As of June 3, 2022, there were 1,521 drugs and vaccines in development targeting the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). American biotech company Moderna was the second ranked company worldwide with 12 drugs/vaccines in development targeting COVID-19.

GlaxoSmithKline generated approximately 9.3 billion U.S. dollars from vaccine sales in 2021, making it the sixth largest vaccine company in the world based on revenue. Before the pandemic and the appearance of COVID-19 vaccines, the British pharmaceutical giant used to be the global leader in vaccines.

Analyzing vaccine sales of leading companies GlaxoSmithKline reported an annual revenue of 34.1 billion British pounds in 2021 – vaccine sales accounted for around 20 percent of that figure. Year-on-year sales of Shingrix, the company’s shingles vaccine, more than doubled to almost two billion British pounds in 2020. The leading vaccine of Merck & Co. is Gardasil/Gardasil 9, which can help in the prevention of certain cancers. The vaccine is one of Merck’s top-selling products and accounted for more than half of the company’s total vaccine sales. Pfizer generated vaccine sales of nearly 43 billion U.S. dollars in 2021, of course heavily boosted by its COVID-19 vaccine sales. The pneumococcal vaccine Prevnar 13/Prevenar 13 was the company’s second product based on revenue during that year.

The race for a coronavirus vaccine Until recently, and despite growth in the global vaccine market, there were only four big pharma companies with substantial vaccine operations. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical importance of vaccine research and development. Aided by government funding and partnerships, several smaller companies were among the first to enter the race to find vaccines and treatments for the disease. Biotech company Moderna, by applying its pioneering mRNA research to the problem, was among the first to bring a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine to the broader market.

As of May 2021, U.S. investor Blackrock Inc owned more than seven percent of total shares of pharmaceutical companies AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Novavax, and Johnson & Johnson, respectively. The statistic illustrates major shareholdings iat select pharmaceutical companies which are involved in the development and production of COVID-19 vaccines as of May 2021, by investor.

As of April 26, 2023, roughly 367 million Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered in the United States. This statistic shows the number of COVID-19 vaccinations administered in the United States as of April 26, 2023, by manufacturer.

According to a forecast as of March, BioNTech's and Pfizer's vaccine against COVID-19 could generate sales revenues of nearly 22 billion U.S. dollars during 2021. The BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine was the first COVID-19 vaccine to be widely approved and used. German biotech company BioNTech saw a 156 percent growth in its shares in the last 12 months as of March 2021.

Will Moderna be the big winner? Moderna is expected to be the company with the largest sales revenues from a COVID-19 vaccine. Forecasts predict that the company will make around 43 billion U.S. dollars in sales through its vaccine. Interestingly, Moderna was established in 2010 and had never made profit before the pandemic. Thus, the development of the covid vaccine based on the latest mRNA technology will mark a definitive breakthrough for the Massachusetts-based biotech company. Moderna received significant funding through taxpayer money as well as help in research and development from the National Institutes of Health.

Vaccine pricing in a pandemic Drug pricing is always a big issue and this was also the case with COVID-19 vaccines. While some companies, like AstraZeneca, stated early on that prices for the vaccine will be on a non-profit base at least as long as the pandemic is ongoing, others took a more profit-oriented approach. However, even these companies state that their current prices are low special prices, taking into account urgent public health interests, which normally would be much higher. According to several projections, COVID-19 drugs and vaccines could establish a market worth some 40 billion U.S. dollars annually.

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Vaccine Research Market Size 2024-2028

The vaccine research market size is forecast to increase by USD 21.4 billion at a CAGR of 10.84% between 2023 and 2028. The market is witnessing substantial growth due to the persistently high prevalence of infectious diseases and the requirement for innovative vaccines to address chronic infections. Additionally, the advancement of adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems is significantly contributing to market expansion. This growth is driven by the increasing demand for efficient, accessible, and high-standard solutions. Companies in this sector are adapting their strategies to align with these trends, focusing on sustainability and operational efficiency to remain competitive. The market's future direction is influenced by these key drivers, ensuring its continued growth and evolution. As the industry progresses, the demand for advanced solutions continues to expand its scope.

