensive Professional Profiles

   • Identify and connect with decision-makers in apparel design, luxury goods branding, retail operations, and supply chain management.
   • Target individuals leading innovation in sustainable fashion, fast fashion, and digital transformation.

2. Advanced Filters for Precision Campaigns

   • Filter professionals by industry focus (luxury goods, ready-to-wear, footwear), geographic location, or job function.
   • Tailor campaigns to align with specific market needs, such as emerging e-commerce platforms or regional fashion preferences.

3. Industry and Regional Insights

   • Leverage data on consumer behaviors, market growth, and regional trends in Asia’s fashion and luxury goods sectors.
   • Refine marketing strategies, product development, and partnership outreach based on actionable insights.

4. AI-Driven Enrichment

   • Profiles enriched with actionable data allow for personalized messaging, highlight unique value propositions, and improve engagement outcomes.

Strategic Use Cases:

1. Marketing Campaigns and Brand Expansion

   • Design targeted campaigns to promote apparel, luxury goods, or retail solutions to fashion professionals in Asia.
   • Leverage multi-channel outreach, including email, phone, and social media, to maximize engagement.

2. Product Development and Consumer Insights

   • Utilize data on regional trends and consumer preferences to guide product development and marketing strategies.
   • Collaborate with brand managers and designers to tailor collections or launch new offerings aligned with market demands.

3. Partnership Development and Retail Collaboration

   • Build relationships with retail chains, luxury brands, and supply chain leaders seeking strategic alliances.
   • Foster partnerships that expand distribution channels, enhance brand visibility, or improve operational efficiencies.

4. Market Research and Competitive Analysis

   • Analyze trends in Asia’s fashion industry to refine business strategies, identify market gaps, and anticipate consumer demands.
   • Benchmark against competitors to stay ahead in the fast-paced fashion landscape.

Why Choose Success.ai?

1. Best Price Guarantee

   • Access premium-quality fashion and apparel data at competitive prices, ensuring strong ROI for your marketing, sales, and product development efforts.

2. Seamless Integration

   • Integrate verified data into CRM systems, analytics platforms, or marketing tools via APIs or downloadable formats, streamlining workfl...

Graph and download economic data for Retail Sales: Clothing and Clothing Accessory Stores (MRTSSM448USN) from Jan 1992 to Jan 2025 about apparel, retail trade, sales, retail, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Retail Sales: Women's Clothing Stores (MRTSSM44812USN) from Jan 1992 to Dec 2024 about females, apparel, retail trade, sales, retail, and USA.

The Women's Clothing Stores industry has seen a definitive shift in trends and market dynamics in recent years. Adjusting to rapidly changing customer preferences while contending with a burgeoning e-commerce sector — where convenience, diversity and competitive pricing prevail — have marked salient challenges. Bricks-and-mortar stores, particularly, have faced the heat as consumers increasingly turn to online platforms for shopping. Despite fierce competition and shaky economic conditions, revenue has expanded at a CAGR of 5.7% over the past five years to reach an estimated $69.6 billion in 2025, when income is projected to inch by 0.1%. The surge in online shopping has posed significant challenges for traditional retailers as consumers increasingly favor digital platforms. Despite these hurdles, the industry has demonstrated remarkable resilience. In particular, specialty boutiques and retailers focusing on unique or sustainable fashion have successfully maintained customer loyalty and even thrived in the evolving marketplace. The growth in households earning more than $100,000 has also provided a boost for women's stores, enabling them to compete against larger retailers that typically handle more customers but with less expensive transactions. Nonetheless, many stores have experienced compressed profit, primarily because of external pressures like rising operational costs and supply chain challenges, which have rigorously tested their financial resilience. The industry will expand its online presence and e-commerce platforms to capture a large potential customer base and remain relevant. Also, consumer preferences will shift toward more sustainable and eco-friendly trends, which will benefit women's clothing stores that can promote these types of products. As fast fashion trends fade, stores will likely be able to capitalize on growth opportunities by offering unique or personalized clothing. However, the industry will still face external competition from large retailers that can provide lower-price options. Over the next five years, revenue will inflate at a CAGR of 0.3% to reach an estimated $70.7 billion in 2030.

United States - Retail Sales: Clothing Stores was 19168.00000 Mil. of $ in January of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Retail Sales: Clothing Stores reached a record high of 19168.00000 in January of 2025 and a record low of 1818.00000 in April of 2020. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Retail Sales: Clothing Stores - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on March of 2025.

