Graph and download economic data for Deflation Probability (STLPPMDEF) from Jan 1990 to Jun 2025 about inflation and USA.

United States - Deflation was 0.00000 Probability in April of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Deflation reached a record high of 0.89073 in January of 2009 and a record low of 0.00000 in January of 1997. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Deflation - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on August of 2025.

ABSTRACT Irving Fisher offered a ‘tentative’ debt-deflation theory of great depressions rather than a fully consistent theory of his ‘creed’: “I say ‘creed’ because, for brevity, it is purposely expressed dogmatically and without proof. [...] it is quite tentative” (Fisher 1933, p. 337). The paper argues that prominent authors who strived to explain his ideas within the Walrasian apparatus could not deliver a consistent theory of deflation with protracted depression. This is basically because destabilizing market forces cannot dominate in that conceptual framework. By contrast, owing to the way competitive forces operate under fundamental uncertainty, Keynes’ General Theory escapes the contradiction.

The inflation rate in the United States is expected to decrease to 2.1 percent by 2029. 2022 saw a year of exceptionally high inflation, reaching eight percent for the year. The data represents U.S. city averages. The base period was 1982-84. In economics, the inflation rate is a measurement of inflation, the rate of increase of a price index (in this case: consumer price index). It is the percentage rate of change in prices level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. According to the forecast, prices will increase by 2.9 percent in 2024. The annual inflation rate for previous years can be found here and the consumer price index for all urban consumers here. The monthly inflation rate for the United States can also be accessed here. Inflation in the U.S.Inflation is a term used to describe a general rise in the price of goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. Inflation in the United States is calculated using the consumer price index (CPI). The consumer price index is a measure of change in the price level of a preselected market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. This forecast of U.S. inflation was prepared by the International Monetary Fund. They project that inflation will stay higher than average throughout 2023, followed by a decrease to around roughly two percent annual rise in the general level of prices until 2028. Considering the annual inflation rate in the United States in 2021, a two percent inflation rate is a very moderate projection. The 2022 spike in inflation in the United States and worldwide is due to a variety of factors that have put constraints on various aspects of the economy. These factors include COVID-19 pandemic spending and supply-chain constraints, disruptions due to the war in Ukraine, and pandemic related changes in the labor force. Although the moderate inflation of prices between two and three percent is considered normal in a modern economy, countries’ central banks try to prevent severe inflation and deflation to keep the growth of prices to a minimum. Severe inflation is considered dangerous to a country’s economy because it can rapidly diminish the population’s purchasing power and thus damage the GDP .

In June 2025, the monthly inflation rate in China ranged at 0.1 percent compared to the same month in the previous year. Inflation had peaked at 2.8 percent in September 2022, but eased thereafter. The annual average inflation rate in China ranged at 0.2 percent in 2024. China’s inflation in comparison The term inflation means the devaluation of money caused by a permanent increase of the price level for products such as consumer or investment goods. The inflation rate is most commonly measured by the Consumer Price Index. The Consumer Price Index shows the price development for private expenses based on a basket of products representing the consumption of an average consumer household. Compared to other major economies in the world, China has a moderate and stable level of inflation. The inflation in China is on average lower than in other BRIC countries, although China enjoys higher economic growth rates. Inflation rates of developed regions in the world had for a long time been lower than in China, but that picture changed fundamentally during the coronavirus pandemic with most developed countries experiencing quickly rising consumer prices. Regional inflation rates in China In China, there is a regional difference in inflation rates. As of May 2025, Shaanxi province experienced the highest CPI growth, while Guangxi reported the lowest. In recent years, inflation rates in rural areas have often been slightly higher than in the cities. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, inflation was mainly fueled by a surge in prices for food and micellaneous items and services in recent months. The price gain in other sectors was comparatively slight. Transport prices have decreased recently, but had grown significantly in 2021 and 2022.

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Overview of double deflation theory and methods, with some experimental case studies.

The data and programs replicate tables and figures from "From Hyperinflation to Stable Prices: Argentina's Evidence on Menu Cost Models", by Alvarez, Beraja, Gonzalez-Rozada, and Neumeyer. Please see the Readme file for additional details.

The graph shows the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in China as of June 2025, by sector and area. That month, the CPI for transportation and communication in urban areas resided at **** index points. Measuring inflation The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an economic indicator that measures changes in the price level of a representative basket of consumer goods and services. It is calculated by taking price changes for each item in the market basket and averaging them. Goods and services are weighted according to their significance. The CPI can be used to assess the price changes related to the cost of living. It is also useful for identifying periods of inflation and deflation. A significant rise in CPI during a short period of time denotes inflation and a significant drop during a short period of time suggests deflation. Development of inflation in China Annual projections of China’s inflation rate forecast by the IMF estimate a relatively low increase in prices in the coming years. The implications of low inflation are two-fold for a national economy. On the one hand, price levels remain largely stable which may lead to equal or increased spending levels by domestic consumers. On the other hand, low inflation signifies an expansion slowdown of the economy, as is reflected by China’s gross domestic product growth. In recent years, inflation rates in rural areas have on average been slightly higher than in the cities. This reflects a shift of economic growth from the largest cities and coastal regions to the inner provinces and the countryside. Higher price levels in rural areas in turn relate to higher inflation rates of food products.

