The ocean absorbs one quarter of the global CO2 emissions from human activity. The community-led Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (www.socat.info) is key for the quantification of ocean CO2 uptake and its variation, now and in the future. SOCAT version 2023 has quality-controlled in situ surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of CO2) measurements on ships, moorings, autonomous and drifting surface platforms for the global oceans and coastal seas from 1957 to 2023. The main synthesis and gridded products contain fCO2 values with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 μatm. Sensor fCO2 data with an estimated accuracy of 5 to 10 μatm are separately available. During quality control, marine scientists assign a flag to each data set, as well as WOCE flags of 2 (good), 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) to individual fCO2 values. Data sets are assigned flags of A and B for an estimated accuracy of better than 2 μatm, flags of C and D for an accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a flag of E for an accuracy of better than 10 μatm. Bakker et al. (2016) describe the quality control criteria used in SOCAT versions 3 to 2023. Quality control comments for individual data sets can be accessed via the SOCAT Data Set Viewer (www.socat.info). All data sets, where data quality has been deemed acceptable, have been made public. The main SOCAT synthesis files and the gridded products contain all data sets with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 µatm (data set flags of A to D) and fCO2 values with a WOCE flag of 2. Access to data sets with an estimated accuracy of 5 to 10 (flag of E) and fCO2 values with flags of 3 and 4 is via additional data products and the Data Set Viewer (Table 8 in Bakker et al., 2016). SOCAT publishes a global gridded product with a 1° longitude by 1° latitude resolution. A second product with a higher resolution of 0.25° longitude by 0.25° latitude is available for the coastal seas. The gridded products contain all data sets with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 µatm (data set flags of A to D) and fCO2 values with a WOCE flag of 2. Gridded products are available monthly, per year and per decade. Two powerful, interactive, online viewers, the Data Set Viewer and the Gridded Data Viewer (www.socat.info), enable investigation of the SOCAT synthesis and gridded data products. SOCAT data products can be downloaded. Matlab code is available for reading these files. Ocean Data View also provides access to the SOCAT data products (www.socat.info). SOCAT data products are discoverable, accessible and citable. The SOCAT Data Use Statement (www.socat.info) asks users to generously acknowledge the contribution of SOCAT scientists by invitation to co-authorship, especially for data providers in regional studies, and/or reference to relevant scientific articles. The SOCAT website (www.socat.info) provides a single access point for online viewers, downloadable data sets, the Data Use Statement, a list of contributors and an overview of scientific publications on and using SOCAT. Automation of data upload and initial data checks allows annual releases of SOCAT from version 4 onwards. SOCAT is used for quantification of ocean CO2 uptake and ocean acidification and for evaluation of climate models and sensor data. SOCAT products inform the annual Global Carbon Budget since 2013. The annual SOCAT releases by the SOCAT scientific community are a Voluntary Commitment for United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14.3 (Reduce Ocean Acidification) (#OceanAction20464). More broadly the SOCAT releases contribute to UN SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 14 (Life Below Water), and to the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. Hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific publications and high-impact reports cite SOCAT. The SOCAT community-led synthesis product is a key step in the value chain based on in situ inorganic carbon measurements of the oceans, which provides policy makers with critical information on ocean CO2 uptake in climate negotiations. The need for accurate knowledge of global ocean CO2 uptake and its (future) variation makes sustained funding of in situ surface ocean CO2 observations imperative.

