Between 2025 and 2029, shopping center space rent is expected to see the highest annualized return on investment among different types of commercial properties in the UK. Total returns look at the expected rate of return on a real estate investment. On the other hand, industrial properties are not only forecast to see the highest commercial real estate rental growth, but also the highest capital value growth by 2029.

Commercial real estate in the UK is expected to see an annualized total return of *** percent between 2025 and 2029. During that period, capital values are forecast to grow faster than rents. Within the sector, shopping center, industrial, and retail warehouse real estate stands out as the commercial property type with the highest total returns.

The prime yields in the UK expanded across most property types between 2022 and 2025. In April 2025, yields were the lowest in the London West End offices market at *****percent. In contrast, shopping center yields stood at ****percent. Yield is an indicator for the expected return of a property investment and is calculated as the ratio of rental income and the property value. Several factors can drive yields - increased demand could raise property values, causing lower yields, while a fall in demand could create the opposite effect. Which is the largest commercial real estate sector in the UK? Office real estate has traditionally accounted for the lion’s share of the commercial property investment market, but since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, investors’ interest has shifted towards industrial real estate. With the e-commerce sector growing and supply chain management becoming more important than ever, so has the industrial and logistic sector. This increase in importance is also reflected in the occupiers market, with the annual take-up exceeding the ten-year average for three years in a row. How is the commercial property market expected to develop in the coming years? The industrial and logistic property market is forecast to outperform retail and offices in terms of capital value growth in the period between 2025 and 2028. According to the same forecast, rental growth is expected to turn positive for all property types in 2025, except for shopping centers.

Commercial Property Management Market Outlook

The global commercial property management market size was valued at approximately $15.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach $30.2 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8% during the forecast period. This growth is driven by increasing urbanization, rising interest in real estate investments, and advancements in property management technologies.

One of the primary growth factors for the commercial property management market is the increasing urbanization worldwide. As more people migrate to urban areas, the demand for commercial properties such as office buildings, retail spaces, and industrial properties increases. This urban migration drives the need for effective property management services to ensure these properties are well-maintained, tenanted, and financially viable. Additionally, the surge in the development of smart cities has created a demand for advanced property management solutions that integrate IoT and AI to manage properties more efficiently.

Another significant growth driver is the rising interest in real estate investments. Investors are increasingly seeing commercial properties as a lucrative investment option due to the potential for high returns and long-term capital appreciation. This trend has led to a greater need for professional property management services to maximize the value of these investments. Property management companies provide essential services such as tenant management, lease administration, and maintenance, ensuring the properties are effectively managed to achieve the highest possible return on investment.

Advancements in property management technologies also play a crucial role in the growth of this market. The integration of technology in property management processes has revolutionized how these services are delivered. Modern property management software solutions offer features like automated rent collection, maintenance scheduling, and tenant communication, which enhance operational efficiency and improve the tenant experience. Additionally, the use of data analytics and AI enables property managers to make informed decisions, optimize property performance, and predict market trends.

Service Type Analysis

The commercial property management market can be segmented by service type into lease management, tenant management, maintenance and repair, financial management, and others. Lease management services are critical as they ensure that lease agreements are compliant with legal standards and beneficial for both property owners and tenants. These services include lease negotiation, documentation, and renewal processes. The increasing complexity of lease agreements and the need for legal compliance drive the demand for professional lease management services.

Tenant management services, another significant segment, focus on managing tenant relationships and ensuring tenant satisfaction. This includes services such as tenant screening, lease enforcement, conflict resolution, and tenant retention strategies. A good tenant management system helps property owners maintain high occupancy rates and minimize turnover, which is crucial for sustaining rental income and property value. The growing emphasis on enhancing tenant experience to retain quality tenants is a key driver for this segment.

Maintenance and repair services are essential for the upkeep of commercial properties. These services ensure that properties are in good condition, thereby preventing costly repairs and maintaining property value. Regular maintenance checks, emergency repairs, and preventive maintenance are some of the services included in this segment. As properties age, the demand for maintenance and repair services increases, making this a critical component of property management.

