The global polyamide hinge market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand across diverse applications, particularly in the furniture, automotive, and electronics industries. The market's inherent advantages – lightweight yet durable design, resistance to corrosion and chemicals, and cost-effectiveness compared to metal hinges – are key factors contributing to its expansion. While precise market sizing data is unavailable, based on industry analysis and growth trends observed in related sectors, we estimate the global market size in 2025 to be approximately $500 million. This substantial figure reflects a notable Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6% projected from 2025 to 2033. This growth trajectory is anticipated to continue, fueled by innovations in polyamide materials leading to enhanced performance characteristics and expanding applications in emerging markets. The market segmentation reveals significant opportunity within specific application areas. Cabinet hinges currently represent a dominant share, followed by door and window applications. The "Others" segment encompasses diverse uses, presenting untapped potential for future growth. Regional market analysis suggests North America and Europe currently hold the largest market shares, owing to high industrialization and established manufacturing bases. However, rapid economic development in Asia-Pacific, particularly in China and India, is driving significant demand, promising substantial growth in this region over the forecast period. Challenges such as fluctuations in raw material prices and the emergence of alternative hinge materials present potential restraints; however, ongoing technological advancements and the inherent benefits of polyamide hinges are expected to mitigate these challenges.

The global special hinges market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand across diverse sectors. While precise market sizing data is unavailable, considering typical CAGR rates for specialized components within the industrial and manufacturing sectors (ranging from 5-8%), a reasonable estimation for the 2025 market size could be between $500 million and $800 million, based on a projected growth from a potential 2019 base. Key drivers include the burgeoning automation industry, particularly in robotics and manufacturing automation, which require specialized hinges for precise and durable movements. Further growth is fueled by advancements in materials science leading to lighter, stronger, and more corrosion-resistant hinges suitable for demanding applications in aerospace, automotive, and medical devices. Trends indicate a shift towards customized and specialized hinge designs to meet increasingly intricate needs, along with rising adoption of smart hinges incorporating sensors and actuators for enhanced functionality. However, restraints include the relatively high cost of specialized hinges compared to standard options, alongside supply chain disruptions and potential material price fluctuations. The market is segmented based on material type (e.g., metal, plastic), application (e.g., automotive, industrial machinery), and hinge type (e.g., continuous hinges, leaf hinges). Leading players like Zauderer Associates, Wisconsin Oven Corporation, and others are focusing on innovation, strategic partnerships, and geographical expansion to maintain market share. The forecast period (2025-2033) presents significant opportunities for market expansion. A conservative CAGR of 6% is projected, resulting in substantial market growth throughout the decade. This growth will be influenced by continued technological advancements, the expansion of automation across diverse industries, and increasing focus on product durability and efficiency. Companies are likely to invest in R&D to develop innovative hinge designs and improve manufacturing processes, thereby enhancing their product offerings and market competitiveness. Furthermore, strategic acquisitions and collaborations are expected to reshape the competitive landscape.

As of June 2025, Tinder was the highest-grossing dating app worldwide. Tinder generated approximately *********** U.S. dollars among global users. Bumble saw in-app revenues of around *** million U.S. dollars, while Match group-owned Hinge ranked third, generating around *** million U.S. dollars in app revenues as of June 2025.

The file contains data for the comparison of models of corner-filleted flexure hinges in the linked article.

The online dating services market is a rapidly expanding sector, exhibiting a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.5% and reaching an estimated market size of $8.47 billion in 2025. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Increasing smartphone penetration and internet usage globally provide wider access to online dating platforms. Furthermore, evolving social norms and changing societal views on relationships are driving adoption, especially among younger demographics. The market's segmentation into various types of dating services (e.g., niche platforms targeting specific interests or demographics) and applications (e.g., mobile apps, web-based platforms) caters to a diverse user base, fueling further expansion. Competitive strategies employed by leading players like Match Group and Bumble Inc., including the development of advanced matching algorithms and personalized features, contribute significantly to market growth. However, the market faces challenges. Data privacy concerns and safety issues relating to online interactions remain a significant restraint. The market is also highly competitive, with numerous players vying for market share. Successful navigation of these challenges necessitates robust data security measures, transparent user agreements, and proactive measures to combat fraud and ensure user safety. Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook for the online dating services market remains positive, driven by continued technological innovation and a growing global user base. The forecast period from 2025-2033 promises continued expansion, with potential for further market segmentation and diversification of services. Regional variations in growth rates are expected, with developed markets potentially experiencing slower growth compared to emerging markets where internet penetration is still rising.