What will be the size of the Vaccine Research Market during the forecast period?

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Vaccine Research Market Segmentation

The Vaccine Research market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018 - 2022 for the following segments.

End-user

  Public
  Private


Age Group

  Pediatric
  Adult


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK


  Asia

    China


  Rest of World (ROW)

Which is the largest segment driving market growth?

The public segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Government entities, including the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), play a significant role in vaccine research. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments worldwide have made substantial investments in vaccine development, from basic science and pre-clinical stages through clinical trials. These efforts led to the creation of several effective COVID-19 vaccines. Governments have been instrumental in funding and supporting each phase of the vaccine development process. Immunization programs focus on various diseases, such as pneumococcal disease, measles, mumps, mono, and varicella, diphtheria, tetanus, HPV, MMR, rotavirus, influenza, hepatitis, typhoid, meningococcal, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and polio.

Vaccines come in various forms, including injectable, oral, and nasal, and are produced by vaccine manufacturers, genomic research centers, academic institutions, and private laboratories. They are used in hospital settings, clinics, and pharmacies. Vaccines protect against microorganisms, toxins, and surface proteins, enhancing the immune system's response to pathogens. Vaccine research continues to address physiological disorders, allergies, cancer, and infectious diseases, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, Alzheimer's, inflammatory diseases, and self-antigens. Vaccines are available as combination vaccines, monovaccines, subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and DNA vaccines. Vaccines are crucial components of preventive healthcare and public health initiatives, reducing morbidity and mortality.

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The Public segment was valued at USD 12.10 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Which region is leading the market?

North America is estimated to contribute 44% to the growth of the global Vaccine Research market during the forecast period.

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Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.The market in North America is significantly driven by the high prevalence of both infectious and non-infectious diseases. In the US, influenza, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HIV, measles, malaria, tuberculosis, and cancer are among the most common health concerns. The prevalence of these diseases continues to increase, particularly in developed countries. For instance, influenza cases peak annually in the US during November to February. Although vaccines have led to a decline in diseases like mumps, measles, and rubella (MMR), they have not been eradicated completely. Vaccine research focuses on various types, including conjugate, recombinant, live attenuated, toxoid, and inactivated vaccines.

These vaccines target various diseases, such as meningitis, pneumonia, and polio. Stakeholders In the market include government immunization programs, preventive healthcare providers, vaccine manufacturers, genomic research centers, academic institutions, private laboratori

As of March 9, 2021, there were pre-purchase agreements for over three billion doses of AstraZeneca/Oxford's vaccine. This vaccine is by far the most sought after COVID-19 vaccine, especially due to its ability to be stored at normal refrigerator temperatures, while other vaccines might need ultra cold storage. Although still in phase III of clinical trials and without approval, Novavax's vaccine is the one with the second highest number of orders worldwide.

Global COVID-19 vaccine contracts At the same time, India had managed to secure around 2.2 billion COVID-19 vaccines doses, followed by the European Union which had signed pre-purchase agreements to secure nearly 1.84 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines, while the United States already secured around 1.21 billion doses. AstraZeneca/Oxford's vaccine accounted for one billion doses of all vaccines secured by India, while also accounting for 300 million doses of all vaccines secured by the EU and the U.S., respectively.

Forecasted sales of COVID-19 vaccines As of November 2021, Comirnaty by BioNTech/Pfizer was the leading COVID-19 vaccine by forecasted sales revenue. It was expected to make around 36 billion U.S. dollars in sales revenue in 2021, followed by 29 billion dollars in 2022. Meanwhile, Spikevax by Moderna was projected to make 18 billion and 22 billion U.S. dollars in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Vaxzevria by AstraZeneca was forecasted to make 1.7 billion U.S. dollars in sales, followed by an additional 1.9 billion dollars by 2022. In contrast to most other biopharmaceutical companies, AstraZeneca had announced to sell its vaccine at almost net cost price.

Global Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Vaccine market size 2025 was XX Million. Novel Coronavirus COVID 19 Vaccine Industry compound annual growth rate (CAGR) will be XX% from 2025 till 2033.