Snapshot img

Apparel Market Size 2025-2029

The apparel market size is forecast to increase by USD 707.4 billion at a CAGR of 7.1% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by various trends and challenges. Sustainability and ethical practices are increasingly important to consumers, leading to a magnetization towards labels that prioritize these factors. The e-commerce sector's expansion is another key growth factor, enabling easy access to a wide range of textiles, from cotton to silk, wool, and more. Fast fashion continues to dominate the scene, with consumers seeking affordable and trendy options. Meanwhile, the luxury apparel segment, including LED lighting technology in clothing, athletic apparel, and textiles like yarn, are gaining traction In the market. Additionally, the spa and wellness industry's influence on apparel is growing, with consumers seeking comfortable and stylish clothing for relaxation and self-care.
Swimwear and sneakers remain popular categories, catering to the active lifestyle trend. Overall, the market's future looks promising, with continued innovation and consumer demand driving growth.

What will be the Size of the Apparel Market During the Forecast Period?

Request Free Sample

The market encompasses a vast array of products, including traditional garments and luxury wear, catering to adults and children. This market is characterized by its dynamic nature, driven by advancements in textile technology and the increasing popularity of online shopping and e-commerce portals. Fiber-based materials, such as yarns and fabrics derived from knitting, weaving, and stitching, form the foundation of the apparel industry. The market's size is substantial, with demand for various apparel items, including shirts, pants, coats, skirts, suits, heels, sneakers, and boots, fueling its growth. Luxury brands continue to hold a significant presence, offering high-end apparel and footwear items that cater to discerning consumers.
The apparel industry's future direction lies In the integration of technology, sustainability, and innovation, ensuring a continuous evolution of this essential and ever-changing market.

How is this Apparel Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The apparel industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

End-user

  Women
  Men
  Children


Distribution Channel

  Offline
  Online


Type

  Mass
  Premium
  Luxury


Geography

  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    France


  Middle East and Africa



  South America

By End-user Insights

The women segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market experienced significant growth, with the women's segment holding the largest share in 2024. Driven by factors such as evolving fashion trends, increasing purchasing power, and changing lifestyles, women continue to be the primary consumers of apparel. Fashion consciousness among women is at an all-time high, leading to a continuous demand for new clothing items, accessories, and footwear. Innovative designs catering to specialized needs, such as adaptive clothing for individuals with disabilities or mobility challenges, are gaining popularity. Brands like Silverts offer stylish and functional solutions, such as pants with easy-pull-up dressing grips and jackets with concealed magnet closures.

Online shopping through e-commerce portals and mobile devices has become increasingly popular among the millennial generation, contributing to the market's growth. Sustainable approaches, including the use of recycled materials, textile-based fibers like cotton and silk, and eco-friendly dyeing methods, are also gaining traction In the apparel industry. Luxury brands and high-end fashion continue to influence trends, with a focus on long-lasting clothing and unique concepts. However, concerns regarding the harmful impacts of fast fashion on the environment and the use of unethical practices, toxic chemicals, and animal cruelty persist.

Get a glance at the Apparel Industry report of share of various segments Request Free Sample

The Women segment was valued at USD 686.90 billion in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

APAC is estimated to contribute 44% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period.

Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

For more insights on the market share of various regions, Request Free Sample

The market experienced significant growth In the Asia Pacific (AP

The annual revenue of the clothing retail industry in Australia amounted to over 24.4 billion Australian dollars in 2024, marking a slight rise from the previous year. In 2020, the industry’s revenue dropped by over one billion Australian dollars, after increasing steadily between 2015 and 2019. Clothing retail industry in Australia In financial year 2024, New South Wales and Victoria were Australia’s leading states in terms of the number of operating clothing retailing businesses. In 2024, trends showed that Australian consumers were increasingly purchasing items online, with fashion retail accounting for over ten percent of online spending in Australia. Australian shopping trends In recent years, Australian shoppers have become increasingly sustainability conscious, as people across the globe strive to reduce their clothing waste and turn away from fast fashion. More and more Australian consumers are acknowledging the benefits of trading items in the second-hand circular economy, as well as purchasing clothing created from ethically sourced materials, even if it means paying more. Gen Z and Millennials are the driving force behind environmentally conscious consumption in Australia, with Millennials accounting for the largest share of the population who consider the environmental effects of buying new and throwing out items. Nonetheless, the quality, appearance, and style of apparel remain important factors in Australian consumers’ clothing choices.