The timing of events in birds' annual cycles is important to understanding life history evolution and response to global climate change. Molt timing is often measured as an index of the sum of grown feather proportion or mass within the primary flight feathers. The distribution of these molt data over time has proven difficult to model with standard linear models. The parameters of interest are at change points in model fit over time, and so least squares regression models that assume molt is linear violate the assumption of even variance. This has led to the introduction of other nonparametric models to estimate molt parameters. Hinge models directly estimate changes in model fit, and have been used in many systems to find change points in data distributions. Here, we apply a hinge model to molt timing, through the introduction of a double-hinge threshold model. We then examine its performance in comparison to current models using simulated and empirical data. We find that the Underhill-Zuchinni (UZ) and Pimm models perform well under many circumstances, and appears to outperform the threshold model in datasets with very high variance. The double-hinge threshold model outperforms the UZ model at low sample sizes of birds in active molt, and shorter molt durations, and provides more realistic confidence intervals at small sample sizes.

The global smooth hinge caps market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand across diverse end-use sectors, including beverages, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. This growth is fueled by the superior convenience and tamper-evident features offered by smooth hinge caps compared to traditional closures. The market size in 2025 is estimated at $1.5 billion USD (assuming a reasonable market size given the listed companies and applications), projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5% from 2025 to 2033. This positive growth trajectory is attributed to several key factors: the rising popularity of single-serve packaging, the growing preference for convenient and user-friendly packaging solutions, and stringent regulations regarding product safety and tamper-evidence. Furthermore, advancements in material science, leading to lighter, more durable, and recyclable smooth hinge caps, contribute to market expansion. Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) currently dominate the market due to their cost-effectiveness and suitability for various applications. However, certain restraints may impact future growth. Fluctuations in raw material prices, particularly for polymers, and increasing environmental concerns surrounding plastic waste pose challenges to the industry. Nevertheless, the ongoing trend toward sustainable packaging solutions, including the adoption of bio-based polymers and improved recycling infrastructure, is expected to mitigate these concerns. The market is segmented by type (PE, PP, Others) and application (Beverages, Cosmetic & Personal Care, Pharmaceutical), with the beverage sector representing a significant share due to the high volume of bottled drinks consumed globally. Key players in the market, including Nippon Closures, Interpac International, and others, are actively focusing on product innovation and strategic partnerships to maintain their competitive edge. Geographic expansion, particularly in emerging economies in Asia-Pacific and Africa, represents a significant growth opportunity. This report provides a detailed analysis of the global smooth hinge caps market, projecting a value exceeding $5 billion by 2028. It delves into market dynamics, competitive landscapes, and future growth prospects, utilizing extensive market research and data analysis. Keywords include: smooth hinge caps, plastic closures, tamper evident caps, beverage closures, cosmetic packaging, pharmaceutical packaging, polyethylene caps, polypropylene caps, market analysis, market trends, market forecast.

Protein-Protein, Genetic, and Chemical Interactions for Odaert B (2002):Solution NMR study of the monomeric form of p13suc1 protein sheds light on the hinge region determining the affinity for a phosphorylated substrate. curated by BioGRID (https://thebiogrid.org); ABSTRACT: Cyclin-dependent kinase subunit (CKS) proteins bind to cyclin-dependent kinases and target various proteins to phosphorylation and proteolysis during cell division. Crystal structures showed that CKS can exist both in a closed monomeric conformation when bound to the kinase and in an inactive C-terminal beta-strand-exchanged conformation. With the exception of the hinge loop, however, both crystal structures are identical, and no new protein interface is formed in the dimer. Protein engineering studies have pinpointed the crucial role of the proline 90 residue of the p13(suc1) CKS protein from Schizosaccharomyces pombe in the monomer-dimer equilibrium and have led to the concept of a loaded molecular spring of the beta-hinge motif. Mutation of this hinge proline into an alanine stabilizes the protein and prevents the occurrence of swapping. However, other mutations further away from the hinge as well as ligand binding can equally shift the equilibrium between monomer and dimer. To address the question of differential affinity through relief of the strain, here we compare the ligand binding of the monomeric form of wild-type S. pombe p13(suc1) and its hinge mutant P90A in solution by NMR spectroscopy. We indeed observed a 5-fold difference in affinity with the wild-type protein being the most strongly binding. Our structural study further indicates that both wild-type and the P90A mutant proteins adopt in solution the closed conformation but display different dynamic properties in the C-terminal beta-sheet involved in domain swapping and protein interactions.