The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis activity by the international marine carbon research community and has more than 100 contributors worldwide. SOCAT provides access to synthesis and gridded, quality controlled, observational products of surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) for the global oceans and coastal seas. SOCAT version 5 has 21.5 million, in situ, surface ocean fCO2 measurements with an accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a WOCE flag of 2 (good) from 1957 to 2016. Calibrated sensor data with an accuracy of better than 10 μatm are also available. During quality control, marine scientists assign a flag to each dataset, as well as WOCE flags of 2 (good), 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) to individual fCO2 values. Datasets are assigned flags of A and B for an accuracy of better than 2 μatm, flags of C and D for an accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a flag of E for an accuracy of better than 10 μatm. Bakker et al. (2016) describe the quality control criteria used in SOCAT versions 3 to 5. Quality control comments for individual datasets can be accessed via the SOCAT Data Set Viewer (www.socat.info). All datasets, where data quality has been deemed acceptable, have been made public. The main SOCAT synthesis files and the gridded products contain all datasets with flags of A to D and fCO2 values with a flag of 2. Access to datasets with a flag of E and fCO2 values with flags of 3 and 4 is via additional data products and the Data Set Viewer (Table 8 in Bakker et al., 2016). SOCAT publishes a global gridded product with a 1° longitude by 1° latitude resolution. A second product with a higher resolution of 0.25° longitude by 0.25° latitude is available for the coastal seas. Gridded products are available monthly, per year and per decade. Two powerful, interactive, online viewers, the Data Set Viewer and the Gridded Data Viewer, enable investigation of the SOCAT synthesis and gridded data products. SOCAT data products can be downloaded. MatLab code is available for reading these files. Ocean Data View also provides access to the SOCAT data products. SOCAT data products are discoverable, accessible and citable. SOCAT versions 3 to 5 should be cited as Bakker et al., 2016 (until a publication on versions 4 and 5 is published). The SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement asks users to generously acknowledge the contribution of SOCAT scientists by invitation to co-authorship, especially for data providers in regional studies, and/or reference to relevant scientific articles. The SOCAT website (www.socat.info) provides a single access point for online viewers, downloadable datasets, the Fair Data Use Statement, a list of contributors and an overview of scientific publications on and using SOCAT. Automation of data upload and initial data checks allows annual releases of SOCAT from version 4 onward. SOCAT enables quantification of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification and evaluation of ocean biogeochemical models. More than 180 peer-reviewed scientific publications and high-impact reports cite SOCAT. SOCAT represents a milestone in research coordination, data access, biogeochemical and climate research and in informing policy.

The dataset provides information on the CO2 emitted by ships over 5000 gross tonnage when performing maritime transport activities related to the European Economic Area (EEA). This information covers around 10800 ships of various types, services and cargo carried, ranging from ro-ro passenger ships to bulk carriers, tankers and container ships. This publication of information is part of the implementation of Regulation (EU) 2015/757 on the monitoring, reporting and verification of CO2 emissions from maritime transport.

Container ships and bulk carriers are the leading contributors to international shipping carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. In 2022, container ships emitted an estimated 221.5 MtCO₂, while bulk carriers followed closely with 208.8 MtCO₂. Together, these vessels account for half of the international maritime industry’s carbon footprint. Decarbonizing shipping With international shipping emissions having doubled since 1990 to more than 700 MtCO₂ per year, the industry faces mounting pressure to reduce its carbon footprint. The International Maritime Organization has set the target of reaching net-zero GHG emissions for international shipping by or around 2050, hitting interim targets of at least 20 percent by 2030, relative to 2008 levels, and at least 70 percent by 2040. To achieve these goals, the industry will need to improve the energy efficiency of ships fueled by fossil fuels, as well as switch to low-emission fuels like hydrogen and ammonia. Environmental concerns beyond CO₂ While CO₂ emissions remain a primary concern, the shipping industry also grapples with other environmental challenges. Several harmful air pollutants are emitted by ships, including sulfur dioxide, black carbon, and nitrogen dioxide. Although many ships are fitted with “scrubbers” to reduce air emissions, contaminants removed from the exhaust gas by these cleaning systems are dumped overboard in the form of washwater, which creates a different type of pollution that poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems.

54 Active Global Co2 cylinder suppliers, manufacturers list and Global Co2 cylinder exporters directory compiled from actual Global export shipments of Co2 cylinder.