As of 2022, the BioNTech vaccine against the coronavirus (COVID-19) was administered the most in Germany. Figures were significantly higher for BioNTech vaccinations, compared to the other vaccines approved for use in the EU – Moderna, AstraZeneca and Janssen. BioNTech is a German biotechnological company, which developed a vaccine against COVID-19 in cooperation with U.S. pharmaceutical giant Pfizer.

New vaccines BioNTech and Moderna are mRNA vaccines, AstraZeneca is not, but all three have one thing in common – they have to be administered in two doses over a period of several weeks to provide protection against the virus. The Janssen vaccine, also referred to as Johnson & Johnson, referring to its manufacturer, requires one dose. Both BioNTech and Moderna vaccines have already been administered as booster shots while another coronavirus wave engulfs Germany. After initial shortages in deliveries at the beginning of Germany’s vaccination campaign at the end of December 2020, production has ramped up, also within the country, and the German government repeatedly assures the population that there are enough vaccines for first, second and booster shots.

The next wave Thus far there is no national vaccination mandate in Germany, though heated debate among political parties regarding the issue continues, particularly in the wake of rising coronavirus cases in the winter of 2021 and the emergence of the Omicron variant. While all the currently greenlighted vaccines against COVID-19 are not said to make the recipient immune to the virus, they are widely hailed as helping reduce the risk of a difficult illness or the possibility of a hospital stay.

Association between subjects’ misinformation, perception and vaccine acceptance (n = 484).

The size of the Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Industry market was valued at USD 3.51 Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 7.37 Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 11.18% during the forecast period. Vaccine contract manufacturing is one of those specialized sectors that are manufacturing vaccines on behalf of other pharmaceutical companies. Several reasons push many firms into sourcing production at contract manufacturers: lower costs, increased capacity, and exploiting highly specialized expertise. In global healthcare systems, vaccine contract manufacturers play a highly significant role, especially in ensuring delivery in a timely and efficient manner in pandemic circumstances and more general public health emergencies. The process is very complex for vaccine contract manufacturing, ranging from production and culture of viral or bacterial antigens to purification, formulation, and filling into vials or syringes. The contract manufacturers must have highly set standards of quality and must meet all requirements given by the regulatory systems they use for manufacturing vaccines. The industry is very regulated since there are strict guidelines that ensure quality control and disinfection, which takes place through regular inspection. Vaccines are at the forefront in the prevention of infectious disease and in the protection of public health. They have undoubtedly been key in decreasing the cases of several diseases, including polio, measles, and smallpox. However, vaccine production does not take a lot of rocket science to perform. It is one of those tasks that require specialized facilities and equipment, as well as specialized expertise. Contract manufacturing has opened up the opportunity for pharmaceutical companies to focus on research and development and let the manufacturing process be left to experienced and reliable partners. Vaccine contract manufacturing has emerged as a critical practice in the last decade. The recent COVID-19 pandemic had leveraged the adoption of vaccine contract manufacturing. This was a race for the vaccines based on the development of COVID-19, and massive global effort included large pharmaceutical companies along with contract manufacturers who worked together towards addressing unprecedented levels of demand. Scaling up the manufacturing in the industry played a key role in curbing the spread of this virus and saving thousands of lives. Vaccine contract manufacturing is crucial not only in the management of pandemics but also in creating a solid safeguard for long-term availability of vaccines for a number of diseases. It helps pharmaceutical companies avoid reliance on a single manufacturing site that may be subject to interruptions, therefore giving less chance for break in supply chains. In addition, the factor is a critical component of vaccines supplied in developing countries where access to basic healthcare services can be really limited. Recent developments include: August 2022: Moderna inked an agreement with the Canadian government to construct a messenger RNA vaccine manufacturing factory in an undetermined location in Canada. According to the biotech firm, the partnership will give Canadians access to mRNA vaccines made in Canada against respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus., June 2022: Merck and Agilent Technologies collaborated with each other to advance process analytical technologies for downstream processing and overcome the gaps within downstream processing.. Key drivers for this market are: Advancements in Technology and Cost Benefits in Infrastructure and Operational Benefits, Increase in Initiatives Favoring Vaccinations; Favorable Patient Demographics and Growing Vaccinations of Newborns and Children. Potential restraints include: Rising High Costs of Vaccines, Lack of Storage Infrastructure and Limitations Associated with Supply Chain. Notable trends are: The Inactivated Vaccines Segment is Expected to Hold a Significant Share in the Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market over the Forecast Period.