The reliability of a test score is discussed from the viewpoint of underestimation of and, specifically, deflation in estimates or reliability. Many widely used estimators are known to underestimate reliability. Empirical cases have shown that estimates by widely used estimators such as alpha, theta, omega, and rho may be deflated by up to 0.60 units of reliability or even more, with certain types of datasets. The reason for this radical deflation lies in the item–score correlation (Rit) embedded in the estimators: because the estimates by Rit are deflated when the number of categories in scales are far from each other, as is always the case with item and score, the estimates of reliability are deflated as well. A short-cut method to reach estimates closer to the true magnitude, new types of estimators, and deflation-corrected estimators of reliability (DCERs), are studied in the article. The empirical section is a study on the characteristics of combinations of DCERs formed by different bases for estimators (alpha, theta, omega, and rho), different alternative estimators of correlation as the linking factor between item and the score variable, and different conditions. Based on the simulation, an initial typology of the families of DCERs is presented: some estimators are better with binary items and some with polytomous items; some are better with small sample sizes and some with larger ones.

This archive contains all datasets and scripts to reproduce the results of our study.
In this paper, we consider various deflation techniques applied in the Deflated
Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (DPCG) method for solving a sparse system of linear
equations derived from a statistical linear mixed model that analyses simultaneously
phenotypic and pedigree information of genotyped and ungenotyped animals with Single
Polymorphism Nucleotide genotypes of genotyped animals.

Inflation Rate in China increased to 0.10 percent in June from -0.10 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - China Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Underestimation of reliability is discussed from the viewpoint of deflation in estimates of reliability caused by artificial systematic technical or mechanical error in the estimates of correlation (MEC). Most traditional estimators of reliability embed product–moment correlation coefficient (PMC) in the form of item–score correlation (Rit) or principal component or factor loading (λi). PMC is known to be severely affected by several sources of deflation such as the difficulty level of the item and discrepancy of the scales of the variables of interest and, hence, the estimates by Rit and λi are always deflated in the settings related to estimating reliability. As a short-cut to deflation-corrected estimators of reliability, this article suggests a procedure where Rit and λi in the estimators of reliability are replaced by alternative estimators of correlation that are less deflated. These estimators are called deflation-corrected estimators of correlation (DCER). Several families of DCERs are proposed and their behavior is studied by using polychoric correlation coefficient, Goodman–Kruskal gamma, and Somers delta as examples of MEC-corrected coefficients of correlation.

Inflation Rate in Japan decreased to 3.30 percent in June from 3.50 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Japan Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

A hallmark of animals is the coordination of whole-body movement. Neurons and muscles are central to this, yet coordinated movements also exist in sponges that lack these cell types. Sponges are sessile animals with a complex canal system for filter-feeding. They undergo whole-body movements resembling “contractions'' that lead to canal closure and water expulsion. Here, we combine 3D optical coherence microscopy, pharmacology, and functional proteomics to elucidate anatomy, molecular physiology, and control of these movements. We show that they are driven by the relaxation of actomyosin stress fibers in epithelial canal cells, which leads to whole-body deflation via collapse of the incurrent and expansion of the excurrent system, controlled by an Akt/NO/PKG/A pathway. A concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species and secretion of proteinases and cytokines indicate an inflammation-like state reminiscent of vascular endothelial cells experiencing oscillatory shear stress. This suggests an ancient relaxant-inflammatory response of perturbed fluid-carrying systems in animals.

File descriptions:

pharma_*.avi: Exemplary videos for pharmacological treatments of Spongilla lacustris, related to Fig. 2

OCM_tomographic_scan: 2D scan through an unsegmented sponge body. First a x-z scan, afterwards a x-y scan.

ink_treatment_suppl_figS3.mov: Video of ink treated Spongilla lacustris specimen, related to Fig. S3

S_lacustris_annotations_emapper: EggNOG mapper (v2.1.9) results used for GO term enrichment analysis

S_lacustris_proteome: Proteome file used as database for proteomic searches

S_lacustris_scRNAseq.h5ad: file containing scRNAseq and cell type information of Spongilla lacustris.