The primary climate-change data and information analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and includes the World Data Center for Atmospheric Trace Gases, serving the climate change-related data and information needs of users worldwide. CDIAC''s data holdings include estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel consumption and land-use changes; records of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other radiatively active trace gases; carbon cycle and terrestrial carbon management datasets and analyses; and global/regional climate data and time series. CDIAC provides scientific and data management support for projects sponsored by a number of agencies, including the AmeriFlux Network, continuous observations of ecosystem level exchanges of CO2, water, energy and momentum at different time scales for sites in the Americas; the Ocean CO2 Data Program of CO2 measurements taken aboard ocean research vessels; DOE-supported FACE experiments, which evaluate plant and ecosystem response to elevated CO2 concentrations; and the HIPPO project, which is analyzing the atmospheric carbon cycle and greenhouse gas concentrations from pole to pole over the Pacific Ocean. For those wishing to contribute data to the CDIAC data collection, review the guide and then contact one of the CDIAC staff members to discuss further data submission plans. Data providers may submit data in a variety of ways including via email, direct deposit to a secure CDIAC File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server, on transfer media (e.g. CD-ROM), or by having CDIAC mirror a location at the investigator''s institution.

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

This dataset consists of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Version 2021 (SOCATv2021) data product files. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) documents the increase in surface ocean CO2 (carbon dioxide), a critical measure as the oceans are taking up one quarter of the global CO2 emissions from human activity. SOCAT version 2021 has 30.6 million quality-controlled surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of CO2) observations with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a WOCE flag of 2 (good) from 1957 to 2020 for the global oceans and coastal seas. In addition, 2.1 million values with an estimated accuracy of 5 to 10 μatm are available. During quality control, marine scientists assign a flag to each data set, as well as WOCE flags of 2 (good), 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) to individual fCO2 values. Data sets are assigned flags of A and B for an estimated accuracy of better than 2 μatm, flags of C and D for an accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a flag of E for an accuracy of better than 10 μatm. Bakker et al. (2016) describe the quality control criteria used in SOCAT versions 3 to 2021. Quality control comments for individual data sets can be accessed via the SOCAT Data Set Viewer (www.socat.info). All data sets, where data quality has been deemed acceptable, have been made public. The main SOCAT synthesis files and the gridded products contain all data sets with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 µatm (data set flags of A to D) and fCO2 values with a WOCE flag of 2. Access to data sets with an estimated accuracy of 5 to 10 (flag of E) and fCO2 values with flags of 3 and 4 is via additional data products and the Data Set Viewer (Table 8 in Bakker et al., 2016). SOCAT publishes a global gridded product with a 1° longitude by 1° latitude resolution. A second product with a higher resolution of 0.25° longitude by 0.25° latitude is available for the coastal seas. The gridded products contain all data sets with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 µatm (data set flags of A to D) and fCO2 values with a WOCE flag of 2. Gridded products are available monthly, per year and per decade. Two powerful, interactive, online viewers, the Data Set Viewer and the Gridded Data Viewer (www.socat.info), enable investigation of the SOCAT synthesis and gridded data products. SOCAT data products can be downloaded. Matlab code is available for reading these files. Ocean Data View also provides access to the SOCAT data products (www.socat.info). SOCAT data products are discoverable, accessible and citable. The SOCAT Data Use Statement asks users to generously acknowledge the contribution of SOCAT scientists by invitation to co-authorship, especially for data providers in regional studies, and/or reference to relevant scientific articles. The SOCAT website (www.socat.info) provides a single access point for online viewers, downloadable data sets, the Data Use Statement, a list of contributors and an overview of scientific publications on and using SOCAT. Automation of data upload and initial data checks allows annual releases of SOCAT from version 4 onwards. SOCAT-based data products are used for quantification of the ocean carbon sink, to estimate ocean acidification, for evaluation of biogeochemical sensor data and to evaluate climate models (CMIP). Since 2013 SOCAT products inform the annual Global Carbon Budget. The annual SOCAT releases are made by the SOCAT scientific community as a Voluntary Commitment for United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14.3 (Reduce Ocean Acidification) (#OceanAction20464). More broadly the SOCAT releases contribute to UN SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 14 (Life Below Water), and to the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. Hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific publications and high-impact reports cite SOCAT. The SOCAT community-led synthesis product is a key step in the value chain based on in situ inorganic carbon measurements of the oceans, which provides policy makers with essential information on ocean CO2 uptake in climate negotiations. The global need for accurate knowledge of ocean CO2 uptake and its variation (including ocean acidification) makes sustained funding for in situ surface ocean CO2 observations imperative.

