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Apportionment file 11304917 retrieved from OMB public records

China Turnover: CSRC: Commodity Futures: Volume: Agricultural Product (AP) data was reported at 2,048,495.026 Lot th in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,641,614.137 Lot th for 2022. China Turnover: CSRC: Commodity Futures: Volume: Agricultural Product (AP) data is updated yearly, averaging 1,600,371.041 Lot th from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2023, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,873,978.068 Lot th in 2016 and a record low of 48,353.328 Lot th in 2000. China Turnover: CSRC: Commodity Futures: Volume: Agricultural Product (AP) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by China Securities Regulatory Commission. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZB: China Securities Regulatory Commisssion (CSRC): Futures: Turnover. Data statistics from double-counted basis to single-counted basis since 1Jan2025

This paper constructs daily measures of the real interest rate and expected inflation using commodity futures prices and the term structure of Treasury yields. We find that commodity futures markets respond to surprise increases in the federal funds rate target by raising the inflation rate expected over the next three to nine months. There is no evidence that the real interest rate responds to surprises in the federal funds target. The data from the commodity futures markets are highly volatile. We show that one can substantially reduce the noise using limited information estimators such as the median change. Nevertheless, the basket of commodities actually traded daily is quite narrow and we do not know whether our observable rates are closely connected to the unobservable inflation and real rates that affect economy-wide consumption and investment decisions.

Orange Juice rose to 314 USd/Lbs on July 14, 2025, up 8.71% from the previous day. Over the past month, Orange Juice's price has risen 20.81%, but it is still 30.47% lower than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Orange Juice - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Japan Commodity Futures: Volume: Total: Platinum data was reported at 178,978.000 Lot in Oct 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 189,608.000 Lot for Sep 2018. Japan Commodity Futures: Volume: Total: Platinum data is updated monthly, averaging 430,950.500 Lot from Jan 2000 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 226 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,931,953.000 Lot in Aug 2001 and a record low of 178,978.000 Lot in Oct 2018. Japan Commodity Futures: Volume: Total: Platinum data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Tokyo Commodity Exchange. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.Z017: Commodity Futures.

Carbon Removal Commodity Futures Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Carbon Removal Commodity Futures market size reached USD 1.2 billion in 2024, demonstrating a robust growth trajectory. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 28.6% from 2025 to 2033, with the total market forecasted to reach USD 10.4 billion by 2033. This remarkable growth is propelled by increasing regulatory pressures, the rise of voluntary carbon markets, and heightened corporate commitments to achieving net-zero emissions targets.

One of the primary growth factors driving the carbon removal commodity futures market is the surge in global climate action commitments. As governments and corporations worldwide strive to meet ambitious decarbonization goals, demand for innovative financial instruments that facilitate carbon removal is intensifying. The integration of carbon removal commodity futures into sustainability strategies allows organizations to hedge against future compliance costs, secure credible offsets, and demonstrate proactive environmental stewardship. Additionally, the growing scrutiny of carbon neutrality claims is pushing market participants to seek verifiable and transparent carbon removal solutions, further fueling the demand for standardized, exchange-traded futures contracts.

Another significant driver is the maturation of carbon removal technologies and methodologies. Advancements in direct air capture, biochar production, afforestation, and soil carbon sequestration have improved scalability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness, making these solutions increasingly attractive for both compliance and voluntary offsetting purposes. As these technologies achieve greater validation and certification, they become more readily integrated into commodity futures markets, enabling broader participation from institutional investors, corporates, and even governments. The standardization of measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols is also enhancing market confidence, stimulating liquidity, and attracting new entrants to the carbon removal commodity futures ecosystem.

Financial innovation and the proliferation of dedicated trading platforms are also catalyzing market expansion. The emergence of sophisticated exchange-traded and over-the-counter (OTC) instruments tailored to specific carbon removal products is broadening the appeal of these markets to a diverse array of end-users. Financial institutions are increasingly developing bespoke investment products and risk management solutions that leverage carbon removal commodity futures, which in turn is fostering deeper market integration with traditional commodities and ESG investment frameworks. The growing alignment of carbon removal futures with global sustainability reporting standards is further amplifying their strategic importance for entities seeking to optimize their carbon portfolios and demonstrate compliance with evolving regulatory regimes.