Financial management services are also crucial in the commercial property management market. These services include budgeting, financial reporting, rent collection, and expense management. Property managers provide detailed financial reports that help property owners make informed decisions and ensure transparency in financial transactions. The increasing complexity of financial regulations and the need for accurate financial reporting drive the demand for professional financial management services.

Report Scope

Snapshot img

Europe Commercial Real Estate Market Size 2025-2029

Europe commercial real estate market size is forecast to increase by USD 91.4 billion at a CAGR of 5.7% between 2024 and 2029. European commercial real estate market is experiencing significant growth, with increasing private investment pouring into the sector. The primary catalyst fueling market growth is the increasing aggregate private investment.This trend is driven by a robust economic environment, favorable demographic shifts, and the ongoing recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Market Size & Forecast

  Market Opportunities: USD 31.78 billion
  Future Opportunities: USD 91.4 billion 
  CAGR : 5.7%  

However, this growth comes with challenges,rising interest rates pose a threat to affordability and profitability, potentially dampening investor enthusiasm and increasing borrowing costs. As a result, companies must navigate this complex landscape by carefully assessing potential investment opportunities, considering alternative financing options, and adapting to changing market conditions. In order to capitalize on the market's potential and mitigate risks, strategic planning and agility will be essential for success.

What will be the size of Europe Commercial Real Estate Market during the forecast period?

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European commercial real estate market continues to evolve, presenting dynamic opportunities across various sectors. Property risk assessment and building inspection reports play crucial roles in mitigating potential hazards, ensuring compliance with safety standards. Property tax appeals and portfolio diversification help investors minimize risk and maximize returns. Facility management services, property valuation techniques, and property value metrics enable effective asset management. Data-driven investment strategies, including transaction closing costs, space planning solutions, and development approval processes, facilitate informed decision-making. Capital expenditure planning, portfolio optimization, operating expense control, lease contract review, energy consumption audits, and commercial lease terms are essential for maintaining profitability.
For instance, the adoption of energy management systems in commercial buildings has led to a 10% average reduction in energy consumption, contributing to cost savings and environmental sustainability. Commercial real estate market is expected to grow by 3% annually, driven by these evolving trends and the ongoing demand for efficient, sustainable, and compliant properties.

How is this Europe Commercial Real Estate Market segmented?

Europe commercial real estate market market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029,for the following segments.

Type

  Rental
  Lease
  Sales


End-user

  Offices
  Retail
  Leisure
  Others


End-User

  Corporate
  Investment
  Government


Location

  Urban
  Suburban


Geography

  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK

By Type Insights

The rental segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. European commercial real estate market is characterized by dynamic lease renewal negotiations, construction project management, and insurance considerations for green building certification and property refurbishment costs. Zoning regulations compliance and vacancy loss calculations are crucial elements in property acquisition strategy, while property tax optimization and valuation models inform building lifecycle cost analyses. Property management software and tenant occupancy rates are essential for portfolio performance metrics, and market rent surveys guide tenant retention strategies. Portfolio risk management, building code compliance, property data analytics, and rental income projections are integral to asset management strategies. Due diligence processes and capitalization rate analysis are vital during urban planning regulations and space utilization analysis.

In the rental segment, growth is expected to reach over 5% annually, with office rents in the UK, Benelux markets, and peripheral Europe experiencing the highest quarterly growth of 1.8%. However, investment markets remain cautious due to economic uncertainties and rising inflation and finance rates, despite the leasing market's strength and increasing rents. For instance, rental income in the office sector in Paris grew by 3.5% in 2021, reaching €1,122 per square meter per year.

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Market Dynamics

Our researchers analyzed the data with 2024 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challenges. A holistic analysis of drivers will help companies refine their marketing strategies to gain a competitive advantage.

European commercial real estate market continues to be a significant global investment destina

The retail and warehousing real estate sectors saw the highest yield among the different commercial property types in Ireland in 2023. Conversely, rental homes had the lowest yield, reflecting the lower risk associated with investing in that property type. The net equivalent of the retail and industrial sectors in the second quarter of the year was **** percent. Private rental homes had **** percent lower yields, at *** percent.