VITAL SIGNS INDICATOR Greenhouse Gas Emissions (EN3)

FULL MEASURE NAME Greenhouse gas emissions from primary sources

LAST UPDATED August 2017

DESCRIPTION Greenhouse gas emissions refer to carbon dioxide and other chemical compounds that contribute to global climate change. Vital Signs tracks greenhouse gas emissions linked to consumption from the three largest sources in the region: surface transportation, electricity consumption, and natural gas consumption. This measure helps track progress towards achieving regional greenhouse gas reduction targets, including the region's per-capita greenhouse gas target for surface transportation under Senate Bill 375. This dataset includes emissions estimates on the regional and county levels.

DATA SOURCE California Energy Commission: Retail Fuel Outlet Annual Reporting 2010-2012, 2015 Form CEC-A15 http://www.energy.ca.gov/almanac/transportation_data/gasoline/piira_retail_survey.html

Energy Information Administration: CO2 Conversion Data 2015 conversion purposes only; consistent over time http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=307&t=11

California Energy Commission: Electricity Consumption by County 2003-2015 http://www.ecdms.energy.ca.gov/elecbycounty.aspx

Pacific Gas & Electric Company: Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors 2003-2013 audited by the Climate Registry; conversion purposes only https://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/shared/environment/calculator/pge_ghg_emission_factor_info_sheet.pdf

Pacific Gas & Electric Company: Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors 2014-2015 audited by the Climate Registry; conversion purposes only http://www.pgecurrents.com/2017/02/09/pge-cuts-carbon-emissions-with-clean-energy-2/

California Energy Commission: Natural Gas Consumption by County 1990-2015 http://www.ecdms.energy.ca.gov/gasbycounty.aspx

Pacific Gas & Electric Company: Climate Footprint Calculator 2015 conversion purposes only; consistent over time https://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/about/environment/calculator/assumptions.pdf

California Department of Finance: Population and Housing Estimates 1990-2015 http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/

CONTACT INFORMATION vitalsigns.info@mtc.ca.gov

METHODOLOGY NOTES (across all datasets for this indicator) For surface transportation, the dataset is based on a survey of fueling stations, the vast majority of which respond to the survey; the Energy Commission corrects for non-response bias by imputing the remaining share of fuel sales. Note that 2014 data was excluded to data abnormalities for several counties in the region; methodology improvements in 2012 affected estimated by +/- 5% according to CEC estimates. For years 2013 and 2014, a linear trendline assumption was used instead between 2012 and 2015 data points. Greenhouse gas emissions are calculated based on the gallons of gasoline and diesel sales, relying upon standardized Energy Information Administration conversion rates for E10 fuel (gasoline with 10% ethanol) and standard diesel. Per-capita greenhouse gas emissions are calculated simply by dividing emissions attributable to fuel sold in that county by the total number of county residents; there may be a slight bias in the data given that a fraction of fuel sold in a given county may be purchased by non-residents.

For electricity consumption, the dataset is based on electricity consumption data for the nine Bay Area counties; note that this is different than electricity production as the region imports electricity. Because such data is not disaggregated by utility provider, a simple assumption is made that electricity consumed has the greenhouse gas emissions intensity (on a kilowatt-hour basis) of Pacific Gas & Electric, the primary electricity provider in the Bay Area. For this reason, with the small but growing market share of low- and zero-GHG community choice aggregation (CCA) providers, the greenhouse gas emissions estimate in more recent years may be slightly overestimated. Per-capita greenhouse gas emissions are calculated simply by dividing emissions attributable to fuel sold in that county by the total number of county residents; data is disaggregated between residential and non-residential customers.

