These CSV and R script files are the dataset and codes used for the analysis in the following journal paper:

Kohyama, T.I., Sheil, D., Sun, IF. et al. Contribution of tree community structure to forest productivity across a thermal gradient in eastern Asia. Nat Commun 14, 1113 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36671-1

Contents

• d0.csv — Individual tree-stem size data obtained by two censuses in 60 forest plots in eastern Asia
  • plot_id — Plot ID
  • species — Scientific name
  • t1 — Year of the first census
  • t2 — Year of the second census
  • dbh1 — Stem diameter (cm) at the first census*¹
  • dbh2 — Stem diameter (cm) at the second census*¹
  • w1 — Estimated above ground biomass (Mg C ha⁻¹) at the first census
  • w2 — Estimated above ground biomass (Mg C ha⁻¹) at the first census
  • wl1 — Estimated leaf biomass (Mg C ha⁻¹) at the first census
  • wl2 — Estimated leaf biomass (Mg C ha⁻¹) at the second census

• d1.csv — Species-level biomass, productivity and other turnover rates in each of 60 forest plots in eastern Asia
  • plot_id — Plot ID
  • t1 — Year of the first census
  • t2 — Year of the second census
  • species — Scientific name
  • N — Period mean number of stems (ha⁻¹)
  • B — Period mean above ground biomass (Mg C ha⁻¹)
  • Bl — Period mean leaf biomass (Mg C ha⁻¹)
  • p — Relative above ground biomass productivity rate (year⁻¹)
  • l — Relative above ground biomass loss rate (year⁻¹)
  • P — Absolute above ground biomass productivity rate (Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹)
  • L — Absolute above ground biomass loss rate (Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹)
  • pl — Relative leaf biomass productivity rate (year⁻¹)
  • ll — Relative leaf biomass loss rate (year⁻¹)
  • Pl — Absolute leaf biomass productivity rate (Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹)
  • Ll — Absolute leaf biomass loss rate (Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹)
  • w_max — Period mean above ground biomass of the largest tree (Mg C ha⁻¹)
  • w_99 — The 99-th percentaile of tree above ground biomass (Mg C ha⁻¹)
  • rgr_max — Relative growth rate of the largest tree (year⁻¹)

• plot_metadata.csv — Metadata (e.g. location and climate variables) for 60 forest plots in eastern Asia
  • plot_id — Plot ID
  • latitude — Latitude in decimal degrees (°)
  • longitude — Longitude in decimal degrees (°)
  • elevation — Elevation (m)
  • area — Plot area (ha)
  • MAT — Mean annual temperature (°C)*²
  • AP — Annual precipitation (mm year⁻¹)*²
  • PET — Potential evapotranspiration (mm year⁻¹)*²

• annual_litterfall.csv — Annual fine litterfall (i.e. canopy productivity) obtained by monthly litterfall records collected by litter traps during same census period in 22 forest plots
  • plot_id — Plot ID
  • Plitter — Annual litterfall production (Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹)

• max_tree_height.csv — Tallest tree height for 388 species in 11 forest plots
  • plot_id — Plot ID
  • species — Scientific name
  • H_max — tallest tree height (m)

• productivity.r — R script for estimating forest-level aboveground net productivity

*¹ No-record diameters due to death in the second census and pre-recruitment in the first census were set to zero.

*² Climate data for the period 1981–2010 were obtained from CHELSA version 2.1 (Krager et al. 2021 EnviDat, https://doi.org/10.16904/envidat.228.v2.1)

Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, it is the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program that produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities, and towns and estimates of housing units for states and counties..Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Technical Documentation section.Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section..Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error can be interpreted roughly as providing a 90 percent probability that the interval defined by the estimate minus the margin of error and the estimate plus the margin of error (the lower and upper confidence bounds) contains the true value. In addition to sampling variability, the ACS estimates are subject to nonsampling error (for a discussion of nonsampling variability, see ACS Technical Documentation). The effect of nonsampling error is not represented in these tables..Between 2018 and 2019 the American Community Survey retirement income question changed. These changes resulted in an increase in both the number of households reporting retirement income and higher aggregate retirement income at the national level. For more information see Changes to the Retirement Income Question ..The 2015-2019 American Community Survey (ACS) data generally reflect the September 2018 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) delineations of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. In certain instances, the names, codes, and boundaries of the principal cities shown in ACS tables may differ from the OMB delineation lists due to differences in the effective dates of the geographic entities..Estimates of urban and rural populations, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on Census 2010 data. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..Explanation of Symbols:An "**" entry in the margin of error column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute a standard error and thus the margin of error. A statistical test is not appropriate.An "-" entry in the estimate column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute an estimate, or a ratio of medians cannot be calculated because one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution, or the margin of error associated with a median was larger than the median itself.An "-" following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution.An "+" following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution.An "***" entry in the margin of error column indicates that the median falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution. A statistical test is not appropriate.An "*****" entry in the margin of error column indicates that the estimate is controlled. A statistical test for sampling variability is not appropriate. An "N" entry in the estimate and margin of error columns indicates that data for this geographic area cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small.An "(X)" means that the estimate is not applicable or not available.

Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Data and Documentation section...Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section..An * indicates that the estimate is significantly different (at a 90% confidence level) than the estimate from the most current year. A "c" indicates the estimates for that year and the current year are both controlled; a statistical test is not appropriate..Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, it is the Census Bureau''s Population Estimates Program that produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities and towns and estimates of housing units for states and counties..In the review of the 2011 Puerto Rico Community Survey (PRCS) estimates, the Census Bureau noted fluctuations in Puerto Rico's estimate of total housing units between 2009 and 2011. These fluctuations stem from large changes to the Puerto Rico sampling frame as a result of 2010 Census housing unit listing and enumeration activities combined with the absence of independent housing unit controls for the weighting process. Data users should exercise caution when comparing 2009, 2010, and 2011 PRCS estimates. For more information, go to User Notes..Explanation of Symbols:An ''**'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute a standard error and thus the margin of error. A statistical test is not appropriate..An ''-'' entry in the estimate column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute an estimate, or a ratio of medians cannot be calculated because one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''-'' following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''+'' following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''***'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that the median falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution. A statistical test is not appropriate..An ''*****'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that the estimate is controlled. A statistical test for sampling variability is not appropriate. .An ''N'' entry in the estimate and margin of error columns indicates that data for this geographic area cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small..An ''(X)'' means that the estimate is not applicable or not available..Estimates of urban and rural population, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on Census 2000 data. Boundaries for urban areas have not been updated since Census 2000. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..While the 2011 American Community Survey (ACS) data generally reflect the December 2009 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definitions of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas; in certain instances the names, codes, and boundaries of the principal cities shown in ACS tables may differ from the OMB definitions due to differences in the effective dates of the geographic entities..Median calculations for base table sourcing VAL, MHC, SMOC, and TAX should exclude zero values..The 2009, 2010, and 2011 plumbing data for Puerto Rico will not be shown. Research indicates that the questions on plumbing facilities that were introduced in 2008 in the stateside American Community Survey and the 2008 Puerto Rico Community Survey may not have been appropriate for Puerto Rico..In prior years, the universe included all renter-occupied units. It is now restricted to include only those units where GRAPI is computed, that is, gross rent and household Income are valid values..In prior years, the universe included all owner-occupied units without a mortgage. It is now restricted to include only those units where SMOCAPI is computed, that is, SMOC and household income are valid values..In prior years, the universe included all owner-occupied units with a mortgage. It is now restricted to include only those units where SMOCAPI is computed, that is, SMOC and household income are valid values..The median gross rent excludes no cash renters..Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error c...

LIHTC Qualified Census Tracts, as defined under the section 42(d)(5)(C) of the of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, include any census tract (or equivalent geographic area defined by the Bureau of the Census) in which at least 50 percent of households have an income less than 60 percent of the Area Median Gross Income (AMGI), or which has a poverty rate of at least 25 percent. To learn more about Qualified Census Tracts (QCT)visit: https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/qct.htmlData Dictionary: DD_Qualified Census Tracts Date of Coverage: 2024

Abstract

The Census of agriculture is defined to be a government sponsored large-scale Island-wide operation for the collection and derivation of quantitative statistical information on the structure of the agriculture, using agricultural holding as the unit of enumeration and referring to a single agricultural year.

The Census of Agriculture and Livestock is a large scale undertaking designed to

         Collect and disaggregate statistical data at lower administrative division level needed for planning, 
         Establish benchmark data on the structure in order to evaluate the progress of agricultural sector
         Prepare a frame of agricultural holdings, agricultural households etc. for the purpose of conducting 
         sample surveys during the intercensal period.

The Census of Agriculture and Livestock conducted during the period from August – October 2002 is the latest in the series of Censuses. The extent of land operated for the purpose of agricultural crops and livestock have been enumerated in this Census. Such agricultural land were grouped into two categories viz. (a) Small Holdings (b) Estate or Large holdings

There were about 3.3 million holdings in the "Small Holdings sector" out of which 1.5 million was enumerated in the category of less than 40 perches in extent. The rest 1.8 million was found to be more than 40 perches or their produce is mainly devoted for sale purposes.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage Urban and Rural Separate enumaration for Estate Sector The extent of land operated for the purpose of agricultural crops and livestock have been enumerated in this Census. Such agricultural land were grouped in to two categories viz.

                           (a) Small Holdings
                           (b) Estate or Large holdings

Analysis unit

Individuals

Note: - Operator basis Data set: In this data set the operator does the agricultural work in the same District where he resides.

Agricultural Operator, Agricultural Holding

(1) Agricultural Operator

An agricultural operator is the person responsible for operating the agricultural land and /or livestock. He/She may carry out the agricultural operations by himself/herself or with the assistance of others or simply direct day-to-day operations. Here the Operator cultivates the land and/or tends the livestock himself. or He/she may do so with the assistance of hired labour or any other persons. or He/She may simply direct operations by taking decisions only.