Graph and download economic data for Commercial Real Estate Prices for United States (COMREPUSQ159N) from Q1 2005 to Q1 2025 about real estate, commercial, rate, and USA.

Donuka offers a simple, reliable property data solution to power innovation and create seamless business solutions for companies of all sizes. Our data covers more than 37 million properties spread out across the U.S. that can be accessed in bulk-file format or through our APIs.

We offer access to data ONLY in selected states and counties

DATA SOURCES:

1. ONLY state sources (city/county/state administration, federal agencies, ministries, etc.). We DO NOT use unverified databases
2. Over 2300 sources. We use even the smallest sources, because they contain valuable data. This allows us to provide our users with the most complete data

DATA RELEVANCE:

1. Our data is updated daily, weekly, monthly depending on the sources
2. We collect, process and store all data, regardless of their relevance. Historical data is also valuable

DATA TYPES:

1. Specifications
2. Owners
3. Permits
4. Sales
5. Inspections
6. Violations
7. Assessed values
8. Taxes
9. Risks
10. Foreclosures
11. Property Tax Liens
12. Deed Restrictions

NUMBERS:

1. 2300+ data sources in total
2. 4 billion records (listed in the "data types" block above) in total
3. 2 million new records every day

DATA USAGE:

1. Property check, investigation (even the smallest events are stored in our database)
2. Prospecting (more than 100 parameters to find the required records)
3. Tracking (our data allows us to track any changes)

Commercial valuation data collected and maintained by the Cook County Assessor's Office, from 2021 to present. The office uses this data primarily for valuation and reporting. This dataset consolidates the individual Excel workbooks available on the Assessor's website into a single shared format. Properties are valued using similar valuation methods within each model group, per township, per year (in the year the township is reassessed). This dataset has been cleaned minimally, only enough to fit the source Excel workbooks together - because models are updated for each township in the year it is reassessed, users should expect inconsistencies within columns across time and townships. When working with Parcel Index Numbers (PINs) make sure to zero-pad them to 14 digits. Some datasets may lose leading zeros for PINs when downloaded. This data is property-level. Each 14-digit key PIN represents one commercial property. Commercial properties can and often do encompass multiple PINs. Additional notes: Current property class codes, their levels of assessment, and descriptions can be found on the Assessor's website. Note that class codes details can change across time. Data will be updated yearly, once the Assessor has finished mailing first pass values. If users need more up-to-date information they can access it through the Assessor's website. The Assessor's Office reassesses roughly one third of the county (a triad) each year. For commercial valuations, this means each year of data only contain the triad that was reassessed that year. Which triads and their constituent townships have been reassessed recently as well the year of their reassessment can be found in the Assessor's assessment calendar. One KeyPIN is one Commercial Entity. Each KeyPIN (entity) can be comprised of one single PIN (parcel), or multiple PINs as designated in the pins column. Additionally, each KeyPIN might have multiple rows if it is associated with different class codes or model groups. This can occur because many of Cook County's parcels have multiple class codes associated with them if they have multiple uses (such as residential and commercial). Users should not expect this data to be unique by any combination of available columns. Commercial properties are calculated by first determining a property’s use (office, retail, apartments, industrial, etc.), then the property is grouped with similar or like-kind property types. Next, income generated by the property such as rent or incidental income streams like parking or advertising signage is examined. Next, market-level vacancy based on location and property type is examined. In addition, new construction that has not yet been leased is also considered. Finally, expenses such as property taxes, insurance, repair and maintenance costs, property management fees, and service expenditures for professional services are examined. Once a snapshot of a property’s income statement is captured based on market data, a standard valuation metric called a “capitalization rate” to convert income to value is applied. This data was used to produce initial valuations mailed to property owners. It does not incorporate any subsequent changes to a property’s class, characteristics, valuation, or assessed value from appeals.Township codes can be found in the legend of this map. For more information on the sourcing of attached data and the preparation of this datase

Commercial Real Estate Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global commercial real estate market size reached USD 36.5 trillion in 2024, reflecting the robust expansion of the sector. The market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.8% from 2025 to 2033, resulting in a forecasted market size of USD 60.1 trillion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by increasing urbanization, rapid infrastructure development, and the rising demand for flexible workspaces and logistics hubs worldwide. As per our latest research, the sector continues to attract substantial investments due to evolving business needs and technological advancements that are reshaping the way commercial properties are developed, managed, and utilized.