Suppl_file_*.xlsx: Tables of proteomics (TPP, phophoproteomics, secretomics) results

1. Quarterly announcement of the gross domestic product of each industry (current prices), gross domestic product (chain volume measures), and gross domestic product (deflator).
2. Purpose of collection: To present the production and deflator of each industry in the national income statistics for each quarter.
3. Method of data collection: Mainly based on various surveys conducted by government departments, official statistics, annual budgets of various levels of government, monthly financial reports, and financial statements of private enterprises.

Core consumer prices in Japan increased 3.30 percent in June of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides - Japan Core Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The deposition of both pumice and shell is common on beaches during calm and storm wave conditions. This paper describes an investigation of pumice and shell ridges at two sites in Australia, one at Dark Point in NSW, and one in the Younghusband Peninsula in SE South Australia. The formation of lines of shelly and pumice rich deposits on, and above the backshore is described and their eventual exhumation by aeolian deflation within deflation plains and basins on coastal barriers is examined. A new ridge type is detailed whereby deflation ridges are formed by the aeolian erosion and deflation of shell or pumice concentrations and lag deposits.

In 1933 and 1935, two transects were established in the Natural Revegetation Exclosure and Pasture 8b, respectively, to measure long-term soil movement in areas undergoing mesquite invasion. These two transects, established in a Prosopis-Bouteloua ecotone, were to: "measure any future changes in the extent or succession of three contiguous zones of vegetation, Bouteloua eriopoda, Gutierrezia, and Prosopis glandulosa dunes. Thus, future chartings of this transect should show whether, under the range management practiced, the succession is progressing toward the black grama climax or whether it is retrogressing toward mesquite sandhills." (E.L. Little, 1935, unpublished report) Soil movement at these transects was measured by the distance between the soil surface and a notch in 50 cm t-posts located every 15.2 m (50 ft). The 1731-m Natural Revegetation Exclosure tranect runs north-south through the center of the exclosure and extends 61 m (200ft) beyond the boundary fence on either end. It is located in primarily deep, loamy sand soils. The 457-m Pasture 8b transect is oriented WSW-ENE, and is located in shallower soils. These transects were measured in 1950 (8b only), 1955 (8b only), every five years from 1980-2000, and most recently in 2011. Most steel posts were remeasured at these intervals, but some were lost due to excavation or burial. These were for the most part replaced, with a new baseline notch height initiated on the posts. Data fields correspond to each year of collection, as well as measures of soil deposition or deflation during the intervals. Spatial data include post locations and identifiers.

Analysis of ‘🚊 Consumer Price Index’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/yamqwe/consumer-price-indexe on 13 February 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

About this dataset

9The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items (CPIAUCSL) is a measure of the average monthly change in the price for goods and services paid by urban consumers between any two time periods.(1) It can also represent the buying habits of urban consumers. This particular index includes roughly 88 percent of the total population, accounting for wage earners, clerical workers, technical workers, self-employed, short-term workers, unemployed, retirees, and those not in the labor force.(1)

The CPIs are based on prices for food, clothing, shelter, and fuels; transportation fares; service fees (e.g., water and sewer service); and sales taxes. Prices are collected monthly from about 4,000 housing units and approximately 26,000 retail establishments across 87 urban areas.(1) To calculate the index, price changes are averaged with weights representing their importance in the spending of the particular group. The index measures price changes (as a percent change) from a predetermined reference date.(1) In addition to the original unadjusted index distributed, the Bureau of Labor Statistics also releases a seasonally adjusted index. The unadjusted series reflects all factors that may influence a change in prices. However, it can be very useful to look at the seasonally adjusted CPI, which removes the effects of seasonal changes, such as weather, school year, production cycles, and holidays.(1)

The CPI can be used to recognize periods of inflation and deflation. Significant increases in the CPI within a short time frame might indicate a period of inflation, and significant decreases in CPI within a short time frame might indicate a period of deflation. However, because the CPI includes volatile food and oil prices, it might not be a reliable measure of inflationary and deflationary periods. For a more accurate detection, the core CPI (Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items Less Food & Energy [CPILFESL]) is often used. When using the CPI, please note that it is not applicable to all consumers and should not be used to determine relative living costs.(1) Additionally, the CPI is a statistical measure vulnerable to sampling error since it is based on a sample of prices and not the complete average.(1)

Attribution: US. Bureau of Labor Statistics from The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

For more information on the consumer price indexes, see:

• (1) Bureau of Economic Analysis. “CPI Detailed Report.” 2013
• (2) Handbook of Methods
• (3) Understanding the CPI: Frequently Asked Questions

This dataset was created by Finance and contains around 900 samples along with Consumer Price Index For All Urban Consumers: All Items, Title:, technical information and other features such as: - Consumer Price Index For All Urban Consumers: All Items - Title: - and more.

How to use this dataset

• Analyze Consumer Price Index For All Urban Consumers: All Items in relation to Title:
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Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit Finance

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--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---