Regionally, North America and Europe are at the forefront of market development, benefiting from advanced regulatory frameworks, strong institutional participation, and a mature ecosystem of carbon removal technology providers. However, the Asia Pacific region is rapidly emerging as a key growth engine, driven by escalating climate commitments from major economies and burgeoning demand for voluntary offsetting solutions. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing increased activity, particularly in afforestation and soil carbon sequestration projects, though these regions currently represent a smaller share of the global market. As cross-border trading and harmonization of standards progress, regional disparities are expected to narrow, paving the way for a more integrated global carbon removal commodity futures market.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment of the carbon removal commodity futures market encompasses a diverse array of solutions, including direct air capture (DAC) futures, biochar futures, afforestation/refore

CRB Index fell to 373.31 Index Points on July 14, 2025, down 0.01% from the previous day. Over the past month, CRB Index's price has fallen 1.86%, but it is still 10.05% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. CRB Commodity Index - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

CN: Stock: Deliverable: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Lead data was reported at 49,504.000 Ton in 09 May 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 46,786.000 Ton for 30 Apr 2025. CN: Stock: Deliverable: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Lead data is updated daily, averaging 40,503.500 Ton from Dec 2014 (Median) to 09 May 2025, with 516 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 205,898.000 Ton in 17 Sep 2021 and a record low of 4,052.000 Ton in 29 Jan 2016. CN: Stock: Deliverable: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Lead data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Shanghai Futures Exchange. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZB: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Commodity Futures: Stock.

This statistic shows the number of commodity contracts - futures and options - traded globally from 2005 to 2019, listed by type of commodity. The number of agricultural futures and options traded in 2019 amounted to nearly *** billion.

CN: Stock: Deliverable: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Petroleum Bitumen data was reported at 57,444.000 Ton in 09 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 57,444.000 Ton for 30 Apr 2025. CN: Stock: Deliverable: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Petroleum Bitumen data is updated daily, averaging 77,845.500 Ton from Dec 2014 (Median) to 09 May 2025, with 516 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 235,582.000 Ton in 25 Nov 2016 and a record low of 24,970.000 Ton in 06 Mar 2015. CN: Stock: Deliverable: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Petroleum Bitumen data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Shanghai Futures Exchange. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZB: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Commodity Futures: Stock.

The global futures trading services market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing technological advancements, rising institutional and retail investor participation, and the growing adoption of online and mobile trading platforms. The market size in 2025 is estimated at $15 billion, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033. This signifies a substantial expansion of the market to an estimated $28 billion by 2033. Several factors contribute to this positive outlook. The increasing sophistication of trading algorithms and the availability of real-time market data are enhancing trading efficiency and profitability, attracting both novice and experienced traders. Furthermore, the diversification of tradable assets, including a broader range of commodities and indices, provides greater opportunities for portfolio diversification and risk management. Software-based futures trading platforms are gaining significant traction due to their advanced analytical capabilities and ease of integration with other trading tools. However, regulatory scrutiny, cybersecurity risks, and the inherent volatility of futures markets present challenges to sustained growth. The regulatory landscape is constantly evolving, requiring firms to adapt to new compliance requirements and enhance cybersecurity protocols to protect against data breaches and fraud. Moreover, fluctuations in global economic conditions and geopolitical events can significantly impact market sentiment and trading volumes. Despite these restraints, the market's growth trajectory is expected to remain positive, driven primarily by technological innovation and the expanding reach of online trading platforms to a wider investor base. The segment encompassing share price index futures and commodity futures are projected to exhibit the strongest growth, reflecting increased investor interest in these asset classes.