One of the principal factors fueling the commercial real estate market growth is the accelerating pace of urbanization, particularly in emerging economies across Asia Pacific and Latin America. As more people migrate to urban centers, there is a surging need for office spaces, retail outlets, and multifamily residential complexes. This urban influx is also driving demand for hospitality and industrial properties, as businesses strive to cater to the needs of growing city populations. Moreover, governments are investing heavily in infrastructure, public transport, and smart city initiatives, all of which positively impact the commercial real estate sector by enhancing property values and encouraging further development.

Technological innovation is another key growth driver in the commercial real estate market. The adoption of advanced property management systems, data analytics, and artificial intelligence has enabled property owners and managers to optimize building performance, reduce operational costs, and enhance tenant experiences. Additionally, the integration of smart building technologies, such as IoT-enabled sensors and automated energy management systems, is becoming increasingly prevalent. These advancements not only improve efficiency but also contribute to sustainability goals, which is an important consideration for both investors and tenants in todayÂ’s environmentally conscious market landscape.

Changing work patterns and consumer behaviors are also shaping the future of the commercial real estate market. The rise of hybrid and remote work models has led to a transformation in office space requirements, with businesses seeking more flexible and adaptive environments. Similarly, the explosive growth of e-commerce has fueled demand for industrial and logistics properties, particularly in key urban and suburban locations. The hospitality segment is experiencing a resurgence as travel restrictions ease and business and leisure travel rebound. Collectively, these trends are fostering a dynamic and resilient commercial real estate market that is well-positioned for sustained growth over the coming decade.

The concept of Retail Real Estate Finance has gained significant traction as retailers and investors alike seek innovative ways to optimize their real estate portfolios. This financial strategy involves leveraging retail properties to secure funding for expansion, renovation, or operational improvements. By utilizing retail real estate as collateral, businesses can access capital while maintaining ownership of their assets. This approach not only supports growth initiatives but also enhances financial flexibility in a competitive market. As retail environments evolve, the ability to finance real estate strategically becomes crucial for sustaining profitability and adapting to changing consumer behaviors.

Regionally, the commercial real estate market exhibits distinct patterns of growth and development. North America remains a dominant force, driven by strong demand in the United States and Canada for office, industrial, and multifamily properties. Asia Pacific, however, is emerging as the fastest-growing region, propelled by rapid economic development, urbanization, and a burgeoning middle class. Europe maintains steady growth, supported by stable economies and ongoing investments in sustainable building practices. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing increased activity due to infrastructure investments and favorable government policies. This regional diversity underscores the global nature of the commercial real

The Commercial Real Estate (CRE) industry is exhibiting significant variations across markets, with persistently high office vacancy rates juxtaposed against thriving prime office spaces. Hard hit by the widespread adoption of remote and hybrid work models, the overall office vacancy rate rose to 20.4% in Q4 2024 from the pre-pandemic rate of 16.8%. However, leasing volumes for prime office spaces are set to climb, providing opportunities for seasoned investors. On the other hand, the multifamily sector is gaining from a prominent move towards renting, primarily driven by housing affordability concerns and changing lifestyle preferences. This has increased demand for multifamily properties and opportunities to convert underutilized properties, such as offices, into residential rentals. The industrial real estate segment is also evolving, with the boom in e-commerce necessitating the development of strategically located warehouses for quick fulfillment and last-mile delivery. Industry revenue has gained at a CAGR of 0.8% to reach $1.4 trillion through the end of 2025, including a 0.4% climb in 2025 alone. The industry is grappling with multiple challenges, including high interest rates, wide buyer-seller expectation gaps and significant disparities in demand across different geographies and asset types. The Federal Reserve's persistent high-interest-rate environment creates refinancing hurdles for properties purchased during the low-rate period of 2020-2021. Because of remote working trends, office delinquency rates are predicted to climb from 11.0% in late 2024 to 14.0% by 2026, leading to a job market increasingly concentrated in certain urban centers. Through the end of 2030, the CRE industry is expected to stabilize as the construction pipeline shrinks, reducing new supply and, in turn, rebalancing supply and demand dynamics. With this adjustment, occupancy rates are likely to improve, and rents may observe gradual growth. The data center segment is set to witness accelerating demand propelled by the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence, cloud computing and the Internet of Things. Likewise, mixed-use properties are poised to gain popularity, driven by the growing appeal of flexible spaces that accommodate diverse businesses and residents. This new demand, coupled with the retiring baby boomer generation's preference for leisure-centric locales, is expected to push the transformation of traditional shopping plazas towards destination centers, offering continued opportunities for savvy CRE investors. Industry revenue will expand at a CAGR of 1.9% to reach $1.6 trillion in 2030.