It is important to note that the operator need not necessarily be the owner of the land or livestock and also that mere ownership does not entitle a person to be considered as an operator. This means that a person may attend to all the work needed to cultivate a land or tend livestock, but will not be considered the operator, if there is some one else directing day to day work on the holding. It also means that a person may supervise the work in a holding appearing for all purposes to be in charge of the operations of the holding, but if there is someone else who is giving day to day directions, he/she does not become the operator.

In respect of livestock, any person who is actually responsible for the management of livestock in the same way that a land operator is responsible for his holding will be considered as the operator. The livestock may be owned, obtained on "Ande" or lease or any other form of arrangement. While most livestock operators will also be land operators, there would be cases of livestock operators who are not land operators and therefore they may have no land holding. The term agricultural operator includes both land operator as well as purely livestock or poultry operator. While most of the operators have only one holding, there could be cases of an operator having more than one holding.

(2) Agricultural Holding An agricultural holding consists of all land and/or livestock used wholly or partly for agricultural production and is operated under one operational status and situated within one Divisional Secretariat. (D.S.) Division subject to the following conditions:

                One holding may consist of one or more parcels.
                Does not matter whether operator owns the land or not.
                Does not matter whether the land is operated legally or not.
                Holding may consist only crops, only livestock or crops and livestock.
                Does not matter whether the land is very marginal or big in size.
                Holding may consist only paddy, only highlands or paddy and highlands.

However, should any land is situated outside the D.S.division where the operator is resided, it could be considered as a separate agricultural holding taking into account of above conditions.

Universe

There were about 3.3 million holdings in the "Small Holdings sector" out of which 1.5 million was enumerated in the category of less than 40 perches in extent. The rest 1.8 million was found to be more than 40 perches or their produce is mainly devoted for sale purposes.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was published both in Sinhala / Tamil languages. Main sections were: Identification Information Agricultural Operator Agricultural Holding Extent under permanent crops Seasonal crops Agriculture Machinery/Equipment Livestock Other Information Land Utilization

Cleaning operations

Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including:

a) Manual editing and coding b) During data entry (Range edits) c) Computer editing - Structural and consistency d) Secondary editing e) Imputations

Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the "Data processing guidelines" document provided as an external resource. -To data entry and computer editing used IMPS software package developed by the US Bureau of the Census.

Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, it is the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program that produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities, and towns and estimates of housing units for states and counties..Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Technical Documentation section.Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section..Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error can be interpreted roughly as providing a 90 percent probability that the interval defined by the estimate minus the margin of error and the estimate plus the margin of error (the lower and upper confidence bounds) contains the true value. In addition to sampling variability, the ACS estimates are subject to nonsampling error (for a discussion of nonsampling variability, see ACS Technical Documentation). The effect of nonsampling error is not represented in these tables..The 65 years and over column of data refers to the age of the householder for the estimates of households, occupied housing units, owner-occupied housing units, and renter-occupied housing units lines..The age specified on the population 15 years and over, population 25 years and over, population 30 years and over, civilian population 18 years and over, civilian population 5 years and over, population 1 years and over, population 5 years and over, and population 16 years and over lines refer to the data shown in the "Total" column while the second column is limited to the population 65 years and over..The Census Bureau introduced a new set of disability questions in the 2008 ACS questionnaire. Accordingly, comparisons of disability data from 2008 or later with data from prior years are not recommended. For more information on these questions and their evaluation in the 2006 ACS Content Test, see the Evaluation Report Covering Disability..Telephone service data are not available for certain geographic areas due to problems with data collection of this question that occurred in 2015, 2016, and 2019. Both ACS 1-year and ACS 5-year files were affected. It may take several years in the ACS 5-year files until the estimates are available for the geographic areas affected..The categories for relationship to householder were revised in 2019. For more information see Revisions to the Relationship to Household item..The 2019 American Community Survey (ACS) data generally reflect the September 2018 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) delineations of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. In certain instances the names, codes, and boundaries of the principal cities shown in ACS tables may differ from the OMB delineations due to differences in the effective dates of the geographic entities..Estimates of urban and rural populations, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on Census 2010 data. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..Explanation of Symbols:An "**" entry in the margin of error column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute a standard error and thus the margin of error. A statistical test is not appropriate.An "-" entry in the estimate column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute an estimate, or a ratio of medians cannot be calculated because one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution, or the margin of error associated with a median was larger than the median itself.An "-" following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution.An "+" following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution.An "***" entry in the margin of error column indicates that the median falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution. A statistical test is not appropriate.An "*****" entry in the margin of error column indicates that the estimate is controlled. A statistical test for sampling variability is not appropriate. An "N" entry in the estimate and margin of error columns indicates that data for this geographic area cannot be displayed because the number of sample c...

Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Data and Documentation section...Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section..An * indicates that the estimate is significantly different (at a 90% confidence level) than the estimate from the most current year. A "c" indicates the estimates for that year and the current year are both controlled; a statistical test is not appropriate...Geographic areas are based on the geographic boundaries of the data year. Current year comparisons with past-year estimates are not re-tabulated to the current year's geographies; rather, the comparison is with the existing geography of each data year. Statistically significant change from prior years' estimates could be the result of changes in the geographic boundaries of an area and not necessarily the demographic, social, or economic characteristics. For more information on geographic changes, see: http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/guidance.html....Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, it is the Census Bureau''s Population Estimates Program that produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities and towns and estimates of housing units for states and counties..Explanation of Symbols:An ''**'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute a standard error and thus the margin of error. A statistical test is not appropriate..An ''-'' entry in the estimate column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute an estimate, or a ratio of medians cannot be calculated because one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''-'' following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''+'' following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''***'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that the median falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution. A statistical test is not appropriate..An ''*****'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that the estimate is controlled. A statistical test for sampling variability is not appropriate. .An ''N'' entry in the estimate and margin of error columns indicates that data for this geographic area cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small..An ''(X)'' means that the estimate is not applicable or not available..Estimates of urban and rural population, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on Census 2010 data. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..While the 2014 American Community Survey (ACS) data generally reflect the February 2013 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definitions of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas; in certain instances the names, codes, and boundaries of the principal cities shown in ACS tables may differ from the OMB definitions due to differences in the effective dates of the geographic entities..The 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 plumbing data for Puerto Rico will not be shown. Research indicates that the questions on plumbing facilities that were introduced in 2008 in the stateside American Community Survey and the 2008 Puerto Rico Community Survey may not have been appropriate for Puerto Rico. Plumbing facilities for Puerto Rico were restored on the data products from the 1 year file beginning in 2014 because new questions for Puerto Rico plumbing facilities resolved the problem..Households not paying cash rent are excluded from the calculation of median gross rent..The definitions of the metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas for the 2013 American Community Survey are based on the commuting patterns identified in the 2010 Census. Estimates prior to 2013 are based on the results of the 2000 Census. Statistically significant change from prior years' estimates could be the result of changes in the metropolitan geographic definitions and not necessarily the demographic, social or economic characteristic. For more information, see: Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas..Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error c...

Abstract

The Census of agriculture is defined to be a government sponsored large-scale Island-wide operation for the collection and derivation of quantitative statistical information on the structure of the agriculture, using agricultural holding as the unit of enumeration and referring to a single agricultural year.

The Census of Agriculture and Livestock is a large scale undertaking designed to

         Collect and disaggregate statistical data at lower administrative division level needed for planning, 
         Establish benchmark data on the structure in order to evaluate the progress of agricultural sector
         Prepare a frame of agricultural holdings, agricultural households etc. for the purpose of conducting 
         sample surveys during the intercensal period.

The Census of Agriculture and Livestock conducted during the period from August – October 2002 is the latest in the series of Censuses. The extent of land operated for the purpose of agricultural crops and livestock have been enumerated in this Census. Such agricultural land were grouped into two categories viz. (a) Small Holdings (b) Estate or Large holdings

There were about 3.3 million holdings in the "Small Holdings sector" out of which 1.5 million was enumerated in the category of less than 40 perches in extent. The rest 1.8 million was found to be more than 40 perches or their produce is mainly devoted for sale purposes.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage Urban and Rural Separate enumaration for Estate Sector The extent of land operated for the purpose of agricultural crops and livestock have been enumerated in this Census. Such agricultural land were grouped in to two categories viz.

                           (a) Small Holdings
                           (b) Estate or Large holdings

Analysis unit

Individuals

Note: - Operator basis Data set: In this data set the operator does the agricultural work in the same District where he resides.

Agricultural Operator, Agricultural Holding

(1) Agricultural Operator

An agricultural operator is the person responsible for operating the agricultural land and /or livestock. He/She may carry out the agricultural operations by himself/herself or with the assistance of others or simply direct day-to-day operations. Here the Operator cultivates the land and/or tends the livestock himself. or He/she may do so with the assistance of hired labour or any other persons. or He/She may simply direct operations by taking decisions only.

It is important to note that the operator need not necessarily be the owner of the land or livestock and also that mere ownership does not entitle a person to be considered as an operator. This means that a person may attend to all the work needed to cultivate a land or tend livestock, but will not be considered the operator, if there is some one else directing day to day work on the holding. It also means that a person may supervise the work in a holding appearing for all purposes to be in charge of the operations of the holding, but if there is someone else who is giving day to day directions, he/she does not become the operator.

In respect of livestock, any person who is actually responsible for the management of livestock in the same way that a land operator is responsible for his holding will be considered as the operator. The livestock may be owned, obtained on "Ande" or lease or any other form of arrangement. While most livestock operators will also be land operators, there would be cases of livestock operators who are not land operators and therefore they may have no land holding. The term agricultural operator includes both land operator as well as purely livestock or poultry operator. While most of the operators have only one holding, there could be cases of an operator having more than one holding.