For natural gas consumption, the dataset is based on natural gas consumption data for the nine Bay Area counties; note that this is different than natural gas production as the region imports electricity. Certain types of liquefied natural gas shipped into the region or "makegas" produced at oil refineries during their production process may not be fully reflected in this data. Therms are converted to metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions using standardized assumptions that align with federal guidance. Per-capita greenhouse gas emissions are calculated simply by dividing emissions attributable to fuel sold in that county by the total number of county residents; data is disaggregated between residential and non-residential customers.

This dataset consists of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) data product files. SOCAT is a synthesis activity by the international marine carbon research community and has more than 100 contributors worldwide. SOCAT provides access to synthesis and gridded, quality controlled, observational products of surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) for the global oceans and coastal seas. SOCAT version 2019 has 25.7 million quality-controlled surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of CO2) observations with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a WOCE flag of 2 (good) from 1957 to 2017 from 1957 to 2019 for the global oceans and coastal seas. In addition, 1.7 million values with an estimated accuracy of 5 to 10 μatm are available. During quality control, marine scientists assign a flag to each data set, as well as WOCE flags of 2 (good), 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) to individual fCO2 values. Data sets are assigned flags of A and B for an accuracy of better than 2 μatm, flags of C and D for an accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a flag of E for an accuracy of better than 10 μatm. Bakker et al. (2016) describe the quality control criteria used in SOCAT versions 3, 4, 5, 6 and 2019. Quality control comments for individual data sets can be accessed via the SOCAT Data Set Viewer. All data sets, where data quality has been deemed acceptable, have been made public. The main SOCAT synthesis files and the gridded products contain all data sets with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 µatm (flags of A to D) and fCO2 values with a flag of 2. Access to data sets with an estimated accuracy of 5 to 10 (flag of E) and fCO2 values with flags of 3 and 4 is via additional data products and the Data Set Viewer (Table 8 in Bakker et al., 2016). SOCAT publishes a global gridded product with a 1° longitude by 1° latitude resolution. A second product with a higher resolution of 0.25° longitude by 0.25° latitude is available for the coastal seas. Gridded products are available monthly, per year and per decade. Two powerful, interactive, online viewers, the Data Set Viewer and the Gridded Data Viewer (www.socat.info), enable investigation of the SOCAT synthesis and gridded data products. SOCAT data products can be downloaded. Matlab code is available for reading these files. Ocean Data View also provides access to the SOCAT data products (www.socat.info). SOCAT data products are discoverable, accessible and citable. SOCAT versions 3 to 2019 should be cited as Bakker et al., 2016 (until a publication on versions 4 to 2019 is published). The SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement (www.socat.info) asks users to generously acknowledge the contribution of SOCAT scientists by invitation to co-authorship, especially for data providers in regional studies, and/or reference to relevant scientific articles. The SOCAT website (www.socat.info) provides a single access point for online viewers, downloadable data sets, the Fair Data Use Statement, a list of contributors and an overview of scientific publications on and using SOCAT. Automation of data upload and initial data checks allows annual releases of SOCAT from version 4 onwards. SOCAT enables quantification of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of sensor data and ocean biogeochemical models. More than 260 peer-reviewed scientific publications and 80 high-impact reports cite SOCAT. SOCAT represents a milestone in biogeochemical and climate research. SOCAT informs policy and high-profile climate negotiations. Maintenance and annual updates of the SOCAT product require sustained funding and community involvement.

782 Active Global Carbon dioxide suppliers, manufacturers list and Global Carbon dioxide exporters directory compiled from actual Global export shipments of Carbon dioxide.