This document provides guidance on establishment licensing, product quality and lot release to bring a COVID-19 vaccine to market in Canada.

ObjectivesTo characterize factors associated with parental willingness for their children participation in a COVID-19 vaccine trial, use of different COVID-19 vaccines and acceptance of a third vaccine dose.MethodsParents of children aged 12–17 years in Lima, Perú were asked to complete an online questionnaire via social networks, from November 9, 2021, to April 23, 2022. We calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals to compare factors with the mentioned outcomes.ResultsFrom 523 parents responding, 374 completed the survey. 90.4% would give their children a third vaccine dose, 36.6% would allow their children participation in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial, and 33.2% would accept different vaccine brands between doses. Parental belief that COVID-19 vaccine studies met quality standards was associated with acceptance of a third booster dose (adjusted PR 3.25; 95% CI1.57–6.74; p = 0.002), enrolment in a COVID-19 clinical trial (adjusted PR 4.49; 95% CI1.25–16.06; p = 0.02), and acceptance of different COVID-19 vaccine brands between doses (adjusted PR 10.02; 95% CI1.40–71.95; p = 0.02).ConclusionMost parents would accept a third vaccine booster dose, approximately a third would participate in COVID-19 vaccine trials. Believing COVID-19 vaccines studies fulfilled quality standards was associated with the study outcomes. It is necessary to inform about the rigorous processes for the development of COVID-19 vaccines to generate confidence in parents to accept these vaccine-related outcomes.

This document provides guidance to vaccine manufacturers seeking authorization for their vaccine that targets the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This guidance applies to applications under the interim order respecting the importation, sale and advertising of drugs for use in relation to COVID-19.

The 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic revealed the urgent need for the acceleration of vaccine development worldwide. Rapid vaccine development poses numerous risks for each category of vaccine technology. By using the Risklick artificial intelligence (AI), we estimated the risks associated with all types of COVID-19 vaccine during the early phase of vaccine development. We then performed a postmortem analysis of the probability and the impact matrix calculations by comparing the 2020 prognosis to the contemporary situation. We used the Risklick AI to evaluate the risks and their incidence associated with vaccine development in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis revealed the diversity of risks among vaccine technologies currently used by pharmaceutical companies providing vaccines. This analysis highlighted the current and future potential pitfalls connected to vaccine production during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, the Risklick AI appears as an essential tool in vaccine development for the treatment of COVID-19 in order to formally anticipate the risks, and increases the overall performance from the production to the distribution of the vaccines. The Risklick AI could, therefore, be extended to other fields of research and development and represent a novel opportunity in the calculation of production-associated risks.

Covid-19 misinformation (n = 484).

ObjectiveThis study aimed to map the existing literature to identify predictors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among refugees, immigrants, and other migrant populations.MethodsA systematic search of Medline, Embase, Scopus, APA PsycInfo and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) was conducted up to 31 January 2023 to identify the relevant English peer-reviewed observational studies. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts, selected studies, and extracted data.ResultsWe identified 34 cross-sectional studies, primarily conducted in high income countries (76%). Lower vaccine acceptance was associated with mistrust in the host countries’ government and healthcare system, concerns about the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines, limited knowledge of COVID-19 infection and vaccines, lower COVID-19 risk perception, and lower integration level in the host country. Female gender, younger age, lower education level, and being single were associated with lower vaccine acceptance in most studies. Additionally, sources of information about COVID-19 and vaccines and previous history of COVID-19 infection, also influence vaccine acceptance. Vaccine acceptability towards COVID-19 booster doses and various vaccine brands were not adequately studied.ConclusionsVaccine hesitancy and a lack of trust in COVID-19 vaccines have become significant public health concerns within migrant populations. These findings may help in providing information for current and future vaccine outreach strategies among migrant populations.