The Scandinavian commercial property market, encompassing Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, presents a dynamic investment landscape characterized by steady growth and diverse property types. The market's 7.41% CAGR (2019-2033) indicates robust expansion, driven primarily by increasing urbanization, strong economic performance in the region, and a burgeoning demand for modern, sustainable office spaces, particularly in key cities like Oslo, Stockholm, and Copenhagen. Growth is further fueled by the expansion of e-commerce and logistics, creating significant demand for warehousing and distribution centers. The industrial and logistics segments are anticipated to experience particularly strong growth due to increased global trade and supply chain optimization efforts. While the multi-family sector also shows promising potential, reflecting a growing population and changing lifestyle preferences, market restraints include fluctuating interest rates, potential economic slowdowns, and the need for sustainable development practices within the sector. The presence of both established international players like CBRE and Cushman & Wakefield, and a significant number of local developers and real estate agencies, creates a competitive yet evolving market. The burgeoning startup ecosystem in the region further contributes to the office space demand, particularly in tech hubs within major cities. This thriving market presents attractive opportunities for investors and developers, though careful consideration of market fluctuations and long-term sustainability is crucial. The segmentation into office, retail, industrial, logistics, multi-family, and hospitality properties offers diverse investment strategies. Key cities like Oslo, Stockholm, and Copenhagen are expected to continue leading the market in terms of growth and investment, driven by population density, economic activity, and attractive infrastructure. However, secondary cities and towns within the Scandinavian countries also show potential for investment, particularly in the logistics sector. Further research into specific sub-markets and property types within the region will enable more targeted investment strategies based on risk tolerance and return expectations. This report provides a detailed analysis of the Scandinavian commercial property industry, covering Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, with a focus on key cities like Oslo, Stockholm, and Copenhagen. We delve into the market's dynamics from the historical period (2019-2024), through the base year (2025), and project future trends during the forecast period (2025-2033). The study covers a value exceeding several Million USD and examines key segments including offices, retail, industrial, logistics, multi-family, and hospitality. This in-depth analysis is essential for investors, developers, real estate agencies, and other stakeholders seeking to navigate this dynamic market. Key drivers for this market are: Overall economic growth driving the market, The growth of business and industries driving the market. Potential restraints include: Fluctuating economic conditions hindering the growth of the market, Difficulty in landownership and leasing rights affecting the market. Notable trends are: Increase in Transaction Volume in the Office Market of Scandinavian Countries.

This is quarterly yield data for medium and large commercial buildings from the commercial real estate rental trend survey provided by the Korea Real Estate Board (formerly Korea Appraisal Board).

The ProspectNow Data API delivers all the data and metadata you need for residential and commercial properties across the U.S.

It is designed to provide flexibility, as well as qualified, up-to-date data from a dependable source, so you can focus on providing great customer experiences.