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis of quality-controlled fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) values for the global surface oceans and coastal seas with regular updates. Version 3 of SOCAT has 14.5 million fCO2 values from 3646 data sets covering the years 1957 to 2014. This latest version has an additional 4.4 million fCO2 values relative to version 2 and extends the record from 2011 to 2014. Version 3 also significantly increases the data availability for 2005 to 2013. SOCAT has an average of approximately 1.2 million surface water fCO2 values per year for the years 2006 to 2012. Quality and documentation of the data has improved. A new feature is the data set quality control (QC) flag of E for data from alternative sensors and platforms. The accuracy of surface water fCO2 has been defined for all data set QC flags. Automated range checking has been carried out for all data sets during their upload into SOCAT. The upgrade of the interactive Data Set Viewer allows better interrogation of the SOCAT data collection and rapid creation of high-quality figures for scientific presentations. Automated data upload has been launched for version 4 and will enable more frequent SOCAT releases in the future. High-profile scientific applications of SOCAT include quantification of the ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and its long-term variation, detection of ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of coupled-climate and ocean-only biogeochemical models. Users of SOCAT data products are urged to acknowledge the contribution of data providers, as stated in the SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement. This living data publication documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new version of the SOCAT data collection compared with previous publications of this data collection (Pfeil et al., 2013; Sabine et al., 2013; Bakker et al., 2014).

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

Abstract

This dataset was supplied to the Bioregional Assessment Programme by a third party and is presented here as originally supplied. Metadata was not provided and has been compiled by the Bioregional Assessment Programme based on known details at the time of acquisition.

This dataset contains a PDF version of the report "Gurba, L, Golab, A, Jaworska, J, Douglass, J and Hyland, K, 2009. CO2 Geological Storage

Opportunities in the Gunnedah Basin, and the Southern Bowen Basin, NSW. Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies, Canberra, Australia, CO2CRC Publication Number RPT09-1456. 125pp."

This dataset has been provided to the BA Programme on the condition that third parties may not reproduce this dataset. Third parties wishing to use or reproduce this data should contact the data provider.

Dataset History

This dataset contains the PDF version of the report "Gurba, L, Golab, A, Jaworska, J, Douglass, J and Hyland, K, 2009. CO2 Geological Storage

Opportunities in the Gunnedah Basin, and the Southern Bowen Basin, NSW. Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies, Canberra, Australia, CO2CRC Publication Number RPT09-1456. 125pp."

Dataset Citation

CRC for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (2009) CO2 Geological Storage Opportunities in the Gunnedah Basin, and the Southern Bowen Basin, NSW Status Report. Bioregional Assessment Source Dataset. Viewed 10 December 2018, http://data.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/dataset/c8c3c92d-e852-4aeb-9d64-ef149f1c5b2e.

According to a 2020 report on social media apps environmental impact, scrolling through Instagram news feed was the most impactful function on Instagram, generating approximately 1.55 grams of CO2 equivalent per minute (gCO2e). Viewing and hosting a live on Instagram followed, with CO2 emissions of approximately 0.72 and 0.62 grams per minute, respectively.

Every feature, every usage and every app leave a footprint

Environmental issues have long been raised and addressed, especially when it comes to transport and storage, as these are some of the branches emitting the most carbon. But in recent years, the pollution created by the Internet has become a trending topic. According to professionals, the production of ICT (Internet Communication Technology) devices, their usage and the storage of information on mediums such as data center storages would equal to the world's sixth largest polluting country, if it were one. Thus, determining the carbon impact and energy levels of social media usage could be a first step to fight the problem of pollution. As Instagram's popularity has increased in recent years, allowing for the adoption of new features such as Reels, Lives and Filters on Instagram Stories, it comes with no surprise that the energy consumption and therefore the carbon levels have increased.

TikTok, Reddit and Pinterest as the forerunners of carbon emissions

In terms of the environmental impact, the social network with the most impactful news feed was Tik Tok, emitting about 4.93 grams of CO2 equivalent (gCO2e) per minute. Instagram on the other hand, ranked in fifth place, emitting about 1.91 gCO2e. In the vast world of the Internet, as social media apps are used almost daily and on a mobile phone, most of them are designed to be fast. Other providers of online shopping services have proven to emit more than social networks, with most of e-commerce platforms emitting more than two grams of CO2 equivalent in 2019. Thus, the real danger posed by the invisible forces of digital technology is the underestimated environmental impact in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. As a current topic in the mind of businesses and consumers, a second hand market and sharing economies have gained a high amount of popularity in recent years, remedying to the declining situation, at least a bit.