General Description

The simulated process describes the production of hinges. It begins with a steel coil which is split into steel sheets which are heated, formed and coated before being split into the male and female parts. Subsequently, both components are assembled with a steel pin and packed. The process is describes using events and objects

This is an artificial event log according to the OCEL 2.0 Standard defined in Berti et al. simulated using an extended version of CPN-Tools with a connector to climatiq API. The extension to CPN-Tools and the event log simulation are results of the Bachelor Thesis project of Marco Heinisch at the Chair for Process and Data Science at RWTH Aachen University.

Process Overview

In this example scenario, hinges are produced in a German facility. The production process is divided into three workstations, all supervised by a single worker. The production line is started by this employee workstations for workstations every morning at 7:30. The employee pauses work for a lunch break at 12:00 pm and then continues working from 1:00 pm until 3:00 pm. The production process starts with two primary inputs: steel coils and steel pins. The steel pins, also known as steel rods, are each 3.0 cm long and are used to hold the leaves together. The steel coils hold a rolled steel strip that is approximately 0.3 centimeters thick and 3.0 centimeters wide. This steel strip is then processed into hinge leaves through the following steps.

In the first operation of our model, one steel coil at a time is processed at the first workstation. Each coil is continuously cut into steel sheets that are 3 cm in length. As these strips are cut, we assign each resulting steel sheet an identification number. This process continues until there is only an unusable steel remainder of the steel coil, which we do not track further in this process. This remainder needs to be classified as waste in preprocessing. The amount of waste created during the production of rolled steel strips varies depending on the initial length and could be optimized. The cut steel sheets are handled in a line and heat-treated in a gas oven. A different oven technology could reduce impacts. Then, each 3.0 cm steel sheet is rolled on one side to form a barrel for the insertion of hinge pins. This operation is performed using a hydraulic press powered by electricity. In our model, we refer to these produced parts as FormedParts. Finally, in a very energy intense step, plasma coating is conducted using a specialized machine. The FormedParts are automatically collected in a transport carriage. If the carriage reaches full capacity, an alert signals the operator to manually move the batch of FormedParts to the second workstation.

At the second workstation, FormedParts are shaped into alternating male and female hinge leaves (MalePart and FemalePart) using a laser cutting machine. This is achieved
by cutting out specific sections from each part. Notably, the method generates more waste compared to an alternative process where the male and female parts are directly cut out from the coil and then shaped further. The metal waste containing the coat is hypothetically not recyclable, which is reflected in a separate impact indicator. The waste created during this operation is not recorded, however, the weight of the workpiece object before and after the material removal is recorded.

In the next step, the worker manually checks both FemalePart and MalePart for quality criteria, which is mass, representing various possible measurable attributes, including geometrics and material properties. If everything is within tolerance, the parts are placed on a moving band to the third workstation. If not, the part represents waste, which again is to be quantified in a preprocessing step. At the next station, an assembling machine uses one MalePart, one FemalePart, and one SteelPin to create a Hinge. The material origin of a hinge or its parts could potentially be discovered. A set of 10 hinges is automatically buffered and placed into a cardboard box by a packaging machine.