(2) Agricultural Holding An agricultural holding consists of all land and/or livestock used wholly or partly for agricultural production and is operated under one operational status and situated within one Divisional Secretariat. (D.S.) Division subject to the following conditions:

                One holding may consist of one or more parcels.
                Does not matter whether operator owns the land or not.
                Does not matter whether the land is operated legally or not.
                Holding may consist only crops, only livestock or crops and livestock.
                Does not matter whether the land is very marginal or big in size.
                Holding may consist only paddy, only highlands or paddy and highlands.

However, should any land is situated outside the D.S.division where the operator is resided, it could be considered as a separate agricultural holding taking into account of above conditions.

Universe

There were about 3.3 million holdings in the "Small Holdings sector" out of which 1.5 million was enumerated in the category of less than 40 perches in extent. The rest 1.8 million was found to be more than 40 perches or their produce is mainly devoted for sale purposes.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was published both in Sinhala / Tamil languages. Main sections were: Identification Information Agricultural Operator Agricultural Holding Extent under permanent crops Seasonal crops Agriculture Machinery/Equipment Livestock Other Information Land Utilization

Cleaning operations

Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including:

a) Manual editing and coding b) During data entry (Range edits) c) Computer editing - Structural and consistency d) Secondary editing e) Imputations

Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the "Data processing guidelines" document provided as an external resource. -To data entry and computer editing used IMPS software package developed by the US Bureau of the Census.

Abstract

Introduction

The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) is the principal source of industrial statistics in India. It provides statistical information to assess changes in the growth, composition and structure of organised manufacturing sector comprising activities related to manufacturing processes, repair services, gas and water supply and cold storage. Industrial sector occupies an important position in the State economy and has a pivotal role to play in the rapid and balanced economic development. The Survey is conducted annually under the statutory provisions of the Collection of Statistics Act 1953, and the Rules framed there-under in 1959, except in the State of Jammu & Kashmir where it is conducted under the State Collection of Statistics Act, 1961 and the rules framed there-under in 1964.

Geographic coverage

The ASI extends to the entire country except the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Sikkim and Union Territory of Lakshadweep. It covers all factories registered under Sections 2m(i) and 2m(ii) of the Factories Act, 1948 i.e. those factories employing 10 or more workers using power; and those employing 20 or more workers without using power. The survey also covers bidi and cigar manufacturing establishments registered under the Bidi & Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966 with coverage as above.

Although the scope of the ASI was extended to all registered manufacturing establishments in the State, establishments under the control of the Defence Ministry,oil storage and distribution units, restaurants and cafes and technical training institutions not producing anything for sale or exchange were kept outside the coverage of the ASI.

.

Analysis unit

The primary unit of enumeration in the survey is a factory in the case of manufacturing industries, a workshop in the case of repair services, an undertaking or a licensee in the case of electricity, gas & water supply undertakings and an establishment in the case of bidi & cigar industries. The owner of two or more establishments located in the same State and pertaining to the same industry group and belonging to same scheme (census or sample) is, however, permitted to furnish a single consolidated return. Such consolidated returns are common feature in the case of bidi and cigar establishments, electricity and certain public sector undertakings.

Universe

The survey cover factories registered under the Factory Act 1948. Establishments under the control of the Defence Ministry,oil storage and distribution units, restaurants and cafes and technical training institutions not producing anything for sale or exchange were kept outside the coverage of the ASI. The geographical coverage of the Annual Survey of Industries, 2003-04 has been extended to the entire country except the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Sikkim and Union Territory of Lakshadweep.

Kind of data

Census and Sample survey data [cen/ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Procedure

The sampling design followed in ASI 2003-04 is a Circular Systematic one. All the factories in the updated frame (universe) are divided into two sectors, viz., Census and Sample.

Census Sector: Census Sector is defined as follows:

a) All the complete enumeration States namely, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. b) For the rest of the States/ UT's., (i) units having 100 or more workers, and (ii) all factories covered under Joint Returns.

Rest of the factories found in the frame constituted Sample sector on which sampling was done. Factories under Biri & Cigar sector were not considered uniformly under census sector. Factories under this sector were treated for inclusion in census sector as per definition above (i.e., more than 100 workers and/or joint returns). After identifying Census sector factories, rest of the factories were arranged in ascending order of States, NIC-98 (4 digit), number of workers and district and properly numbered. The Sampling fraction was taken as 12% within each stratum (State X Sector X 4-digit NIC) with a minimum of 8 samples except for the State of Gujarat where 9.5% sampling fraction was used. For the States of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Goa and Pondicherry, a minimum of 4 samples per stratum was selected. For the States of Bihar and Jharkhand, a minimum of 6 samples per stratum was selected. The entire sample was selected in the form of two independent sub-sample using Circular Systematic Sampling method.

Sampling deviation

There was no deviation from sample design in ASI 2003-04.