Corn rose to 400.28 USd/BU on July 16, 2025, up 0.07% from the previous day. Over the past month, Corn's price has fallen 7.93%, and is down 2.07% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Corn - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Sharp economic volatility, the continued effects of high interest rates and mixed sentiment among investors created an uneven landscape for stock and commodity exchanges. While trading volumes soared in 2020 due to the pandemic and favorable financial conditions, such as zero percent interest rates from the Federal Reserve, the continued effects of high inflation in 2022 and 2023 resulted in a hawkish pivot on interest rates, which curtailed ROIs across major equity markets. Geopolitical volatility amid the Ukraine-Russia and Israel-Hamas wars further exacerbated trade volatility, as many investors pivoted away from traditional equity markets into derivative markets, such as options and futures to better hedge on their investment. Nonetheless, the continued digitalization of trading markets bolstered exchanges, as they were able to facilitate improved client service and stronger market insights for interested investors. Revenue grew an annualized 0.1% to an estimated $20.9 billion over the past five years, including an estimated 1.9% boost in 2025. A core development for exchanges has been the growth of derivative trades, which has facilitated a significant market niche for investors. Heightened options trading and growing attraction to agricultural commodities strengthened service diversification among exchanges. Major companies, such as CME Group Inc., introduced new tradeable food commodities for investors in 2024, further diversifying how clients engage in trades. These trends, coupled with strengthened corporate profit growth, bolstered exchanges’ profit. Despite current uncertainty with interest rates and the pervasive fear over a future recession, the industry is expected to do well during the outlook period. Strong economic conditions will reduce investor uncertainty and increase corporate profit, uplifting investment into the stock market and boosting revenue. Greater levels of research and development will expand the scope of stocks offered because new companies will spring up via IPOs, benefiting exchange demand. Nonetheless, continued threat from substitutes such as electronic communication networks (ECNs) will curtail larger growth, as better technology will enable investors to start trading independently, but effective use of electronic platforms by incumbent exchange giants such as NASDAQ Inc. can help stem this decline by offering faster processing via electronic trade floors and prioritizing client support. Overall, revenue is expected to grow an annualized 3.5% to an estimated $24.8 billion through the end of 2031.

The datasets for the Role of Financial Investors on Commodity Futures Risk Premium are weekly datasets for the period from 1995 to 2015 for three commodities in the energy market: crude oil (WTI), heating oil, and natural gas. These datasets contain futures prices for different maturities, open interest positions for each commodity (long and short open interest positions), and S&P 500 composite index. The selected commodities are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX). The data comes from the Thomson Reuters Datastream and from the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).

Crude oil commodity futures are financial contracts that allow investors to speculate on the future price of crude oil. These futures contracts are traded on commodity exchanges, and they offer a standardized method for individuals and institutions to buy or sell crude oil at a predetermined price and date in the future. Learn more about how crude oil futures work and the various participants in the market.

Coffee rose to 305.70 USd/Lbs on July 14, 2025, up 5.93% from the previous day. Over the past month, Coffee's price has fallen 11.39%, but it is still 26.62% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Coffee - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Eggs CH rose to 3,456 CNY/T on July 14, 2025, up 0.17% from the previous day. Over the past month, Eggs CH's price has risen 19.71%, but it is still 23.69% lower than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Eggs CH.

CN: Stock: Deliverable: Shanghai Futures Exchange: TSR 20 data was reported at 79,631.000 Ton in 09 May 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 76,104.000 Ton for 30 Apr 2025. CN: Stock: Deliverable: Shanghai Futures Exchange: TSR 20 data is updated daily, averaging 66,226.000 Ton from Nov 2019 (Median) to 09 May 2025, with 271 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 159,868.000 Ton in 19 Jul 2024 and a record low of 0.000 Ton in 22 Nov 2019. CN: Stock: Deliverable: Shanghai Futures Exchange: TSR 20 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Shanghai Futures Exchange. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZB: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Commodity Futures: Stock.

CN: Stock: Deliverable: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Bonded Copper data was reported at 13,767.000 Ton in 09 May 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 13,236.000 Ton for 30 Apr 2025. CN: Stock: Deliverable: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Bonded Copper data is updated daily, averaging 39,049.500 Ton from Jan 2021 (Median) to 09 May 2025, with 218 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 96,029.000 Ton in 17 Jun 2022 and a record low of 0.000 Ton in 15 Jan 2021. CN: Stock: Deliverable: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Bonded Copper data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Shanghai Futures Exchange. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Financial Market – Table CN.ZB: Shanghai Futures Exchange: Commodity Futures: Stock.