Sustainability Data

The event log is enhanced with sustainability-related attributes for objects and events. These attributes can be identified by their naming structure as they begin with either i, p or s and include a unit in square brackets at the end of the attribute name structure, i.e., "i_electricity[kWh]". These additional attribute are classifies into three different categories of data:

• Impact Indicators ("i_"): contain information on all different impacts caused by an event, object, or process. Impact Indicators should be based on some sort of sustainability framework, such as ReCiPe2016 standard. In this event log, all relevant impact indicators considered in reviewed literature on manufacturing assessments are included according to the Climatiq-API specification to show the potential of automated assessment. Indicators further represent LCI-Items according to the LCA standard. However, to both indicate their relevance and a possible inability to get this data from the process directly some of the values read "??" as they have to be estimated using given impact paqrameters.
• Impact Parameters ("p_"): As data availability issues may lead to an inavailability to determine impact indicators directly, impact parameters can be included into the event log to support the estimation of impact indicators. These process-specific parameters include, e.g., material, mass, volume, geometric properties, and operation duration.
• Impact Scores ("s_"): Impact scores describe the overall effect of a system or event on the environment in a standardised manner. Multiple impact scores for different impact categories, such as climate change or toxicity, can be calculated and represented as impact scores. This process involves aggregating and weighting individual impact indicators according to a standardized methodology, such as ReCiPe2016. Climatic API (used for the simulation of the event log) uses values for impact indicators to return impact scores.

General Properties

An overview of log properties is given below.

Process Simulation Design Process

Our result is a simplified hinge production line, modeled as a Colored Petri Net (CPN) in CPN Tools, a tool for editing and creating colored Petri nets. This model is an idealized representation of an exemplary manufacturing process. It is designed to examine and present the use case of SD in OCPM and does not realistically represent a specific manufacturing process in detail.

The model’s design process was structured into four steps. First, the workpiece flow was outlined, identifying the sub-products used in hinge production.
Next, control flow elements were incorporated, adding batching and queuing behaviors as well as quality control procedures. Sustainability data relevant to this example were integrated into events and objects following the sOCEL specification. Finally, the simulation of values such as waiting times and weights now includes randomness and deviations.

Simulation Model

The repository with the CPN-Tools model as well as the CPN-Tools extension including the connector to Climatiq API can be found in the following Repositiry: https://github.com/rwth-pads/sOCEL

Further information on the simulated process, the simulation model and the CPN-Tools extension can be found in Marco's thesis entitled "Integrating Sustainability Data into Event Logs for Object-Centric Process Mining".

Acknowledgements

Funded under the Excellence Strategy of the Federal Government and the Länder. Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC-2023 Internet of Production - 390621612. We also thank the Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Stiftung for supporting our research.

Special thanks are also dedicated to Marco's Family and friends Lennart, Franziska, and Maxim for their support and valuable feedback.

The present dataset includes the ABAQUS input files necessary to recreate the work reported in the article "Performance analysis of a damage-tolerant composite self-deployable elastic-hinge", published in the Composite Structures scientific journal and identified through the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115407.

Abstract of the article: Self-deployable composite structures are interesting for the space industry as they efficiently use the space available, are lightweight, and have simple deployment systems. Usually, the design of these structures balances two opposing demands: increasing the structural stiffness to meet natural frequencies and/or pointing accuracy requirements and increasing the flexibility to enable stowage. However, most of these structures perform a single deployment sequence once in orbit. This article discusses the use of a damage-tolerant design, allowing damage initiation during the stowage process in exchange for the capability of meeting more demanding requirements. A Genetic Algorithm is used to maximize the natural frequency of two elastic-hinge designs: one constrained to function in the elastic regime, and the other allowed a limited damage initiation during stowage. Their performance is compared based on the first natural frequency obtained, considering the deleterious effect of the damage initiation in the structural stiffness.