The spread of the COVID-19 Delta variant has prompted many governments, schools, and companies to institute vaccine mandates. Proponents suggest that mandates will enhance public health and increase vaccination rates. Critics suggest that evidence of mandates’ effectiveness is unclear and warn that mandates risk increasing societal inequalities if unvaccinated minority groups opt out of educational, commercial, and social activities where mandates are required. We conduct an original survey experiment on a representative sample of 1,245 Americans to examine the efficacy and effect of COVID-19 mandates. Our findings suggest that mandates are unlikely to change vaccination behavior overall. Further, they may increase the likelihood that sizable percentages of the population opt out of activities where vaccines are mandated. We conclude that mandates that do go into effect should be accompanied by targeted, persuasive communications targeted to specific information needs and identities.

Abstract

A strong evidence base is needed to understand the socioeconomic implications of the coronavirus pandemic for the Solomon Islands. High Frequency Phone Surveys (HFPS) are set up to understand these implications over the years. This data is the fifth of the five planned rounds of mobile surveys. Four rounds of the HFPS are already completed in June 2020 (Round 1), Dec 2020-Jan 2021 (Round 2), July-Aug 2021 (Round 3) and Jan 2022-Feb 2022 (Round 4), Round 5 interviewed 2,507 households across the country between July 30, 2022, and September 8, 2022, on topics including vaccines of COVID-19, employment, income, food security, health, and coping strategies, and public trust and security.

Geographic coverage

Urban and rural areas of Solomon Islands.

Analysis unit

Household and Individual.

Universe

All respondents must be aged 18 and over and have a phone.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

As the objective of the survey was to measure changes as the pandemic progresses, Round Five data collection sought to re-contact all 2,671 households contacted in Round Four. The protocols for re-contact were a maximum of 3 attempts per caller shift, spaced between 1.5 and 2.5 hours apart depending on whether the phone was busy or there was no answer, and 15 attempts in total. A new survey company (Sistemas) was hired for the fifth round, and the old survey company (Tebbutt) did not provide the phone numbers of the old households contacted in previous rounds. Hence, no returning households can be identified in round 5. In Round Five, Honiara was over-represented in the World Bank HFPS (constituting 47.7 percent of the survey sample). All other provinces were deemed under-represented, with the largest differences being for Malaita and Western, which represented 9.5 percent (Census: 21.4 percent), and 12.5 percent of the survey sample (Census: 21.4 percent), respectively. Urban areas constituted 58.3 percent of the survey sample, compared to a quarter (25.6 percent) of the census. The target geographic distribution for the survey was based on the population distribution across provinces from the preliminary 2019 census results. According to the population census, Honiara constituted almost one quarter (18.0 percent) of the total population. Compensating factors for these differences were developed and included in the re-weighting calculations.

Due to the limited sample sizes outside of Honiara, most results are disaggregated into only three geographic regions: Honiara, other urban areas, and rural areas. For more information on sampling, please refer to the presentation slides provided in the External Resources.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

The questionnaire - that can be found in the External Resources of this documentation - was developed both in English and in Solomons Pijin. The survey instrument for the fifth round consisted of the following modules: -Basic information, -Information about COVID-19, -Vaccines of COVID-19, -Health, -Education, -Access food & food security, -Employment and Income, -Coping strategies, -Public trust and security, -and Assets and wellbeing.

Cleaning operations

At the end of data collection, the dataset was cleaned by the World Bank team. This included formatting, and correcting results based on monitoring issues, enumerator feedback and survey changes. Data was edited using Stata.
The data is presented in three data sets: household data set, individual data set, and child data set. The total number of observations in the household data set is 2,507 in the individual data set and is 1,260 in the child data set. The child data set contains the education information for children of all households who answered this section, the individual data set contains the employment and vaccine information for all individuals, and the household data set contains information about health, access food & food security, coping strategies, public trust and security, and assets and well-being.

Socio-demographic characteristics (n = 484).