Mode of data collection

Statutory return submitted by factories as well as Face to face

Research instrument

Annual Survey of Industries Questionnaire (in External Resources) is divided into different blocks:

BLOCK A.IDENTIFICATION PARTICULARS BLOCK B. PARTICULARS OF THE FACTORY (TO BE FILLED BY OWNER OF THE FACTORY) BLOCK C: FIXED ASSETS BLOCK D: WORKING CAPITAL & LOANS BLOCK E : EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR COST BLOCK F : OTHER EXPENSES BLOCK G : OTHER INCOMES BLOCK H: INPUT ITEMS (indigenous items consumed) BLOCK I: INPUT ITEMS – directly imported items only (consumed) BLOCK J: PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS (manufactured by the unit)

Cleaning operations

Pre-data entry scrutiny was carried out on the schedules for inter and intra block consistency checks. Such editing was mostly manual, although some editing was automatic. But, for major inconsistencies, the schedules were referred back to NSSO (FOD) for clarifications/modifications.

Code list, State code list, Tabulation program and ASICC code are available in the External Resources which are used for editing and data processing as well..

B. Tabulation procedure The tabulation procedure by CSO(ISW) includes both the ASI 2003-04 data and the extracted data from ASI 02-03 for all tabulation purpose. For extracted returns, status of unit (Block A, Item 12) would be in the range 17 to 20. To make results comparable, users are requested to follow the same procedure. For calculation of various parameters, users are requested to refer instruction manual/report. Please note that a separate inflation factor (Multiplier) is available for each unit against records belonging to Block-A. The multiplier is calculated for each sub-stratum (i.e. State X NIC-98 (4 Digit) X sub-stratum) after adjusting for non-response cases.

Please note that for all processing Status of unit code to be taken as 1,2 and 17 to 20.

C. Merging of unit level data As per existing policy to merge unit level data at ultimate digit level of NIC'98 (i.e., 5 digit) for the purpose of dissemination, the data have been merged for industries having less than three units within State, District and NIC-98 (5 Digit) with the adjoining industries within district and then to adjoining districts within a state. There may be some NIC-98 (5 Digit) ending with '9' that do not figure in the book of NIC '98. These may be treated as 'Others' under the corresponding 4-digit group. To suppress the identity of factories data fields corresponding to PSL number, Industry code as per Frame (4-digit level of NIC-98) and RO/SRO code have been filled with '9' in each record.

Sampling error estimates

Relative Standard Error (RSE) is calculated in terms of worker, wages to worker and GVA using the formula. Programs developed in Visual Foxpro are used to compute the RSE of estimates.

Data appraisal

To check for consistency and reliability of data the same are compared with the NIC-2digit level growth rate at all India Index of Production (IIP) and the growth rates obtained from the National Accounts Statistics at current and constant prices for the registered manufacturing sector.

Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Technical Documentation section...Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section..Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, it is the Census Bureau''s Population Estimates Program that produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities, and towns and estimates of housing units for states and counties..Explanation of Symbols:An ''**'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute a standard error and thus the margin of error. A statistical test is not appropriate..An ''-'' entry in the estimate column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute an estimate, or a ratio of medians cannot be calculated because one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''-'' following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''+'' following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution..An ''***'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that the median falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution. A statistical test is not appropriate..An ''*****'' entry in the margin of error column indicates that the estimate is controlled. A statistical test for sampling variability is not appropriate. .An ''N'' entry in the estimate and margin of error columns indicates that data for this geographic area cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small..An ''(X)'' means that the estimate is not applicable or not available..Estimates of urban and rural populations, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on Census 2010 data. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..While the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) data generally reflect the July 2015 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) delineations of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, in certain instances the names, codes, and boundaries of the principal cities shown in ACS tables may differ from the OMB delineations due to differences in the effective dates of the geographic entities..The category "With a broadband Internet subscription" refers to those who said "Yes" to at least one of the following types of Internet subscriptions: Broadband such as cable, fiber optic, or DSL; a cellular data plan; satellite; or a fixed wireless subscription. The category "Without an Internet subscription" includes those who accessed the Internet without a subscription and also those with no Internet access at all..Caution should be used when comparing data for computer and Internet use before and after 2016. Changes in 2016 to the questions involving the wording as well as the response options resulted in changed response patterns in the data. Most noticeable are increases in overall computer ownership or use, the total of Internet subscriptions, satellite subscriptions, and cellular data plans for a smartphone or other mobile device. For more detailed information about these changes, see the 2016 American Community Survey Content Test Report for Computer and Internet Use located at https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/methodology/content-test.htm or the user note regarding changes in the 2016 questions located at https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/user-notes.html..An Internet "subscription" refers to a type of service that someone pays for to access the Internet such as a cellular data plan, broadband such as cable, fiber optic or DSL, or other type of service. This will normally refer to a service that someone is billed for directly for Internet alone or sometimes as part of a bundle.."Desktop or laptop" refers to those who selected that category regardless of whether or not they indicated they also had another type of computer. However, "Desktop or laptop with no other type of computing device" refers to those who said "Yes" to owning or using a desktop or laptop and "No" to smartphone, tablet or other wireless computer, and other computer. Similarly, the same holds true for "Smartphone" compared to "Smartphone with no other type of computing device", "Tablet or other portable wireless computer" compared to "Tablet or other portable wireless computer with no other type of computing device", and "Other computer" compared to "Other c...