The size of the Middle East and Africa E-Commerce Apparel Market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 8.72% during the forecast period. E-commerce apparel refers to the buying and selling of clothing and fashion accessories through online platforms. This sector has rapidly evolved, offering consumers a vast array of options ranging from everyday wear to high-end fashion, all accessible via websites and mobile apps. E-commerce apparel allows shoppers to browse, compare, and purchase items from the comfort of their homes, often benefiting from features like detailed product descriptions, customer reviews, and virtual try-ons. The convenience of online shopping, coupled with the ability to access a global market, has transformed the apparel industry. Retailers, from established brands to new startups, leverage digital platforms to reach a wider audience and streamline the shopping experience. Advanced technologies, such as AI-driven recommendations and augmented reality fitting rooms, enhance personalization and customer satisfaction. Additionally, e-commerce apparel often includes various services like free shipping, easy returns, and exclusive online discounts, further attracting consumers.However, the e-commerce apparel market also faces challenges such as managing inventory, ensuring quality control, and addressing environmental concerns related to packaging and returns. Despite these hurdles, the continued growth of online shopping underscores the dynamic nature of the fashion industry and its increasing reliance on digital solutions to meet consumer demands. Recent developments include: March 2023: H&M announced the launch of its Limited Edition 2023 collection for Ramadan. The products were launched in three unique capsules. The H&M Limited Edition 2023 collection prices ranged from DHS 139 in different sizes XS-XL. The first 'Ramadan Ready capsule went on sale online and in a few select stores on March 2, 2023. The second one went on sale on March 16 of that same year, and the last one went on sale on April 6 of that same year., February 2023: H&M South Africa announced their plans to expand their online presence across South Africa in partnership with e-commerce retailer Superbalist. The partnership was intended to allow customers across the region to have access to H&M fashion products for women, men, teens, and kids., March 2022: H&M announced the launch of its new collection, 'H&M Ramadan & Eid Statements 2022 collection'. The new apparel collection was launched in a few selected stores and a few e-commerce platforms, including 'qa.hm.com' and the H&M App.. Key drivers for this market are: Rising Internet Penetration and Increased Social Media Usage Boosting the Market, Seasonal Demand Surge & Discounts in Online Stores Driving the Market. Potential restraints include: Availability of Counterfeit Products Restricting the Market Growth. Notable trends are: Rising Internet Penetration & Increased Social Media Usage Boosting the Market.

Graph and download economic data for Hours Worked for Retail Trade: Family Clothing Stores (NAICS 448140) in the United States (IPUHN448140L201000000) from 1988 to 2021 about apparel, NAICS, family, hours, retail trade, sales, retail, and USA.

The secondhand apparel market is estimated to be valued at US$ 43.49 billion in 2024 and reach US$ 125.18 billion by 2034. It is expected to rise at a CAGR of 11.1% from 2024 to 2034. The demand for secondhand clothing is mostly driven by their higher quality and cost effectiveness.

Attributes	Details
Secondhand Apparel Market Value for 2024	US$ 43.49 billion
Projected Market Value for 2034	US$ 125.18 billion
CAGR (2024 to 2034)	11.1%

Historical Performance and Future Growth of the Secondhand Apparel Market

Historical CAGR	8.9%

Category-wise Insights

Attributes	Details
Top Product Type	Dresses and Tops
Market share in 2024	33.0%

Attributes	Details
Top Target Population	Women
Market share in 2024	49.4%

Country-wise Insights

Countries	CAGR (2024 to 2034)
United States	2.6%
United Kingdom	9.3%
China	4.8%
Japan	7.6%
India	14.0%

As per Cognitive Market Research's latest published report, the Global Online Fashion Retail market size was $771.90 Billion in 2022 and it is forecasted to reach $2,755.17 Billion by 2030. Online Fashion Retail Industry's Compound Annual Growth Rate will be 17.37% from 2023 to 2030. Market Dynamics of the Online Fashion Retail Market:

Evolution in online shopping along with the emergence of technologies:

Technological advancement has become the center of life. Most devices such as smartwatches, and mobile phones with multiple accessibilities merge with digital networks. Technologies such as blockchain, and artificial intelligence have pushed online fashion businesses to be more user-friendly which can help customer to fulfill their needs. E-commerce retail platforms which are using several technologies would be able to surge their competitive advantage towards better customer experiences and customizing the products as per their requirements. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming the most popular technology in the online fashion retail industry. AI has the ability to change vast and diverse data into valuable data which helps to exceed cost, speed, and time. Furthermore, Augmented Reality (AR) technology also plays a vital role which provides a real-time view and also magnified computer-generated information.