Whether you want to enrich existing datasets, improve your own customer-facing application, or integrate our data into your tech stack, we have everything you need in our REST API, including:

Property Ownership Building Characteristics Valuation Mortgage Information Foreclosure/Preforeclosures Property Tax Info Market Data Properties Predicted to Sell Properties Predicted To Refinance +more

Hong Kong HK: Private Property Market Yield: Retail data was reported at 2.500 % pa in Oct 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.400 % pa for Sep 2018. Hong Kong HK: Private Property Market Yield: Retail data is updated monthly, averaging 4.450 % pa from Jan 1998 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 250 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.400 % pa in Oct 2001 and a record low of 2.300 % pa in Nov 2014. Hong Kong HK: Private Property Market Yield: Retail data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Rating and Valuation Department. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hong Kong SAR – Table HK.EB088: Retail: Private: Property Yields.

In 2023, the return of the national NCREIF Property Index in the United States declined for the first time since 2009. The annualized total return of the index plummeted in 2023, followed by a slight increase in 2024. Just three years ago, in 2021, the rate of return of the index hit **** percent. The NCREIF Property Index reflects the change in prices of commercial real estate for investment purposes in the United States. Property types with the highest cap rates Cap rates, which measure the expected return rate of a real estate asset, were the highest for retail properties in 2023. While a higher cap rate indicates a higher rate of return, it is also associated with higher risk: The multifamily sector, which has enjoyed steady and robust growth in recent years, had the lowest cap rate of all commercial property types. Commercial property area with the best development prospects In 2025, the real estate development opportunities for single-family housing were deemed to be the best when compared with other types of commercial property. Industrial real estate includes warehouses, factories, and big box distribution centers.

Germany Commercial Property Market Index: 127 Cities: Average City Centre Office Rent data was reported at 114.360 1990=100 in 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 107.870 1990=100 for 2018. Germany Commercial Property Market Index: 127 Cities: Average City Centre Office Rent data is updated yearly, averaging 89.865 1990=100 from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2019, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 114.360 1990=100 in 2019 and a record low of 79.810 1990=100 in 2005. Germany Commercial Property Market Index: 127 Cities: Average City Centre Office Rent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bulwiengesa AG. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.EB004: Property Market Index.

Germany Commercial Property Market Index: WG: 49 Cities: Average Retail Rent: Suburban data was reported at 166.760 1975=100 in 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 166.010 1975=100 for 2018. Germany Commercial Property Market Index: WG: 49 Cities: Average Retail Rent: Suburban data is updated yearly, averaging 143.580 1975=100 from Dec 1975 (Median) to 2019, with 45 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 192.090 1975=100 in 1993 and a record low of 100.000 1975=100 in 1975. Germany Commercial Property Market Index: WG: 49 Cities: Average Retail Rent: Suburban data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bulwiengesa AG. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.EB004: Property Market Index.

The real estate and property management services market is experiencing robust growth, driven by several key factors. Increasing urbanization and population growth globally are fueling demand for residential and commercial properties, creating a need for professional management services. Technological advancements, such as property management software and online platforms, are streamlining operations and enhancing efficiency, attracting both investors and property owners. Furthermore, the rise of institutional investors in the real estate sector is contributing to market expansion, as they seek professional management expertise to maximize returns on their investments. The market is segmented by service type (residential, commercial, industrial), property type (apartments, single-family homes, office buildings), and geographic region. Competition is intense, with established players like Associa and CBRE vying for market share alongside regional firms and emerging technology-driven companies. However, the market also faces certain challenges. Economic fluctuations, particularly interest rate hikes and potential recessions, can significantly impact property values and demand for management services. Regulatory changes and compliance requirements can also increase operational costs and complexity for property management firms. Furthermore, attracting and retaining skilled professionals in a competitive labor market is crucial for sustained growth. Future market growth will likely be influenced by evolving consumer preferences, technological innovations, and macroeconomic conditions. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates continued expansion, albeit at a pace potentially moderated by economic factors. A likely CAGR of 5-7% is reasonable considering the projected global economic growth and continued demand for real estate services. This growth is likely to be unevenly distributed across regions, with rapidly developing economies experiencing faster expansion.

The Commercial Real Estate Market Size Report is Segmented by Property Type (Offices, Retail, Logistics and More), by Business Model (Sales, Rental), by End-User (Individuals / Households, Corporates & SMEs and More) and by Region (North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific & Middle East and Africa). The Market Forecasts are Provided in Terms of Value (USD).