Although the American Community Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic and housing unit estimates, it is the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program that produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities, and towns and estimates of housing units for states and counties..Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Technical Documentation section.Sample size and data quality measures (including coverage rates, allocation rates, and response rates) can be found on the American Community Survey website in the Methodology section..Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error can be interpreted roughly as providing a 90 percent probability that the interval defined by the estimate minus the margin of error and the estimate plus the margin of error (the lower and upper confidence bounds) contains the true value. In addition to sampling variability, the ACS estimates are subject to nonsampling error (for a discussion of nonsampling variability, see ACS Technical Documentation). The effect of nonsampling error is not represented in these tables..Data about computer and Internet use were collected by asking respondents to select "Yes" or "No" to each type of computer and each type of Internet subscription. Therefore, respondents were able to select more than one type of computer and more than one type of Internet subscription..An Internet "subscription" refers to a type of service that someone pays for to access the Internet such as a cellular data plan, broadband such as cable, fiber optic or DSL, or other type of service. This will normally refer to a service that someone is billed for directly for Internet alone or sometimes as part of a bundle..Examples of "Internet access without a subscription" include cases such as free Internet service provided by a respondent's town or city or free Internet service a university may provide for their students.."Internet access" refers to whether or not a household uses or connects to the Internet, regardless of whether or not they pay for the service to do so. Data about Internet access was collected by asking if the respondent or any member of the household accessed the Internet. The respondent then selected one of the following three categories: "Yes, by paying a cell phone company or Internet service provider"; "Yes, without paying a cell phone company or Internet service provider"; or "No access to the Internet at the house, apartment or mobile home". Only respondents who answered "Yes, by paying a cell phone company or Internet service provider" were asked the subsequent question about the types of service they had access to such as dial-up, broadband (high speed) service such as cable, fiber-optic, or DSL, a cellular data plan, satellite or some other service..The 2019 American Community Survey (ACS) data generally reflect the September 2018 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) delineations of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. In certain instances the names, codes, and boundaries of the principal cities shown in ACS tables may differ from the OMB delineations due to differences in the effective dates of the geographic entities..Estimates of urban and rural populations, housing units, and characteristics reflect boundaries of urban areas defined based on Census 2010 data. As a result, data for urban and rural areas from the ACS do not necessarily reflect the results of ongoing urbanization..Explanation of Symbols:An "**" entry in the margin of error column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute a standard error and thus the margin of error. A statistical test is not appropriate.An "-" entry in the estimate column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute an estimate, or a ratio of medians cannot be calculated because one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution, or the margin of error associated with a median was larger than the median itself.An "-" following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution.An "+" following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution.An "***" entry in the margin of error column indicates that the median falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution. A statistical test is not appropriate.An "*****" entry in the margin of error c...

Abstract

Introduction

The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) is one of the large-scale sample survey conducted by Field Operation Division of National Sample Survey Office for more than three decades with the objective of collecting comprehensive information related to registered factories on annual basis. ASI is the primary source of data for facilitating systematic study of the structure of industries, analysis of various factors influencing industries in the country and creating a database for formulation of industrial policy.

The main objectives of the Annual Survey of Industries are briefly as follows:

(a) Estimation of the contribution of manufacturing industries as a whole and of each unit to national income.

(b) Systematic study of the structure of industry as a whole and of each type of industry and each unit.

(c) Casual analysis of the various factors influencing industry in the country: and

(d) Provision of comprehensive, factual and systematic basis for the formulation of policy.

The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) is the principal source of industrial statistics in India. It provides statistical information to assess changes in the growth, composition and structure of organised manufacturing sector comprising activities related to manufacturing processes, repair services, gas and water supply and cold storage. The Survey is conducted annually under the statutory provisions of the Collection of Statistics Act 1953, and the Rules framed there-under in 1959, except in the State of Jammu & Kashmir where it is conducted under the State Collection of Statistics Act, 1961 and the rules framed there-under in 1964.

Geographic coverage

The ASI is the principal source of industrial statistics in India and extends to the entire country except Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram & Sikkim and the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. It covers all factories registered under Sections 2m(i) and 2m(ii) of the Factories Act, 1948.

Analysis unit

The primary unit of enumeration in the survey is a factory in the case of manufacturing industries, a workshop in the case of repair services, an undertaking or a licensee in the case of electricity, gas & water supply undertakings and an establishment in the case of bidi & cigar industries. The owner of two or more establishments located in the same State and pertaining to the same industry group and belonging to census scheme is, however, permitted to furnish a single consolidated return. Such consolidated returns are common feature in the case of bidi and cigar establishments, electricity and certain public sector undertakings.

Universe

The survey cover factories registered under the Factory Act 1948.

Establishments under the control of the Defence Ministry,oil storage and distribution units, restaurants and cafes and technical training institutions not producing anything for sale or exchange were kept outside the coverage of the ASI.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Procedure

The sampling design followed in ASI 1998-99 is a Circular Systematic one. All the factories in the updated frame (universe) are divided into two sectors, viz., Census and Sample.