Restraining Factor:

Lack of close examination and frauds in online shopping:

Many customers want to feel and touch the product in order to identify product quality. Thus, most of the customers prefer to purchase from window shops to touch-feel-try the products which may lead to hinder the market growth to some extent. In addition, the products shown in the pictures are sometimes misleading. The size, colour, and appearance are not images with electronic images. In addition, many people prefer to visit physical stores for examining the product though it consumes time. Further, the online payment mode is not much safe while doing payment transactions. Therefore, retailers and e-marketers are paying attention to finding out a solution to this issue.

However, the emergence of new technologies, good discounts, availability of different brands, time-saving processes, a wide range of products, and safer payment transactions are expected to surge the market growth during the forecast period.

Current Trends on Online Fashion Retail:

Development of new applications in online fashion retail platforms:

Increasing penetration of smartphones and the emergence of new technologies followed by the development of different applications have gained traction in the online fashion retail market. Solutions like Mobile body scanning technology are having a lucrative impact on the online fashion retail market size and shape. In addition, a solution like Mobile Tailor which allows customers to take body measurements remotely and contactless by using just two photos of them enables businesses to expand their reach. Furthermore, YourFit solution also helps shoppers to find out matching online shoppers in order to overcome size issues. Thus, the development of new applications in the fashion world is projected to expand the market growth in the future.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Online Fashion Retail Market:

The outbreak of Covid-19 has significant impact on the global fashion retail market. As governments of several nations announced lockdown and social distancing regulations, the market has faced several damages during the Covid-19 pandemic. However, there are some positive impacts such as the emergence of new technologies i.e. ewallet, 360-degree videos, three-dimensional product view, and trying on clothes with augmented reality has gained traction during a pandemic. The online fashion market has gained traction among young consumers during the outbreak of COVID-19. UK-based eCommerce company BooHoo has reported that during the lockdown their sales has increased by 45% in May 2020.

As the online fashion retail industry is growing, fashion businesses need to adapt to changing circumstances. Due to the high competition in the sector, online fashion businesses have to implement new intelligent solutions which are going to recommend the right product to the right customer in real time. Introduction of Online Fashion Retail:

In the past decade, increasing usage of the internet has given new momentum to the online fashion retail market. Rising demand for designer dress...

Middle East and Africa E-Commerce Apparel Market is segmented by Product Type (Formal Wear, Casual Wear, Sportswear, Nightwear, and Other Types); by End User (Men, Women, and Kids/Children); by Platform Type, (Third Party Retailer and Company's Own Website); and by Geography (Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East and Africa). The report offers the market size in value terms in USD for all the abovementioned segments.

According to Future Market Insights (FMI), the USA & Canada secondhand apparel market is estimated to surge at a CAGR of 12.3% during the forecast period 2023 to 2033. The market value is projected to increase from US$ 28,095.0 million in 2023 to US$ 89,624.4 million by 2033.

Attribute	Details
The USA & Canada Secondhand Apparel Market Estimated Size (2022)	~US$ 24,929 million
Estimated Market Size (2023)	~US$ 28,095 million
Projected Size (2033)	~US$ 89,624.4 million
Value-based CAGR (2023 to 2033)	~12.3%

Country-wise Insights

Country	USA
Market Share (2023)	85.5%
Market Share (2033)	82.4%
BPS Analysis	(-) 310

Country	Canada
Market Share (2023)	13.5
Market Share (2033)	16.6%
BPS Analysis	(+) 310

Scope of Report

Attribute	Details
Forecast Period	2023 to 2033
Historical Data Available for	2018 to 2022
Market Analysis	US$ million for Value
Key Countries Covered	United States Canada
Key Segments Covered	Product Type Sector Consumer Orientation Sales Channel Country
Key Companies Profiled	ThredUP Poshmark The RealReal Depop Goodwill Industries Salvation Army Tradesy Vestiaire Collective Grailed Mercari Buffalo Exchange Crossroads Trading ASOS Marketplace Rebag Others (as requested)
Report Coverage	Market Forecast, Company Share Analysis, Competition Intelligence, DROT Analysis, Market Dynamics and Challenges, and Strategic Growth Initiatives

The Report Covers Global Men's Clothing Industry Statistics & Trends and the Market is Segmented by Product Type (Trousers, Denim, T-shirts, Winter Wear, Sportswear, and Other Product Types); by Distribution Channel (Offline Retail Stores and Online Retail Stores); and by Geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Middle-East and Africa.) The report offers market size and values in (USD million) during the forecasted years for the above segments.