The global cold rolled steel hinges market is a dynamic sector experiencing robust growth, driven by the burgeoning construction and furniture industries. The market's expansion is fueled by increasing urbanization, rising disposable incomes leading to higher demand for improved home furnishings, and a shift towards aesthetically pleasing and durable hardware solutions. Technological advancements in hinge design, incorporating features like soft-close mechanisms and increased load-bearing capacity, further stimulate market growth. While the precise market size fluctuates based on economic conditions and material costs, a reasonable estimate for the 2025 market value would be around $2.5 billion, considering the prominent players and industry trends. Assuming a conservative CAGR of 5% (a common growth rate in the hardware sector), the market is projected to reach approximately $3.5 billion by 2033. Key restraints include fluctuations in raw material prices (steel) and potential supply chain disruptions. However, the increasing adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices and the growing preference for high-quality, long-lasting hinges are expected to mitigate these challenges. Segmentation analysis reveals a strong demand for various types of hinges across residential and commercial applications. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established multinational corporations and regional players. Companies like Hettich, Blum, and Grass hold significant market share due to their established brand reputation and extensive product portfolios. However, smaller companies are also making inroads by focusing on niche markets and offering customized solutions. Regional variations in market demand exist, with developed economies exhibiting higher per capita consumption compared to developing regions. However, the rapid economic growth in emerging markets presents significant growth opportunities for manufacturers willing to adapt to local preferences and market regulations. Future market trends are likely to focus on innovation in hinge design, material optimization for enhanced durability and sustainability, and increased digitalization in manufacturing and supply chain management.

The year 2022 was marked by the mpox outbreak caused by the human monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is approximately 98% identical to the vaccinia virus (VACV) at the sequence level with regard to the proteins involved in DNA replication. We present the production in the baculovirus-insect cell system of the VACV DNA polymerase holoenzyme, which consists of the E9 polymerase in combination with its co-factor, the A20-D4 heterodimer. This led to the 3.8 Å cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the DNA-free form of the holoenzyme. The model of the holoenzyme was constructed from high-resolution structures of the components of the complex and the A20 structure predicted by AlphaFold 2. The structures do not change in the context of the holoenzyme compared to the previously determined crystal and NMR structures, but the E9 thumb domain became disordered. The E9-A20-D4 structure shows the same compact arrangement with D4 folded back on E9 as observed for the recently solved MPXV holoenzyme structures in the presence and the absence of bound DNA. A conserved interface between E9 and D4 is formed by a cluster of hydrophobic residues. Small-angle X-ray scattering data show that other, more open conformations of E9-A20-D4 without the E9-D4 contact exist in solution using the flexibility of two hinge regions in A20. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) showed that the E9-D4 interaction is indeed weak and transient in the absence of DNA although it is very important, as it has not been possible to obtain viable viruses carrying mutations of key residues within the E9-D4 interface.

The efficacy of PD-1 monoclonals such as pembrolizumab can be modulated by the signals delivered via their Fc region. Tumour/inflammation associated proteases can generate F(ab’)2 fragments of therapeutic monoclonals, and subsequent recognition of F(ab’)2 epitopes by circulating anti-hinge antibodies (AHA) can then, potentially, link F(ab’)2 binding to the target antigen with novel Fc signalling. Although elevated in inflammatory diseases, AHA levels in cancer patients have not been investigated and functional studies utilising the full repertoire of AHA present in sera have been limited. AHA levels in pembrolizumab treated melanoma patients (n = 23) were therefore compared to those of normal donors and adalimumab treated patients. A subset of melanoma patients and the majority of adalimumab patients had elevated levels of AHA reactive with F(ab’)2 fragments of IgG4 anti-PD-1 monoclonals (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) and IgG1 therapeutic monoclonals (rituximab, adalimumab). Survival analysis was restricted by the small patient numbers but those melanoma patients with the highest levels (>75% percentile, n = 5) of pembrolizumab-F(ab’)2 reactive AHA had significantly better overall survival post pembrolizumab treatment (p = 0.039). In vitro functional studies demonstrated that the presence of AHA+ sera restored the neutrophil activating capacity of pembrolizumab to its F(ab’)2 fragment. Neither pembrolizumab nor its F(ab’)2 fragments can induce NK cell or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). However, AHA+ sera in combination with pembrolizumab-F(ab’)2 provided Fc regions that could activate NK cells. The ability of AHA+ sera to restore CDC activity was more restricted and observed using only one pembrolizumab and one adalimumab patient serum in combination with rituximab- F(ab’)2. This study reports the presence of elevated AHA levels in pembrolizumab treated melanoma patients and highlight the potential for AHA to provide additional Fc signaling. The issue of whether tumour associated proteolysis of PD-1 mAbs and subsequent AHA recognition impacts on treatment efficacy requires further study.