Census Sector: Census Sector is defined as follows:

a) All the complete enumeration States namely, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. b) For the rest of the States/ UT's., (i) units having 200 or more workers, and (ii) all factories covered under Joint Returns.

Rest of the factories found in the frame constituted Sample sector on which sampling was done. Factories under Biri & Cigar sector were not considered uniformly under census sector. Factories under this sector were treated for inclusion in census sector as per definition above (i.e., more than 200 workers and/or joint returns). After identifying Census sector factories, rest of the factories were arranged in ascending order of States, NIC-98 (4 digit), number of workers and district and properly numbered. The Sampling was taken within each stratum (State X Sector X 4-digit NIC) with a minimum of 8 samples in each stratum in the form of 2 sub-samples. For the first time, all electricity undertakings other than captive units, Government Departmental undertakings such as Railway Workshops, P & T workshops etc. were kept out of coverage of ASI.

Sampling deviation

There was no deviation from sample design in ASI 1998-99.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

Pre-data entry scrutiny was carried out on the schedules for inter and intra block consistency checks. Such editing was mostly manual, although some editing was automatic. But, for major inconsistencies, the schedules were referred back to NSSO (FOD) for clarifications/modifications.

The final unit level data of ASI 98-99 is available now in electronic media. This document describes additional information regarding ASI 98-99 data from the point of data processing. Users of ASI 98-99 data are requested to read this document carefully before they attempt to process the unit level data for their own purpose. They are also requested to refer to the schedule and the instruction manual for filling up the schedule before interpreting contents of various data fields. A. Contents The CD (or any other media) should contain the following files: ASI99.TXT This file contains unit level detail data of ASI 98-99 as per structure given in ANNEXURE- Total no. of records: 104740 XASI98.TXT (Metadata created from this .TXT file) This file contains unit level detail data of ASI 97-98 for those factories which were found not responding during the survey of ASI 98-99. The record layout is already available with the Computer Centre, New Delhi. Record Length: 135 Total no. of records: 6974 README.DOC This file.

B. Tabulation procedure The tabulation procedure by CSO(ISW) includes both the ASI 98-99 data and the extracted data from ASI 97-98 for all tabulation purpose. To make results comparable, users are requested to follow the same procedure. For calculation of various parameters, users are requested to refer instruction manual/report for the respective years. Please note that a separate inflation factor (Multiplier) is available for each factory against records belonging to Block-A ,pos:38-46 (Please refer ANNEXURE-I) for ASI 98-99 data. Since the data extracted from ASI 97-98 belong to Census Sector no such inflation (Multiplier) factor is required. Industry code as per Return(5-digit level of NIC-98) Industry code as reported by the factories in Block-A, Item 1 has been further codified because of the following two policies practiced at CSO(ISW). Tabulation policy: As per the latest tabulation policy, it has been decided to publish detail information regarding factories belonging to 01 to 37 of industry codes( 2-digit, NIC-98). Factories belonging to other industry groups would be clubbed together and to be published under 'Others'. Accordingly all industry codes other than 01 to 37 were replaced with a 5-digited code 'YYYYY'. Merging and suppression of identity: To suppress the identity of factories, less frequent industry codes were modified accordingly. Example: if a reported industry code is found as 2930Z, this is to be treated as 'other merged industry code under industry group 2930 (4-digit NIC'98)'. Similarly if the reported industry code is found as 293ZZ, the same as to be treated as 'other merged industry code under industry group 293 (3-digit NIC'98)' and so on.

FIXED ASSETS (Block-C) Columnwise relationship (please refer schedule) may not hold true for data in this block. This is because of the lack of information available from the factory owners. E. EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR COST (Block-E) It has been found that a larger number of factory owners were unable to provide detailed break-up of information regarding provident fund (Block-E, Col.7). Instead they provide total provident fund as a whole for all employees (Block-E, Srl. No. 7, Col.7). Users are requested to use Srl.9, Col.7 for information on provident fund. The total of srl.6 to 8 for Col.7 may not tally with srl.9, col.7. F. ASICC codes in Block H, I & J Because of the proximity of various item's description, it is possible that same ASICC code may appear against multiple records in these blocks. They should not be treated as duplicates. They are clubbed together at the time of tabulation to provide information at ASICC level. G. Record Identification Key Record identification key for each factory is Despatch Serial No. (DSL, pos: 4-8) X Block code (Blk, pos: 3). Please refer ANNEXURE-I for item level identification key for each factory.

Sampling error estimates

Relative Standard Error (RSE) is calculated in terms of worker, wages to worker and GVA using the formula (Pl ease refer to Estimation Procedure document in external resources). Programs developed in Visual Faxpro are used to compute the RSE of estimates.

Data appraisal

To check for consistency and reliability of data the same are compared with the NIC-2digit level growth rate at all India Index of Production (IIP) and the growth rates obtained from the National Accounts Statistics at current and constant prices for the registered manufacturing sector.